आकारिकी
akariki athava akar vijnan [aangreji mean m aauraf aaulaji : m aaurafe (=akar) +logas(=vivaran)] shabd vanaspati vijnan tatha jantu vijnan ke aantargat un sabhi adhyayanoan ke lie prayukt hota hai. jinaka mukhy vishay jivapiand ka akar aur rachana hai. padap akariki mean padapoan ke akar aur rachana tatha unake aangoan (mool, stanbh, patti, phool adi) evan in aangoan ke paraspar sanbandh aur sanpoorn padap se usake aangoan ke sanbandh ka vichar kiyaa jata hai. akar vijnan ka adhyayan janan tatha parivartan ke vibhinn staroan par jivapiand ke itihas ke tathyoan ka keval nirdharan matr ho sakata hai. parantu ajakal, jaisa samanyat: samajha jata hai, akariki ka adhar adhik vyapak hai. isaka uddeshy vibhinn padapavargo ke akar mean nihit samanataoan ka pata lagana hai. isalie yah tulanatmak adhyayan hai jo udvikasatmak parivartan aur parivardhan ke drishtikon se kiya jata hai. is prakar akariki padapoan ke vargikaran ki sthapana aur unake vikasatmak athava jatigat itihas ke punarnirman mean sahayak hai. akarikiy adhyayan ki nimnalikhit paddhatiyaan haian:
- jivit padapoan ke praudh akaroan ki tulana,
- purodbhidi arthath jivoan ke avashishtoan (f aausil) ke adhyayan ke adhar par prachin, lupt, nishchit akaroan ke sath jivit padapoan ki tulana,
- pratyek padap ke parivardhan ka nirikshan.
akar vijnan ke pray: do upavibhag kie jate haian-bahm akar vijnan, jisaka sanbandh padap aangoan ke sapeksh sthan tatha bahm akar se hai aur sharirarachana (anaitomi), jo padapoan ki bahm aur aantarik sanrachana ka adhyayan hai. kaushiki athava koshadhyayan, jisaka sanbandh aantarik rachana se hai, akar vijnan ke upavibhag ke roop mean vikasit hua, kiantu ab yah jivavijnan ki hi ek svatantr shakha mana jata hai.
akar vijnan ka adhyayan kuchh vishisht roop bhi dharan kar sakata hai; jaise, isaka sanbandh padap ke praranbhik vikas se, akar aur sanrachana ke nirnayak karanoan se athava padap ke un bhagoan se, jo kuchh vishisht kary karanevale samajhe jate haian, ho sakata hai. akar vijnan ke in khandoan ko kramanusar bhroon vijnan (emabriaauloji), akarajanan (m aaurfojenesis) tatha aangavarnana (aaurgenograifi) kahate haian. pidhiyoan ke ekaantaran ki kriya padap akariki ki itani pramukh aur mahatvapoorn visheshata hai ki bahut varsho tak yah akar vijnan ke adhyayan ka pradhan lakshy bani rahi. sharirarachana (anaitomi) ka sanbandh sthool aur sookshm bahm aur aantarik banavat se hai. sharirarachana ka ek vishisht vishay hai autiki (hist aauloji) jisaka sanbandh jivapiand ki sookshm rachana se hai.
prani akariki-yadyapi akar vijnan mean (jisaka sanbandh prani ke samany akar aur usake aangoan ki sanrachana se hai) tatha sharirarachana mean (jisaka sanbandh sthool aur sookshm rachanatmak vistar se hai) bhed kiya ja sakata hai, to bhi vastavik vyavahar mean pranishastri in donoan shabdoan ka prayog paryayavachi roop mean karate haian. atev pranishastri akar vijnan shabd ke vyavaharik arth mean sharirarachana vishayak samast adhyayan ko bhi sammilit karate haian.
praniyoan ke akar ke vibhinn prakar aur unake roopaantar prani akariki ke adhyayan ke vishay haian. akar mukhyataya sharir ki samamiti par nirbhar hai. samamiti ke prakaroan ke adhyayan se pata chalata hai ki shirshapradhany (sefalaizeshan), jo agr tantrikaoan tatha sanvedi rachanaoan ki saghanata ke karan sir ka uttarottar bhedakaran hai, sharir ki dviparshvik samamiti ke sath sath hota hai. jyoan jyoan ham rachana ki sanshlishtata (jatilata) ke kram mean oopar chadhate jate haian, shirshapradhany ki kriya adhikadhik spasht hoti jati hai aur mastishk ke atyadhik parivardhan ke sath vanar tatha munashy mean pahuanchakar poornata ko prapt hoti hai. samamiti mean aantar parivardhan ke samay any akshoan ki apeksha ek aksh ke anudish adhik vriddhi hone se hota hai. akar ke roopaantaroan mean paristhiti ke anukool chalane ki visheshata hoti hai. rachana sanbandhi samanata ke lie sadharmata (homol aauji) shabd ka vyavahar hota hai aur kary sanbandhi ya daihik samanata ke lie karyasadrishy (anailoji) ka. sadharmata sharirarachana sanbandhi aantarnihit samanata hai. jisase saman vikasatmak utpatti jnat hoti hai, parantu karyasadrishy (anailoji) mean is tarah ki koee visheshata nahian hai.[1]
prayogatmak bhroonatatv is prashn ka uttar dene ka prayatn karata hai ki kisi prani ke sharir ke aantim akar ya rachana ka astitv aande mean usi roop mean pahale se hi hota hai athava ve parivardhan ke samay paryavaran ke tatvoan par nirbhar haian aur in tatvoan dvara ye donoan parivartit kie ja sakate haian.[2]
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