अमेरिका का गृहयुद्ध

amarika ka grihayuddh 1861-65 ee. ke bich sanyukt rajy amarika aur dakshin ke gyarah rajyoan ke bich guhayuddh hua. yah kahana sarvatha uchit n hoga ki yah yuddh keval das pratha ko lekar hua. vastav mean is sangharsh ka bij bahut pahale hi boya ja chuka tha aur yah vibhijh vicharadharaoan mean parasparik virodh ka parinam tha. uttar ke nivasi bhaugolik paristhiti, yatayat ke sadhan tatha vyaparik saphalata ke phalasvaroop santusht,sanpann tatha adhik sabhy the. dakshini rajyoan ki apani alag samasya thi. 17vian aur 18vian shatabdiyoan mean aphika se bahut se habashi das yahaan lae ge the aur ve hi krishi utpadan ke adhar the. isalie dakshini rajy in habashi dasoan ko mukt karane mean asamarth the aur ve krishi tatha any udyogoan mean svatantr shram se kam nahian le sakate the. amerika ke uttari rajy ke nivasi shital jalavayu ke karan apana kary saralata se kar lete the aur vah dasoan par nirbhar nahian karate the. isilie vahaan dasapratha dhire-dhire lupt ho gee. mashin yug ne samasya ko aur bhi jatil bana diya aur uttar tatha dakshin ke bich ki khaee badhane lagi. uttari nivasi mashin ke prayog se arthik kshetr mean pragati karane lagi. unaka koyale aur lohe ka utpadan badha aur vahaan bahut se karakhane kam karane lage. vahaan ki janasankhya bhi tezise badhane lagi. dakshini rajyoan ke log abhi tak keval krishi par adharit the aur ve yug ke sath pragati nahian kar sake. yahaan ki janasankhya bhi adhik tezise nahian badhi. sanyukt rashtr ki vyaparik niti uttari rajyoan ke lie labhadayak thi par dakshinavale usase labh nahian utha sakate the. vyaparik niti ka dakshin mean virodh hua aur dakshini ise avaidh thaharane lage. ve svatantr vyapar ke anuyayi the, jisase ve apana kachcha mal bina niyantran ke videsh bhej sakean aur apane avashyakatanusar bani huee chijean kharidean. dakshin kairolaina ne jan koolhan ke matanusar pratyek rajy ko sanyukt rajy ki kisi bhi niti ko manane ya n manane ka poorn adhikar tha. sangharsh ke bij ne ab vriksh ka roop dharan kar liya tha. sanvidhan ki a d mean uttar aur dakshin ke rajy apane apane mat ki pushti ka poornataya prayas karane lage.

vyaparik niyantran ke atirikt dasapratha ko lekar yah virodh aur badha. aiandrayoo jaikasan ke samay dasapratha ke virodh mean kiya gaya uttari rajyoan mean pradarshan aur dakshini rajyoan mean isako kayam rakhane ka prayas grihayaddh ka doosara mool karan hua. dakshini kahane lage ki teksas par adhikar aur meksiko se yuddh karana anivary hai. ve senet mean barabari ki sankhya kayam rakhana chahate the. 1844 ee. mean masachyoosets ki dharasabha ne yah prastav parit kiya ki sanyukt rashtr ka sanvidhan aparavirtaniy hai aur teksas par adhikar amany hai. dakshiniyoan ne aur jor se kaha ki yadi dasapratha band ki gee to ve sanyukt rajy se alag ho jaeange. dasapratha ka prashn rajanitik kshetr ke atirikt ab dharmik kshetr mean bhi ghus aya. isako lekar methadist charch mean bhi uttari aur dakshini do dal ho ge. donoan ne dharmik sansthaoan ko apani or khiancha. yadyapi vig aur demokrait daloan ne 1848 ee. ke rashtrapati ke chunav mean is samasya ko alag rakhana chaha, tathapi is chunav ne janata ko do bhagoan mean baant diya jo moolat: bhaugolik adhar par banti thi.

sangharsh aur bhi ghana hota gaya. meksikoan se yuddh mean prapt bhoomi mean dasapratha ko rakhane athava hatane ka prashn jatil tha. dakshinavale ise rakhana chahate the. kyoanki yah unake kshetr mean tha, par uttar ke nivasi siddhaant roop se dasapratha ke poorn virodhi the aur ne sthan mean ise rakhane ko taiyar n the. uttari rajyoan ki dharasabhoan ne isaka virodh kiya, par isake viparit dakshin mean dasapratha ke samarthan mean sarvajanik sabhaean huee. virjiniya ki dharasabha ne uttari rajyoan ki sabha mean parit kie ge prastav ka k da virodh kiya aur vahaan ki janata ne sanyukt rajy se loha lene ka dridh nishchay kar liya. 1850 ee. mean ek samajhauta hua jisake aantargat kailiphorniya svantatr rajy ke roop mean sanyukt rajy mean shamil ho gaya aur kolanbiya mean dasapratha hata di gee. teksas ko ek karo d dalar die ge aur bhage hue dasoan ko vapas karane ka ek naya kanoon parit hua. isaka palan nahian hua. uttar ke rajy bhage hue badamashoan ko unake malikoan ke pas nahian lautate the. isase paristhiti ganbhir ho gee. prasiddh dredaskat vad mean nyayadhish tani ne bahumat se nirnay kiya ki vidhan ke aantargat n to rashtriy sansadh (senet) aur n kisi rajy ki dharasabha kisi kshetr se dasapratha ko hata sakati hai. isake thik viparit liankan ne kaha ki koee bhi rajy apani sima ke aandar dasapratha ko hata sakata haian. in prashnoan ko lekar rajanitik daloan mean aantarik virodh ho gaya. 1860 ee. mean liankan rashtrapati chun lie ge. liankan ka kahana tha ki yadi kisi ghar mean phoot hai to vah ghar adhik din nahian chal sakata. is sanyukt rajy ko adhe svatantr aur adhe dasoan mean nahian baanta ja sakata. rashtrapati ke chunav ki ghoshana ke bad dakshin kairolaina ne ek sammelan bulaya jisamean sanyukt rajy se alag hone ka prastav sarvasammati se parit hua. 1861ee. ke pharavari tak jarjiya, phlorida, alabama, misisipi, looisiyana aur teksas ne is niti ka palan kiya. is prakar navanbar, 1860 ee. se march, 1861ee. tak, vashiangatan mean keandriy shasan shithil ho gaya. 1861ee. ke pharavari mas mean vashiantan mean shaantisanmelan hua, kiantu tho de samay bad, 12 aprail, 1861 ee. ko anusanghiy rajyoan ki topoan ne charlstan bandaragah ki shaanti bhang kar di. yahaan pradarshit phort sumatar par golabari karake 'kanafedareta' ne grihayuddh chhe d diya.

yuddh ke morche mukhyat: tin the-samudr, misisipi ghati aur poorv samudratat ke rajy. yuddh ke aranbh mean pray: samagr jalasena sanyukt rajy ke hath mean thi, kiantu vah bikhari huee aur nirbal thi. dakshini tat ki gherabandi se yoorop ko ruee ka niryat aur vahaan se barood, vastr aur aushadhi adi dakshin ke lie atyant avashyak ayat ki chijean poornataya ruk gee. sanyukt rajy ke be de ne dakshin ke sabase b de nagar nyooalians se atmasamarpan kara liya. misisipi ki ghati mean bhi sanyukt rajy ki sena ki anek jitean huee. varjiniya kanaphedaretoan ko barabar saphalataean milian. 1863ee. mean yuddh ka aranbh uttar ke lie achchha nahian hua, par julaee mean yuddh ki baji palat gee. 1864ee. mean yuddh ka aant spasht dikhane laga. 17 pharavari ko kanaphedaretoan ne dakshin kairolaina ki rajadhani kolanbiya ko khali kar diya. charlstan sanyukt rajy ke hath a gaya. dakshin ke nirvivad neta rabart ee. li dvara atmasamarpan kie jane par 13 aprail ko vashiantan mean utsav manaya gaya. grihayuddh ki samapti ke bad dakshini rajyoan ke prati kathorata ki niti nahian apanaee gee, varanh‌ kaangres ne sanvidhan mean 13vaan sanshodhan prastut karake dasoan ki svatantrata par kanooni chhap laga di.

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