भारत छोड़ो आन्दोलन
bharat chho do andolan
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| vivaran | bharat ko jald hi azadi dilane ke lie mahatma gaandhi dvara aangrezi shasan ke viruddh yah ek b da 'nagarik avajna andolan' tha. |
| shuruat | 9 agast, 1942 |
| moolamantr | 'karo ya maro' |
| parinam | 'bharat chho do andolan' bharat ko svatantr bhale n karava paya ho, lekin isaka dooragami parinam sukhadayi raha. isalie ise "bharat ki svadhinata ke lie kiya jane vala antim mahanh prayas" kaha gaya. |
| alochana | tatkalin bharatiy rajanitik daloan mean 'samyavadi dal' ne is andolan ki alochana ki. muslim lig tatha udaravadiyoan ko bhi yah andolan nahian bhaya. |
| any janakari | dilli mean jo utsav 15 agast-1947 ko manaye ja rahe the, unamean mahatma gaandhi shamil nahian the. ve is samay kalakatta mean the. rashtr ka vibhajan unake liye kisi bure sapane se kam nahian tha. gaandhi ji ne hindoo, sikkh aur muslimoan se kaha ki atit ko bhulakar apani pi da par dhyan dene ke bajay ek-doosare ke sath apasi bhaeechare ki misal ko apanayean. |
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bharat chho do andolan 9 agast, 1942 ee. ko sampoorn bharat mean rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ke ahvan par prarambh hua tha. bharat ki azadi se sambandhit itihas mean do p dav sabase zyada mahattvapoorn nazar ate haian- pratham '1857 ee. ka svatantrata sangram' aur dvitiy '1942 ee. ka bharat chho do andolan'. bharat ko jald hi azadi dilane ke lie mahatma gaandhi dvara aangrez shasan ke viruddh yah ek b da 'nagarik avajna andolan' tha. 'krips mishan' ki asaphalata ke bad gaandhi ji ne ek aur b da andolan prarambh karane ka nishchay le liya. is andolan ko 'bharat chho do andolan' ka nam diya gaya.
svatantrata ki mahanh l daee
'bharat chho do andolan' ya 'agast kranti bharatiy svatantrata andolan' ki antim mahanh l daee thi, jisane british shasan ki nianv ko hilakar rakh diya. krips mishan ke khali hath bharat se vapas jane par bharatiyoan ko apani chhale jane ka ahasas hua. doosari or doosare vishvayuddh ke karan paristhitiyaan atyadhik gambhir hoti ja rahi thian. japan saphalatapoorvak siangapur, malaya aur barma par qabza kar bharat ki or badhane laga, doosari or yuddh ke karan tamam vastuoan ke dam betahash badh rahe the, jisase aangrez satta ke khilaf bharatiy janamanas mean asantosh vyapt hone laga tha. japan ke badhate hue prabhutv ko dekhakar 5 julaee, 1942 ee. ko gaandhi ji ne harijan mean likha "aangezoan! bharat ko japan ke lie mat chho do, balki bharat ko bharatiyoan ke lie vyavasthit roop se chho d jao."
krips mishan ka agaman
is samay dvitiy vishvayuddh chhi d chuka tha, aur isamean british faujoan ki dakshin-poorv eshiya mean har hone lagi thi. ek samay yah bhi nishchit mana jane laga ki japan bharat par hamala kar hi dega. mitr desh, amerika, roos v chin briten par lagatar dabav dal rahe the, ki is sankat ki gh di mean vah bharatiyoan ka samarthan prapt karane ke lie pahal karean. apane isi uddeshy ko poorn karane ke lie unhoanne steford krips ko march, 1942 ee. mean bharat bheja. briten sarakar bharat ko poorn svatantrata dena nahian chahati thi. vah bharat ki suraksha apane hathoan mean hi rakhana chahati thi aur sath hi gavarnar-janaral ke vito adhikaroan ko bhi pahale jaisa hi rakhane ke paksh mean thi. bharatiy pratinidhiyoan ne krips mishan ke sare prastavoan ko ek sire se kharij kar diya.
krips mishan ki asaphalata ke bad 'bharatiy neshanal kaangres kameti' ki baithak 8 agast, 1942 ee. ko bambee mean huee. isamean yah nirnay liya gaya ki aangrezoan ko har hal mean bharat chho dana hi p dega. bharat apani suraksha svayan hi karega aur samrajyavad tatha faansivad ke viruddh rahega. yadi aangrez bharat chho d dete haian, to asthaee sarakar banegi. british shasan ke viruddh 'nagarik avajna andolan' chhe da jaega aur isake neta gaandhi ji hoange.
vardha prastav
gaandhi ji ne kaangres ko apane prastav ko n svikar kiye jane ki sthiti mean chunauti dete hue kaha ki "maian desh ki baloo se hi kaangres se bhi b da andolan kh da kar dooanga." 14 julaee, 1942 ee. mean kaangres karyasamiti ki vardha baithak mean gaandhi ji ke is vichar ko poorn samarthan mila ki bharat mean sanvaidhanik gatirodh tabhi door ho sakata hai, jab aangrez bharat se chale jayean. vardha mean kaangres karyasamiti ne 'aangrezoan bharat chho do prastav' parit kiya. andolan ki sarvajanik ghoshana se poorv 1 agast, 1942 ee. ko ilahabad mean 'tilak divas' manaya gaya. is avasar par javaharalal neharoo ne kaha- "ham ag se khelane ja rahe haian. ham dudhari talavar ka prayog karane ja rahe haian, jisaki chot ulti hamare oopar bhi p d sakati hai."[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-4.jpg|thumb|left|mahatma gaandhi]]
akhil bharatiy kaangres ki baithak
andolan ke dauran 8 agast, 1942 ee. ko 'akhil bharatiy kaangres' ki baithak bambee ke aitihasik 'gvaliya taiank' mean huee. gaandhi ji ke aitihasik 'bharat chho do prastav' ko kaangres karyasamiti ne kuchh sanshodhanoan ke bad 8 agast, 1942 ee. ki svikar kar liya. yuddh ki teyari mean sahayog dene ke prastav ke sath-sath sarakar ko tatkal qadam uthane ki chunauti di gayi. kaha gaya ki "bharat ki svatantrata ki ghoshana ke sath ek sthayi sarakar gathit ho jayagi aur svatantr bharat sanyukt rashtr sangh ka ek mitr banega." muslim lig se vayada kiya gaya ki aisa sanvidhan banega, jisamean sangh mean shamil hone vali ikaiyoan ko adhikadhik svayattata milegi aur bache hue adhikar usi ke pas raheangean. prastav ka aantim aansh tha- "desh ne samrajyavadi sarakar ke viruddh apani ichchha zahir kar di hai. ab use us bindu se lautane ka bilkul auchity nahian hai. atah samiti ahiansak dhang se, vyapak dharatal par gaandhi ji ke netritv mean janasangharsh shuroo karane ka prastav svikar karati hai."
moolamantr 'karo ya maro'
kaangres ke is aitihasik sammelan mean mahatma gaandhi ne lagabhag 70 minat tak bhashan diya. apane sanbodhan mean unhoanne kaha ki "maian apako ek mantr deta hooan, karo ya maro, jisaka arth tha- bharat ki janata desh ki azadi ke lie har dhang ka prayatn kare. gaandhi ji ke bare mean bhogarajoo pattabhi sitaramaiya ne likha hai ki "vastav mean gaandhi ji us din avatar aur paigambar ki prerak shakti se prerit hokar bhashan de rahe the." 'vah log jo kurbani dena nahian janate, ve azadi prapt nahian kar sakate.' bharat chho do andolan ka mool bhi isi bhavana se prerit tha. gaandhi ji vaise to ahiansavadi the, magar desh ko azad karavane ke lie unhoanne 'karo ya maro' ka mool mantr diya. aangrezi shasakoan ki damanakari, arthik loot-khasoot, vistaravadi evan naslavadi nitiyoan ke viruddh unhoanne logoan ko kramabaddh karane ke lie 'bharat chho do andolan' chhe da tha. gaandhiji ne kaha tha ki-
"ek desh tab tak azad nahian ho sakata, jab tak ki usamean rahane vale log ek-doosare par bharosa nahian karate."
gaandhi ji ke in shabdoan ne bharat ki janata par jadoo-sa asar dala aur ve naye josh, naye sahas, naye sankalp, nee astha, dridh nishchay aur atmavishvas ke sath svatantrata sangram mean kood p de. desh ke kone-kone mean 'karo ya maro' ki avaz guanjayaman ho uthi, aur charoan or bas yahi nara shraman hone laga.
netaoan ki giraftari
9 agast ko bhor mean hi 'aaupareshan ziro aauvar' ke tahat kaangres ke sabhi mahattvapoorn neta giraphtar kar liye gaye. gaandhi ji ko poona ke 'aga khaan mahal' mean tatha kaangres karyakarini ke any sadasyoan ko ahamadanagar ke durg mean rakha gaya. kaangres ko avaidhanik sanstha ghoshit kar british sarakar ne is sanstha ki sampatti ko jabt kar liya aur sath mean juloosoan ko pratibandhit kar diya. sarakar ke is krity se janata mean akrosh vyapt ho gaya. janata ne svayan apana netritv sanbhal kar juloos nikala aur sabhaaian kian. svatantrata andolan ke dauran yah pahala andolan tha, jo netritv vihinata ke bad bhi utkarsh par pahuancha. sarakar ne jab andolan ko dabane ke lie lathi aur banndook ka sahara liya to andolan ka rukhabadalakar hisatmak ho gaya. anek sthanoan par rel ki patariyaan ukha di geean aur steshanoan mean ag laga di gee. bambee, ahamadabad evan jamashedapur mean mazadooroan ne sanyukt roop se vishal h datal kian. sanyukt praant mean baliya evan basti, bambee mean satara, bangal mean midanapur evan bihar ke kuchh bhagoan mean 'bharat chho do andolan' ke samay asthayi sarakaroan ki sthapana ki gayi. in svashasit samanantar sarakaroan mean sarvadhik lambe samay tak sarakar satara tak thi. yahaan par vidroh ka netritv nana patil ne kiya tha. satara ke sabase mahattvapoorn neta vaee.bi. chahnan the. pahali samantar sarakar baliya mean chitoo pandey ke netritv mean bani.
bangal ke midanapur zile mean tamaluk athava tamralipti mean gathin rashtriy sarakar 1944 ee. tak chalati rahi. yahaan ki sarakar ko jatiy sarakar ke nam se jana jata hai. satish savant ke netritv mean gathit is jatiy sarakar ne skooloan ko anudan diye aur 'sashastr vidyut vahini sainy sangathan' banaya. is andolan se sarvadhik prabhavit kshetr the- bangal, bihar, uttar pradesh, madras evan bambee. jayaprakash narayan, ramamanohar lohiya evan aruna asif ali jaise netaoan ne bhoomigat rahakar is andolan ko netritv pradan kiya. bambee mean usha mehata evan unake kuchh sathiyoan ne kee mahine tak kaangres rediyo ka prasaran kiya. ramamanohar lohiya niyamit roop se rediyo par bolate the. navambar 1942 ee. mean pulis ne ise khoj nikala aur jabt kar liya.
gaandhi ji ka prabhav
'bharat chho do andolan' mool roop se ek janaandolan tha, jisamean bharat ka har jati varg ka vyakti shamil tha. is andolan ne yuvaoan ko ek bahut b di sankhya mean apani or akrisht kar liya. yuvaoan ne apane k aaulej chho d diye aur ve jel ka rasta apanane lage. jis dauran kaangres ke neta jel mean the, thik isi samay mohammad ali jinna tatha muslim lig ke unake sathi apana prabhav kshetr failane mean lag gaye. isi varsh mean muslim lig ko panjab aur siandh mean apani pahachan banane ka mauqa mila, jahaan par usaki abhi tak koee khas pahachan nahian thi. joon 1944 ee. mean jab vishvayuddh samapti ki or tha, gaandhi ji ko jel se riha kar diya gaya. jel se nikalane ke bad unhoanne kaangres aur muslim lig ke bich fasale ko patane ke lie jinna ke sath kee bar mulakat ki aur unhean samajhane ka prayatn kiya. isi samay 1945 ee. mean briten mean 'lebar parti' ki sarakar ban gee. yah sarakar poori tarah se bharatiy svatantrata ke paksh mean thi. usi samay vayasaray l aaurd vevel ne kaangres aur muslim lig ke pratinidhiyoan ke bich kee baithakoan ka ayojan kiya.
andolan ki alochana
tatkalin bharatiy rajanitik daloan mean 'samyavadi dal' ne is andolan ki alochana ki. muslim lig ne bhi 'bharat mean chho do andolan' ki alochana karate hue kaha ki "andolan ka lakshy bharatiy svatantrata nahian, varanh bharat mean hindoo samrajy ki sthapana karana hai, is karan yah andolan musalamanoan ke lie ghatak hai." muslim lig tatha udaravadiyoan ko bhi yah andolan nahian bhaya. sar tezabahadur saproo ne is prastav ko 'avicharit tatha asamayik' bataya. bhimarav ambedakar ne ise 'anuttaradayitv poorn aur pagalapan bhara kary' bataya. 'hindoo mahasabha' evan 'akali andolan' ne bhi isaki alochana ki. yah andolan sangathan evan ayojan mean kami, sarakari seva mean karyarat uchchadhikariyoan ki vafadari v andolanakariyoan ke pas sadhan evan shakti ke abhav ke karan poorn roop mean saphal nahian ho saka.
kebinet mishan ki asaphalata
gaandhi ji ne 'bharat chho do andolan' ko bahut hi suniyojit dhang se chalane ki rooparekha taiyar ki thi. unhoanne kaha, 'ham ya to bharat ko azad karavaeange ya is koshish mean mit jaeange.' bharat mean 1946 ee. ke prarambh mean praantiy vidhan mandaloan ke lie ne sire se chunav sampann hue. in chunavoan mean kaangres ko bhari saphalata prapt huee. muslimoan ke lie arakshit sitoan par muslim lig ko bhari bahumat prapt hua. isi samay 1946 ee. ki garmiyoan mean kaibinet mishan bharat pahuancha. mishan ne kaangres aur muslim lig ko ek aisi sanghiy vyavastha par razi karane ki koshish ki, jisamean bharat ke andar vibhinn praantoan ko simit svayattata di jaye. lekin kaibinet mishan ka yah prayas asaphal siddh hua. is mishan ke asaphal ho jane ke karan jinna ne pakistan ki sthapana ke lie lig ki maang ke samarthan mean ek pratyaksh karravaee divas ka ailan kiya. 16 agast, 1946 ee. ka din isake liye niyat kiya gaya tha, lekin usi din kalakatta mean sangharsh shuroo ho gaya. yah hiansa kalakatta se prarambh hokar bangal, bihar aur panjab tak phail gee. kee sthanoan par hindoo, to kee sthanoan par muslimoan ko nishana banaya gaya.thumb|250px|feri imarat par gaandhi ji ki pratima, sen fraansisko
andolan ka prabhav
'bharat chho do andolan' bharat ko svatantr bhale n karava paya ho, lekin isaka dooragami parinam sukhadayi raha. isalie ise "bharat ki svadhinata ke lie kiya jane vala antim mahanh prayas" kaha gaya. agast, 1942 ee. ke vidroh ke bad prashn sirf yah tay karana tha ki svatantrata ke bad sarakar ka svaroop kya ho? 1942 ee. ke andolan ki vishalata ko dekhate hue aangrezoan ko vishvas ho gaya tha ki unhoanne shasan ka vaidy adhikar kho diya hai. is andolan ne vishv ke kee deshoan ko bharatiy janamanas ke sath kh da kar diya. chin ke tatkalin marshal chyaang kaee shek ne 25 julaee, 1942 ee. ko sanyukt rajy amerika ke rashtrapati roojavelt ko patr mean likha, "aangrezoan ke lie sabase shreshth niti yah hai ki ve bharat ko poorn svatantrata de dean." roojavelt ne bhi isaka samarthan kiya. saradar vallabh bhaee patel ne andolan ke bare likha- "bharat mean british raj ke itihas mean aisa viplav kabhi nahian hua, jaisa ki pichhale tin varshoan mean hua, logoan ki pratikriya par hamean garv hai."
sarakar ne 13 faravari, 1943 ee. ko 'bharat chho do andolan' ke samay hue vidrohoan ka poora dosh mahatma gaandhi evan kaangres par thop diya. gaandhi ji ne in bebuniyad doshoan ko asvikar karate hue kaha ki "mera vaktavy ahiansa ki sima mean tha." unhoanne kaha ki- "svatantrata sangram ke pratyek ahiansak sipahi ko kagaz ya kap de ke ek tuk de par 'karo ya maro' ka nara likhakar chipaka lena chahie, jisase yadi satyagrah karate samay usaki mrityu ho jae to use is chihn ke adhar par doosare tattvoan se alag kiya ja sake, jinaka ahiansa mean vishvas nahian hai." gaandhi ji ne apane oopar lage aropoan ko siddh karane ke lie sarakar se nishpaksh jaanch ki maang ki. sarakar ke is or dhyan n dene par 10 faravari, 1943 ee. se unhoanne 21 din ka upavas shuroo kar diya. upavas ke terahavean din hi gaandhi ji ki sthiti bilkul najuk ho gayi. british bharat ki sarakar unhean mukt n karake unaki mrityu ki pratiksha karane lagi. kuchh itihasakaroan ka manana hai ki 'aga khaan mahal' mean unake antim sanskar ke lie chandan ki lak di ki vyavastha bhi kar di gayi thi. sarakar ki is barbar niti ke virodh mean vayasaray ki kauansil ke sadasy sar modi, sar e.en. sarakar evan ane ne istifa de diya.
mauantabetan ki ghoshana
l aaurd vavel ke sthan par l aaurd mauantabetan ko faravari 1947 ee. mean bharat ka vayasaray niyukt kar diya gaya. mauantabetan ne hindoo aur muslimoan mean aantim daur ki varta ka mahaul taiyar kiya. jab sulah ke lie unaka prayas bhi vifal ho gaya to, unhoanne ailan kar diya ki british bharat ko svatantrata de di jaegi, lekin usaka vibhajan bhi hoga. satta hastaantaran ke lie 15 agast ka din nishchit kiya gaya. us din bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan mean logoan ne jamakar khushiyaan manayian. dilli mean jab sanvidhan sabha ke adhyaksh ne mohanadas karamachand gaandhi ko rashtrapita ki upadhi dete hue sanvidhan sabha ki baithak shuroo ki to bahut der tak madhur dhvani charoan or vidyaman rahi. bahar jama bhi d gaandhiji ke jayakare laga rahi thi.
azadi ki prapti
desh ki rajadhani dilli mean jo utsav 15 agast-1947 ko manaye ja rahe the, unamean mahatma gaandhi shamil nahian the. ve is samay kalakatta mean the. unhoanne vahaan par bhi kisi karyakram mean bhag nahian liya, kyoanki unhoanne itane din tak jis svatantrata ke lie sangharsh kiya tha, vah ek bahut b di kimat par prapt huee thi. rashtr ka vibhajan unake liye kisi bure sapane se kam nahian tha. hindoo aur musalaman ek-doosare ki gardan katane par amada the. gaandhi ji ne hindoo, sikkh aur muslimoan se kaha ki atit ko bhulakar apani pi da par dhyan dene ke bajay ek-doosare ke sath apasi bhaeechare ki misal ko apanayean.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
