नमदा

namada ek prakar ka kap da hai, jo oon, bal, vanaspatik reshoan tatha phar se banaya jata hai. yah kanpanarodhi, ooshma ko prithakh karane vala tatha dhvanishamak hota hai. isaka upayog rel aur jahaz ki chhat banane, shishe aur sangamaramar ki vastuoan ki paikiang, dhatuoan par p aaulish karane, vadyayantroan, mudran, motaroan, jootoan, hait tatha kot mean hota hai. upayogitanusar isaki bunavat mean aantar ho sakata hai.

prakar

namada mukhyat: do prakar ka hota hai-

1. buna hua namada aur
2. reshevala ya vastavik namada.

pratham prakar ke namade mean uchch namada gunavale oon ki avashyakata hoti hai. halka namada keval ek parat ka tatha bhari namada kee paratoan ke ek doosare par bunakar banaya jata hai. reshevale namade ki bhi adharabhoot vastu oon hai. isamean oon lanbaee mean chhota aur uchch namada gunavala hota hai. reshoan ko oon ke sath milakar is prakar ka namada banaya jata hai. kuchh vishesh prakar ka namada reshoan ki kee paratoan ko sares se chipakakar bhi banaya jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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