अनिवार्य भरती

anivary bharati rashtr ke ek vishesh ayu varg ke vyaktiyoan ko kisi bhi nishchit sankhya mean vidhan ke bal par sainik banane ke lie badhy karana anivary bharati (aangreji mean k aaunsakripshan) kahalata hai. jab kisi rashtr ko yuddh ki ashanka ya ichchha hoti hai to use shighratishighr apani sainy shakti badhani hoti hai. yadi svechchha se log paryapt matra mean bharati n hue to vishesh rajakiy ajna se rashtr ke yuvavarg ko bharati ke lie badhy kiya jata hai. sadharanat: aisi paristhiti kam janasankhya vale rashtroan mean hi utpann hoti hai. adhik janasankhya vale rashtroan mean svechchha se hi adhik sankhya mean log bharati ho jate haian aur anivary bharati ke sadhanoan ka prayog nahian karana p data.

anivary bharati ka siddhaant

anivary bharati ka siddhaant ati prachin hai. bharatavarsh mean kshatriy varg avasar p dane par astr-shastr dharan karane ke lie dharmabaddh tha. yoonan tatha rom ke sabhi svasth vyakti yuddh ke lie kartavyabaddh samajhe jate the. 'anivary bharati' ki pratha sarvapratham phraans mean sanh‌ 1798 ee. mean chali. isi varsh phraans mean anivary bharati ka siddhaant vidhan ke bal par sthayi roop se lagoo hua. isaka shrey janaral konaradin ko hai. is qanoon ke prachalit hone se phraansisi rajy ke pas ek aisi shakti a gee jisase vah ichchhanusar apani sainy shakti ko badha sakata tha. nepoliyan ki vijayoan ka adhikaansh shrey isi niti ko hai. phraans ki is kshamata se prerit hokar usane sanh‌ 1805 ee. mean garv se kaha tha: 'maian tis hajar navin sainikoan ko prati mas yuddhakshetr mean jhoank sakata hooan.' avashyakatavash aur phraans ki kshamata se prabhavit hokar pashchim ke sabhi rashtroan ne dhire-dhire is niti ko apana liya.

anivary bharati ka prachalan

anivary bharati ka prachalan phraans mean sarvapratham adhikaansh logoan ki ichchha ke viruddh hua tha. phir bhi yah saphal raha aur dhire-dhire qanoon ke roop mean parinat ho gaya, kyoanki paristhiti aur vatavaran isake anukool the. anivary bharati sanbandhi vidhan banane ke pahale sainik jivan ke lie akarshan kam tha aur sanh‌ 1789 ki phraansisi kraanti ke samay tak pashchimi deshoan ki senaoan ka kaphi patan ho chuka tha. is kraanti mean rajakiy senaean kat-pit gee aur prashn utha ki rashtr ki raksha kaise ho. is kraanti ka siddhaant tha ki rashtr ke sabhi vyakti barabar haian, isalie niyam banaya gaya ki jo svechchha se sena mean bharati hoange ve to hoange hi, unake atirikt 18 aur 40 varsh ke bich ki ayu ke sabhi avivahit purush sena mean anivary roop se bharati kie ja sakeange. shesh vyakti sena mean to nahian bharati kie jaeange, parantu ve apane-apane nagaroan ki raksha ke lie rashtriy sanrakshak ka kary kareange.

praranbh mean adhikaansh janamat ke viruddh hone ke karan isamean kisi prakar ki sakhti nahian ki gee. isaka parinam yah hua ki jitane sainik apekshit the utane bharati nahian kie ja sake. isalie julaee, sanh‌ 1792 mean 'phraans khatare mean' ka nara uthae jane par pratyek svasth vyakti ke lie sena mean bharati hona anivary ho gaya. kiantu yah keval saiddhaantik vichar hi bana raha, kyoeanki tab tak is qanoon ko lagoo karane ki koee sucharoo vyavastha nahian ban saki thi. jitane sainikoan ki avashkata thi usake adhe hie bharati hue. tab phraans ke yuddhamantri karano ne anivary bharati ki ek vyavastha banaee jisake anusar 18 varsh se 25 varsh ki ayu tak ke yuva vyakti hi bharati kie ge. yah vyavastha usi varsh qanoon bana di gee. isase atyadhik saphalata mili. is saphalata ka mukhy karan yah tha ki is ayuvarg ke yuvak n to adhik the aur n ve rajanitik ya samajik kshetr mean itane prabhavashali hi the ki kanoon ke viruddh kuchh kar sakate. isake atirikt kuchh paristhitiyaan aur bhi thian jinase sainik jivan mahatv pa gaya tha. desh mean akal p da hua tha, rajanitik atyachar aur hatyaean badh rahi thian. inase bachane ka saral upay sena mean bharati ho jana hi tha. phalat: sanh‌ 1794 ee. mean phraans ki sainik sankhya 7,70,000 se bhi oopar ho gee. nepoliyan ki sanh‌ 1796 ki saphalata ka pramukh karan yahi qanoon tha.

kraanti aur bahy akraman ka bhay

kraanti aur bahy akraman ka bhay, donoan aisi parissthitiyaan thian jinhoanne phraans ke utsah ko banae rakha. kiantu nepoliyan ke italivale saphal yuddhoan ke bad shaanti ka kuchh avasar mila aur tab logoan ko anivary bharati ki kathorata ka abhas hone laga. is pratha ke viruddh yuktisangat alochanaean praranbh hone lagian. kuchh logoan ka kahana tha ki is pratha dvara manavashakti ka, jo rashtr ki dhanavriddhi ka pramukh sadhan hai, durupayog hota hai. kuchh logoan ka kahana tha ki kisi manushy ki prakriti tatha ruchi ke anusar hi usaka vyavasay hona chahie. anivary bharati se ruchi aur prakriti ke viruddh hote hue bhi manushy sainik kary ke lie badhy kiya jata hai. doosaroan ka kahana tha ki kanoon ki sahayata se sena ki vriddhi to ki ja sakati hai, par sainikoan ko poorn manoyog aur shakti se l dane ke lie badhy nahian kiya ja sakata. in sab virodhapoorn batoan ke hote hue bhi, sanh‌ 1798 mean anivary bharati ka kanoon sthayi roop se man liya gaya aur 'anivary bharati' shabd ka pratham bar nirman hua. janamat ko dekhate hue kanoon mean kuchh sanshodhan kar die ge, jisake phalasvaroop pahale se kam sakhti se kam lena praranbh hua. dhan dekar, ya apane sthan par doosare vyakti ko niyukti kar dene se, anivary bharati se chhutakara paya ja sakata tha.

nepoliyan ke harane ke bad prashiya (jaramani) mean anivary bharati ka niyam adhik dridhata se lagoo kiya gaya. sabake lie tin varshoan tak sainik shiksha lena anivary ho gaya. inamean se kushagr buddhivale vyakti aphasar banate the. is prakar vahaan sadharan sainik aur kushal nayakoan tatha senapatiyoan ka atulit bhandar sada taiyar rahata tha. parantu pichhe sabhi deshoan mean anivary bharati ka mooly ghatane laga, kyoanki yuddh ke ne-ne yantr nikalane lage aur b di senaoan ke badale yantroan se susajjit chhoti senaean adhik vaanchhaniy ho gee.

pratham vishvayuddh

1914-18 ke pratham vishvayuddh mean donoan or anivary bharati chal rahi thi. is yuddh mean ek karo d se adhik vyakti mare ge. sabane anubhav kiya ki kushal karigaroan athava buddhiman vaijnanikoan ko sadharan sainikoan ke saman yuddh mean jhoank dena moorkhata hai. ve karakhanoan aur prayogashalaoan mean rahakar vijayaprapti mean adhik sahayata pahuancha sakate the.

dvitiy vishvayuddh

dvitiy vishvayuddh mean to yah anubhav hua ki bachche, boodhe sab par bam p d sakate haian, aur pray: sabhi kisi n kisi roop mean yuddh ki anukool pragati mean hath banta sakate haian. s yuddh ke pahale se hi ianglaiand mean sab yuvakoan ko chhah mahine ki anivary sainik shiksha leni p dati thi. is yuddh mean apane yaantrik bal se jarmani ne polaiand ko tin saptah mean, narave ko pray: do din mean, halaiand ko paanch din mean, beljiyam ko 18 din mean aur krit ko 10 din mean jita. yah sab taiank, vayuyan, motar lari adi ke karan sanbhav ho saka.

amarika mean anivary bharati

amarika mean 1772 mean aur phir 1812 mean anivary bharati aanrabh ki gee, parantu vishesh saphalata nahian mili. un dinoan isaki bahut avashyakata bhi nahian thi. 1862 ke ghareloo yuddh mean bhi anivary bharati saphal hi rahi. pratham vishvayuddh mean anivary bharati ke lie 1917 mean vidhan bana, jisase 21 se lekar 30 varsh tak ke purushoan mean se koee bhi anivary roop se bharati kiya ja sakata tha. is prakar lagabhag 13 lakh vyakti bharati kie ge. unhian logoan ko chhoot thi jo vidhan sabha ke sadasy ya praantoan tatha jiloan adi ke adhishasak ya nyayadhish athava girajagharoan ke purohit the. jin logoan ko apane at:karan ke karan apatti thi, unako l daee par n bhejakar yuddh sanbandhi koee any kam diya jata tha. dvitiy vishvayuddh mean lagabhag isi prakar ki anivary bharati huee thi aur 1942 ke aant tak char-paanch lakh vyakti har mahine bharati kie jate the.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

• san.gran.-ef.en.m aaud : valantari varsas kanpalsari sarvis (1891); ee.em. arl ityadi (sanpadak) : mekars aauv madarn straiteji (1843); amerikan akaidemi aauv p aaulitiks aiand sayans : yoonivarsal militari treniang aiand naishanal sikyoriti (1945).