जीवद्रव्य
jivadravy (aangrezi:Protoplasm) vanaspati aur pranijagath mean kayik nirman ki ikaee koshika hai. yah sookshmadarshak yantr se dikhaee p dati hai. koshika ka adhar jivadravy hai aur isi ke adhar par jiv jivit rahata hai. uttejan, chalan, chayapachay, vriddhi, prajanan aur anukoolan jivadravy ke pramukh gun haian. inhean samajhane ke liye jivadravy ki bhautik aur rasayanik rachana ka adhyayan avashyak hai.
bhautik gun
sookshmadarshak yantr mean jivadravy gadha, taral, rangavihin aur paradarshi dikhaee deta hai. nyoon prakash kshetr mean yah danedar pratit hota hai. isake madhy mean ek golakar keandr aur usake bhi madhy mean ek ya adhik keandrak dikhaee dete haian. inaka gadhapan koshika dravy ke gadhepan se adhik hota hai.[1] koshikadravy ke aantargat ek ya adhik rasadhaniyaan hoti haian, jinamean koshikaras koshikadravy ki jhilli se ghira rahata hai. ise dravyajhilli athava aantardravy, kahate haian. aise hi bahar ki jhilli, athava bahirdravy koshika ko simit karata hai. vanaspatiyoan mean bahirdravy koshikabhitti se sanlagn hota hai.[2] in donoan jhilliyoan ka mahatv koshika mean jal aur vileyoan (solutes) ke gamanagaman ko niyantrit karane mean hai.
vanaspatik koshikaoan mean ghatan (Plastid) - adighatan, varnaghatan aur varnahin ghatan - bhi pae jate haian. ye jivadravy ke gadhe, chapate pratyang haian, jo poshahar banane aur use surakshit rakhane ka kary karate haian.
sookshmadarsh ke tel lakshakakach (oil immersion objective lens) dvara[3] jivadravy mean anek dandakar athava danedar, kanabh dekhe ja sakate haian. inamean shvasan ke aianzaimoan ki pradhanata paee jati hai. jantu koshikaoan mean keandr ke samip tarabh keandr bhi hota hai, jo koshikavibhajan mean sootroan ko vyavasthit rakhata hai.
pattiyoan ki koshikaoan mean hare rang ke kan, jinhean haritanu (Chloroplast) kahate haian, pae jate haian. ilektr aaun sookshmadarshi se in kanoan ko dekhane par bahut se graina dikhaee p date haian, jo soory ke prakash ki oorja ko rasayanik oorja mean parivartit kar dete haian.
in jivit pratyangoan ke atirikt starch aur protin ke kan tatha tailiy booandean bhi jivadravy mean milati haian. ye khady padarth haian, jinase jivadravy ka poshan hota hai. koshikadravy ke aantargat ye sabhi jivit aur nirjiv vastuean koshikadravy par avalanbit hone ke karan usi ke sath ghoomati rahati haian. ghoomane ki gati jivadravy ke gadhapan par nirbhar hai, jo garami pakar ghatata hai aur sardi mean badhata hai. jivadravy pratyasth (elastic) aur chipachipa padarth haian.
rasayanik sanghatan
jivadravy mean 80 se lekar 90 pratishat tak jal rahata hai. shesh shushk padarth mean nimnalikhit dravy pae jate haian:
| karbanik sanghatak | pratishat shushk padarth |
|---|---|
| jal viley | |
| m aaunosaikaraid | 14.2 |
| protin | 2.2 |
| aimino aisid, nyoorin tatha aispairejin | 24.3 |
| jal aviley | |
| nyooklioprotin | 32.2 |
| nyookliik aml | 2.5 |
| globulin | 0.5 |
| lipoprotin | 4.8 |
| udasin vasa | 4.8 |
| phaitoster aaul | 3.2 |
| ph aausphetaid | 1.3 |
| bahushakarra, varnak, rejin ityadi | 3.5 |
| khanij padarth | 4.4 |
| kul jo d | 99.9 |
chayapachay
chayapachay jivatv ka mukhy lakshan hai. jidravy mean anek rasayanik kriyaean sadaiv hoti hai. jin kriyaoan mean chhote anuoan se b de anuoan ka sanshleshn hota hai, ve chayan kahalati haian aur isake viparit jinamean b de anu chhote anuoan mean parivartit ho jate haian, ve apachayan kahalati haian. ye sari jivarasayanik abhikriyaean aianzaimoan se utprerati hoti haian. pratyek vishesh kriya vishesh aianzaimoan par adharit haian. isaliye pratyek kosh mean sahasroan aianzaim hote haian. sabhi aianzaimoan ka adhar protin anu haian, jisaki rachana aur akriti par inaki visheshata nirbhar hai. jivadravy ki sakriyata usaki banavat par avalanbit haian. jaise eetoan ke dher se kisi bhavan ke roopaankan ka bodh nahian ho sakata, vaise hi keval rasayanik sanghatakoan se jivadravy ka bodh hona asanbhav hai. jaise bhavan-nirman ki samagri ko bhinn-bhinn prakar se jo dakar bhaanti bhaanti ke bhavan ban sakate haian, usi prakar jivadravy ke anek prakar ke jo doan se vibhinn prakar ke praniyoan ki rachana jivodbhav dvara huee hai.
jivadravy ki utpatti aur jivodbhav
aisa pata chalata hai ki sansar poorvavastha mean amoniya, haidrojan, karban daiaauksaid, jalavashp evan vatoan se achchhadit tha. us samay altravayolet rashmiyoan mean inake anuoan se karbanik yaugikoan ka nirman hua, jinamean karban paramanu asamamitiy raha. isase protin anu bane, jinamean kuchh mean aianzaimoan ki kshamata aee. aise hi samay mean dis aauksiribo-nyookliik aml, di. en. e., bhi bana hoga. di. en. e., bhi di. en. e. ke anuoan ke saanchoan par dhalakar protin anuoan ke nirman ke liye saanche ka kam karate haian. in karbanik yaugikoan ke sanpadan se karo doan varshoan mean sagar ke jal mean kahian pratham jivadravy ka pradurbhav sanbhav hua hoga. jaise jaise paristhitiyaan badalati geean aur jivadravy paryavaran se oorja aur dravyoan ko lekar chayapachay mean sakriy raha, vaise vaise chay ki kriya vyavasthit hone par isamean purutpadan ki shakti aee. aise hi bahut se ekakoshi jiv nirmit hue hoange, jinamean vibhinnata ane se anek prabhedoan ki utpatti huee. paryavaran ke anukool prabhedoan ki utpatti badhati gee aur aise prabhed nasht hote ge jinamean anukool aianzaimoan ka utpadan chayapachay ke liye paryapt nahian tha. is prakritik varan (natural selection) ki kriya se anukoolit prabhedoan ki sankhya badhati gee. ekakoshi jivoan se bahukoshi jivoan ka hona aur laiangik prajanan ka vikas, jivodbhav ke mukhy sadhan haian.
vishanu, jivanu aur jivadravy ka punarutpadan
jivadravy sabase tho di matra mean jivanu (baiktiriyam) mean paya jata hai. jivanu 8 myoo[4] se kam lanba aur 0.5 myoo se kam chau da hota hai. par is sookshm matra mean bhi jivadravy dvara sabhi kriyaean saphalatapoorv sanpann hoti rahati hai. vishanu (vairas) nyooklio-protinoan se avrit nyookliik aml ka sabase chhota tuk da hai, par isamean svayan chayapachay ki shakti nahian hai. yah praniyoan ke sharir mean hi unake aianzaimoan ki sahayata se sakriy hota hai. pahale aisa vichar tha ki anukool paristhitiyoan mean jivahin dravyoan se sookshm jivoan ka utpadan svayanmev ho jata hai. par luee paistar ne prayogoan dvara ise asanbhav siddh kar diya. ab isamean sandeh nahian raha ki jivadravy adisrishti mean ek hi samay mean bana aur isi se prajanan aur jivodbhav dvara samay samay par anek prakar ki vanaspatiyaan aur pashu utpann hue. jivadravy ke pratyang, jaise keandrak ya nyookliyas, ghatan ityadi, poorvaj pratyangoan se hi koshika vibhajan ke samay vibhajit hokar any koshikaoan mean pae jate haian. koshika ke sath hi in pratyangoan ka bhi sanvardhan hota rahata hai.
jivadravy ki kriyaean aur unake adhar
jivadravy ki sakriyata isaki bhautik aur rasayanik sanrachana se hi nahian samajhi ja sakati. isaka vastu ya abhikalpana atyant jatil hai. ilektr aaun sookshmadarshi dvara jivadravy 50 hazar se lekar 80 hazar tak avardhit dikhaee deta hai. isamean ati sookshm dane, jhilliyaan aur tantu dikhaee p date haian, jo bar bar banate aur big date rahate haian. isaka pratiroop (pattern) pratyasth kalil ka hai, jo s aaul aur jel mean parivartit hota rahata hai. isamean sanrachanatmak protin anuoan ki satah par adhishoshit (absorbed) ayoan (ions) dvara vijatiy (heterogeneous) rasayanik kriyaean utprerit hoti haian. is sanhati ke aantaraliy sthan jaliy vilayan se bhare hote haian, jinamean sodiyam, poteshiyam, kailsiyam prabhriti ayanoan ka adhik mahatv hai.
jivan maran
oopar di gee vyakhya ke anusar jivadravy bhautik-rasayanik (physico-chemical) sanghatan hota hai, jisase chayapachay ki rasayanik kriyaean aianzaimoan dvara suvyavasthit roop se chalati rahati haian. in kriyaoan ko jari rakhane ke liye jivadravy paryavaran se oorja aur rasayanakoan ka shoshan karata hai. inako sanyojit kar chay vidhiyoan dvara atmikaran hota hai, jisase toot phoot mean nasht hue jivadravy ke kan phir se nirmit hote rahate haian. jivadravy ki kriyashilata ke liye oorja avashyak hai, jo apachay kriyaoan dvara jatil anuoan ke kshay se milati rahati hai. ye sari rasayanik kriyaean aianzaimoan dvara sanchalit hoti haian. sanbhavat: jivadravy ka sabhi bhag atmikaran se naya nahian ho pata, jisase koshika jirn ho jati hai. phalasvaroop rasayanik kriyaoan ki vyavastha mean badhaean a jati haian aur unaka kram big dane par aianzaimoan ka atmalayan (autolysis) hota hai. is bhaanti chayapachay ki vidhiyoan ke hras hone se jivan ki samapti hoti hai.[5]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh