अनुमान

anuman (sanskrit shabd, arthath kisi any vastu ki tulana mean mapana aandaja lagana ya anuman ka upakaran), bharatiy darshan mean jnan (praman) hasil karane ke sadhanoan mean doosara, jo manushy ko pramanik many parijnan prapt karane mean samarth banata hai.

• vibhinn darshanik matoan dvara alag-alag sadhan nishchit kie ge haian; udaharan ke lie bauddhoan aur aranbhik vaisheshikoan dvara do (avabodhan aur anuman); yog aur jain matavalanbiyoan dvara tin (avabodhan, anuman, aur praman) anuman tark (nyay) ki hindoo vicharadhara ke keandr mean sthit hai.
• is vicharadhara ne ek anuman-vaky-kathan tark sanrachana banaee, jo sootr ke bajay tark ke svaroop mean hai aur yah paanch charanoan se hokar gujarati hai:

1. pratijnapti (pratijna, shabdarth shapath)
2. adhar (hetu)
3. drishtaant (udaharan)
4. prayog (upanay)
5. nishkarsh (nigaman)

• anuman-vaky-kathan tark ek bhraantipoorn adhar dvara nishprabhavi ho jata hai; ise hetvabhas (ek adhar ki pratiti matr jo vastavik prativady adhar se bhinn hai) kahate haian. apramanik adharoan ke kee prakar batae ge haian: samany dosh, virodhabhas, punarukti, sakshy ka abhav aur asamayikata.

anuman darshan aur tark shastr ka paribhashik shabd. bharatiy darshan mean jnanaprapti ke sadhanoan ka nam praman haian. anuman bhi ek praman haian. charvak darshan ko chho dakar pray: sabhi darshan anuman ko jnanaprapti ka ek sadhan manate haian. anuman ke dvara jo jnan prapt hota haian usaka nam anumiti haian.

pratyaksh (iandriy sannikarsh) dvara jis vastu ke astitv ka jnan nahian ho raha haian usaka jnan kisi aisi vastu ke pratyaksh jnan ke adhar par, jo us apratyaksh vastu ke astitv ka sanket is jnan par pahuanchane ki prakriya ka nam anuman hai. is prakriya ka saralatam udaharan is prakar hai-kisi parvat ke us par dhuaan uthata hua dekhakar vahaan par ag ke astitv ka jnan anumiti hai aur yah jnan jis prakriya se utpann hota hai usaka nam anuman hai. yahaan pratyaksh ka vishay nahian hai, keval dhuean ka pratyaksh jnan hota hai. par poorvakal mean anek bar kee sthanoan par ag aur dhuean ke sath-sath pratyaksh jnan hone se man mean yah dharana ban gee hai ki jahaan-jahaan dhuaan hota hai vahian-vahian ag bhi hoti hai. ab jab ham keval dhuean ka pratyaksh anubhav karate haian aur hamako yah smaran hota hai ki jahaan-jahaan dhuaan hai vahaan-vahaan ag hoti hai, to ham sochate haian ki ab hamako jahaan dhuaan dikhaee de raha haian vahaan ag avashy hogi: atev parvat ke us par jahaan hamean is samay dhuean ka pratyaksh jnan ho raha hai avashy hi ag vartaman hogi.

is prakar ki prakriya ke mukhy aangoan ke paribhashik shabd ye haian: jis vastu ka hamako pratyaksh jnan ho raha haian aur jis jnan ke adhar par hamean apratyaksh vastu ke astitv ka jnan hota hai use liang kahate haian. jis vastu ke astitv ka jnan hota haian use sadhy kahate haian. poorv-pratyaksh jnan ke adhar par un donoan ke sahastitv athava sahachary ke jnan ko, jo ab smriti ke roop mean hamare man mean hai, vyapti kahate hai. jis sthan ya vishay mean liang ka pratyaksh ho raha ho use paksh kahate haian. aise sthan ya vishay jinamean liang aur saghy poorvakalin pratyaksh anubhav mean sath sath dekhe ge hoan samaksh udaharan kahalate hai. aise udaharan jahaan poorvakalin anubhav mean sadhy ke abhav ke sath liang ka bhi abhav dekha gaya ho, vipaksh udaharan kahalate haian paksh mean liang ki upasthiti ka nam hai pakshadharmata aur usaka pratyaksh hona pakshadharmata jnan kahalata hai paksh-dharmata jnan jab vyapti ke smaran ke sath hota hai tab us paristhiti ko paramasharh kahate haian. isi ko liangaparamarsh bhi kahate haian kyoki pakshadharmata ka arth hai liang ka paksh mean upasthit hona. isake karan isi ke adhar par paksh mean sadhy ke astitv ka jo jnan hota hai usi ka nam anumiti haian . sadhy ko liangi bhi kahate haian kyoanki usaka astitv liang ke astitv ke adhar par anumit kiya jata haian. liang ko hetu bhi kahate haian kyoanki isake karan hi hamako liangi (sadhy) ke astitv ka anuman hota hai. isalie tarkashastroan mean anuman ki yah paribhasha ki gee hai-liangaparamarsh ka nam anuman hai aur vyapti vishisht pakshadharmata ka jnan paramarsh haian.

anuman do prakar ka hota haian--svarth anuman aur pararth anuman: svarth anuman apani vah manasik prakriya hai jisamean bar bar ke pratyaksh anubhav ke adhar par apane man mean vyapti ka nishchay ho gaya ho aur phir kabhi pakshadharmata jnan ke adhar par apane man mean sadhy ke astitv ki anumiti ka uday ho gaya hai jaisa ki oopar parvat par agni ke anumiti jnan mean dikhalaya gaya hai. yah samast prakriya apane ko samajhane ke lie apane hi man ki hai.

kiantu jab hamako kisi doosare vyakti ko paksh mean sadhy ke astitv ka ni:shank nishchay karana ho to ham apane manogat ko paanch aangoan mean, jinako avayav kahate haian, prakat karate haian. ve paanch avayav ye haian:

(1) pratijna-arthath‌ jo bat siddh karani ha usaka kathan. udaharan : parvat ke us par ag hai.

(2) hetu-kyoan aisa anuman kiya jata haian, isaka karan arthath‌ paksh mean liang ki upasthiti ka jnan karana. udaharan : kayoanki vahaan par dhuaan hai.

(3) udaharan-sapaksh aur vipaksh drishtaantoan dvara vyapti ka kathan karana, udaharan : jahaan-jahaan dhuaan hota haian, vahaan-vahaan ag hoti haian, jaise choolhe mean, aur jaha-jahaan ag nahian hoti, vahaan-vahaan dhuaan bhi nahian hota, jaise talab mean.

(4) upanay-yah batalana ki yahaan par paksh mean aisa hi liang upasthit hai jo sadhy ke astitv ka sanket karata hai. udaharan : yahaan bhi dhuaan maujood hai.

(5) nigaman-yah siddh hua ki parvat ke us par ag hai.

bharat mean yah pararth anuman darshanik aur any sabhi prakar ke vad-vivadoan aur shastrarthoan mean kam ata hai. yah yoonan desh mean bhi prachalit tha aur yooklid ne jyamiti likhane mean isaka bhali bhaanti prayog kiya tha. arastoo ko bhi isaka jnan tha. bharat ke darshanikoan aur arastoo ne bhi paanch avayavoan ke sthan par keval tin ko hi avashyak samajha kyoanki pratham (pratijna) aur pancham (nigaman)avayav pray: ek hi haian. upanay to manasik kriya hai jo vyapti aur pakshadharmata ke sath samane hone par man mean apane ap uday ho jati haian. yadi samanevala bahut mandabuddhi n ho, balki buddhiman ho, to keval pratijna aur hetu in do avayavoan ke kathan matr ki avashyakata hai . isalie vedaant aur navy nyay ke granthoan mean keval do hi avayavoan ka prayog paya jata hai.

bharatiy anuman agaman aur nigaman dono hi aansh hai. samany vyapti ke adhar par vishesh paristhiti mean sadhy ke astitv ka jnan nigaman hai aur vishesh paristhitiyoan ke pratyaksh anubhav adhar par vyapti ki sthapana agaman hai. poorv prakriya ko pashchaty deshoan mean didakshan aur uttar prakriya ko iandakshan kahate hai. arastoo adi pashchaty tarkashastriyoan ne nigaman par bahut vichar kiya aur mil adi adhunik tarkashastriyoan ne agaman ka vishesh manan kiya.

bharat mean vyapti ki sthapanaean (agaman) tin ya tinoan me se kisi ek prakar ke pratyaksh jnan ke adhar par hoti thian. ve ye haian :
(1) kevalanvay, jab liang aur sadhy ka sahachary matr anubhav mean ata hai, jab unaka sah-abhav n dekha ja sakata ho.
(2) keval vyatirek jab sadhy aur liang aur liang ka sah-abhav hi anubhav mean ata hai, sahachary nahian.
(3) anvayavyatirek-jab liang aur sadhy ka sahastitv aur sahabhav donoan hi anubhav mean ate hoan. aangl tarkashastri j aaun stuart mil ne apane granthoan mean agaman ki paanch prakriyaoan ka vishad varnan kiya hai. ajakal ki vaijnanik khojoan mean un sabaka upayog hota hai.

pashchaty tarkashastr mean anuman (inapharens) ka arth bharatiy tarkashastr mean prayukt arth se kuchh bhinn aur vistrit haian. vahaan par kisi ek vaky athava ek se adhik vakyoan ki satyata ko manakar usake adhar par kya-kya vaky saty ho sakate haian, isako nishchit karane ki prakriya ka nam anuman hai aur vishesh paristhitiyoan ke anubhav ke adhar par samany vyaptiyoan ka nirman bhi anuman hi hai.