जवाहरलाल नेहरू

javaharalal neharoo / pan॰ javaharalal neharoo

parichay

bharatiy svatantrata sangram ke mahan senani evan svatantr bharat ke pratham pradhan mantri (1947-640) the. javahar lal neharoo sansadiy sarakar ki sthapana aur videshi mamaloan mean ‘gutanirapeksh’ nitiyoan ke lie vikhyat hue. 1930 aur 1940 ke dashak mean bharat ke svatantrata aandolan ke pramukh netaoan mean se vah ek the.

janm

neharoo kashmiri brahman parivar ke the, jo apani prashasanik kshamataoan tatha vidvatta ke lie vikhyat tha aur jo 18vian shatabdi ke aranbh mean ilahabad a gaya tha. inaka janm ilahabad mean 14 navambar 1889 ee॰ ko hua. ve pan॰ motilal neharoo aur shri mati svaroop rani ke ekamatr putr the. apane sabhi bhaee-bahanoan mean, jinamean do bahanean thian, javaharalal sabase b de the. unaki bahan vijayalakshmi pandit bad mean sanyukt rashtr mahasabha ki pahali mahila adhyaksh banian.

shiksha

unaki prarambhik shiksha ghar par hi huee 14 varsh ki ayu mean neharoo ne ghar par hi kee aangrez adhyapikaoan aur shikshakoan se shiksha prapt ki. inamean se sirf ek, fardinaiand bruks ka, jo adhe ayarish aur adhe beljiyan adhyatmajnani the, un par kuchh prabhav p da. javaharalal ke ek samadrit bharatiy shikshak bhi the, jo unhean hiandi aur sanskrit padhate the. 15 varsh ki umr mean 1905 mean neharoo ek agrani ianglish vidyalay ianglaind ke hairo skool mean bheje gaye. hairo mean dakhil hue, jahaan vah do varsh tak rahe. neharoo ka shiksha kal kisi tarah se asadharan nahian tha. aur hairo se vah keanbrij ke triniti k aaulej ge, jahaan unhoanne tin varsh tak adhyayan karake prakriti vijnan mean snatak upadhi prapt ki. vahaan (hairo) se triniti kalej mean dakhil kiye gaye aur kaimbrij vishvavidyalay se snatak hue. unake vishay rasayanashastr, bhoogarbh vidya aur vanaspati shastr the. keanbrij chho dane ke bad landan ke inar teanpal mean do varsh bitakar unhoanne vakalat ki padhaee ki aur unake apane hi shabdoan mean pariksha uttirn karane mean unhean ‘n kirti, n apakirti’ mili.

parivar

bharat lautane ke char varsh bad march 1916 mean naheroo ka vivah kamala kaul ke sath hua, jo dilli mean base kashmiri parivar ki thian. unaki akeli santan iandira priyadarshini ka janm 1917 mean hua; bad mean vah (vivahoparaant nam iandira gaandhi) bharat ki pradhanamantri banian.

tatha ek putr prapt hua, jisaki shighr hi mrityu ho gayi thi.

bairistar ke roop mean

1912 ee॰ mean ve bairistar bane aur usi varsh bharat lautakar unhoanne ilahabad mean vakalat prarambh ki. vakalat mean unaki vishesh roochi n thi aur shighr hi ve bharatiy rajaniti mean bhag lene lage. 1912 ee॰ mean unhoanne baankipur (bihar) mean hone vale bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke adhiveshan mean pratinidhi ke roop mean bhag liya

rajanitik prashikshan

bharat lautane ke bad neharoo ne pahale vakil ke roop mean sthapit hone ka prayas kiya lekin apane pita ke viparit unaki is peshe mean koee khas ruchi nahian thi aur unhean vakalat aur vakiloan ka sath, donoan hi napasand the. us samay vah apani pidhi ke kee any logoan ki bhaanti bhitar se ek aise rashtravadi the, jo apane desh ki azadi ke lie betab ho, lekin apane adhikaansh samakalinoan ki tarah use hasil karane ki thos yojanaean n bana paya ho.

gaandhi ji se mulakat=

1916 ee॰ ke lakhanoo adhiveshan mean ve sarvapratham mahatma gaandhi ke sampark mean aye. gaandhi unase 20 sal b de the. donoan mean se kisi ne bhi aranbh mean ek-doosare ko bahut prabhavit nahian kiya. baharahal, 1929 mean kaangres ke aitihasik lahaur adhiveshan ka adhyaksh chune jane tak neharoo bharatiy rajaniti mean agrani bhoomika mean nahian a pae the. is adhiveshan mean bharat ke rajanitik lakshy ke roop mean sanpoorn svarajy ki ghoshana ki gee. usase pahale mukhy lakshy aupaniveshik sthiti ki maang tha.

gaandhi ji ke sath nikat sampark

samay ke sath-sath pan॰ neharoo ki ruchi bharatiy rajaniti mean badhati gayi. jaliyaan vala bag hatyakand ki jaanch mean deshabandhu chitaranjanadas evan mahatma gaandhi ke sahayogi rahe aur 1921 ke asahayog andolan mean to mahatma gaandhi ke atyadhik nikat sampark mean a gaye. yah sambandh samay ki gati ke sath-sath dridhatar hota gaya aur usaki samapti keval mahatma gaandhi ji ki mrityu se hi huee.

gaandhi ji ke anuyayi ke roop mean

neharoo ki atmakatha se bharatiy rajaniti mean unaki gahari ruchi ka pata chalata hai. unhian dinoan apane pita ko likhe ge patroan se bharat ki svatantrata mean un donoan ki saman ruchi dikhaee deti hai. lekin gaandhi se mulaqat hone tak pita aur putr mean svatantrata prapti ke lie nishchit yojanaoan ka vikas nahian hua tha. gaandhi ne unhean rajaniti mean apana anuyayi bana liya. gaandhi dvara karm par bal die jane ke gun se vah donoan prabhavit hue. mahatma gaandhi ka tark tha ki galati ki sirf nianda hi nahian, balki pratirodh bhi kiya jana chahie. isase pahale neharoo aur unake pita samakalin bharatiy rajanitijnoan ka tiraskar karate the, jinaka rashtravad, kuchh apavadoan ko chho dakar lanbe bhashanoan aur prastavoan tak simit tha. gaandhi dvara gret briten ke khilaf bina bhay ya ghrina ke l dane par zor dene se bhi javaharalal bahut prabhavit hue.

jel yatra

kaangres parti ke sath neharoo ka ju dav 1919 mean pratham vishv yuddh ke turant bad aranbh hua. is kal mean rashtravadi gatividhiyoan ki lahar zoroan par thi aur aprail 1919 ko amritasar ke narasanhar ke roop mean sarakari daman khulakar samane aya; sthaniy british sena kamaandar ne apani tuk diyoan ko nihatthe bharatiyoan ki ek sabha par goli chalane ka hukm diya, jisamean 379 log mare gaye aur kam se kam 1,200 ghayal hue. 1921 ke akhir mean jab kaangres parti ke pramukh netaoan aur karyakartaoan ko kuchh praantoan mean gair qanooni ghoshit kar diya gaya, tab pahali bar neharoo jel gaye. agale 24 varsh mean unhean ath bar bandi banaya gaya, jinamean se aantim aur sabase lanba bandikal, lagabhag tin varsh ka karavas joon 1945 mean samapt hua. neharoo ne kul milakar nau varsh se zyada samay jeloan mean bitaya. apane svabhav ke anuroop hi unhoanne apani jel-yatraoan ko asamany rajanitik gatividhi vale jivan ke aantaraloan ke roop mean varnit kiya hai.

vyapak kshetroan ki yatra

kaangres ke sath unaka rajanitik prashikshan 1919 se 1929 tak chala. 1923 mean aur fir 1927 mean vah do-do varsh ke lie parti ke mahasachiv bane. unaki ruchiyoan aur zimmedariyoan ne unhean bharat ke vyapak kshetroan ki yatra ka avasar pradan kiya, visheshakar unake grih pradesh sanyukt praant ka, jahaan unhean ghor garibi aur kisanoan ki badahali ki pahali jhalak mili aur jisane in mahattvapoorn samasyaoan ko door karane ki unaki mool yojanaoan ko prabhavit kiya. yadyapi unaka kuchh-kuchh jhukav samajavad ki or tha, lekin unaka sudharavad kisi nishchit dhaanche mean dhala hua nahian tha. 1926-27 mean unaki yoorop tatha soviyat sangh ki yatra ne unake arthik aur rajanitik chiantan ko poori tarah prabhavit kar diya.

marksavad aur samajavadi vicharadhara mean neharoo ki vastavik ruchi isi yatra se paida huee, yadyapi isase unake samyavadi siddhaantoan aur vyavahar ke jnan mean koee khas vriddhi nahian huee. bad mean jel yatraoan ke dauran unhean adhik gaharaee se marksavad ke adhyayan ka mauqa mila. isake siddhaantoan mean unaki ruchi thi, lekin isake kuchh tariqoan se vikarshit hone ke karan vah karl marks ki kritiyoan ko sare prashnoan ka uttar dene vale shastroan ke roop mean svikar nahian kar pae. fir bhi marksavad hi unaki arthik vicharadhara ka manadand raha, jisamean avashyakata p dane par bharatiy paristhitiyoan ke anusar pherabadal kiya gaya.

bharat ki svatantrata ke lie sangharsh

saiman kamishan ke viruddh lakhanoo ke pradarshan mean unhoanne bhag liya. ek ahiansatmak satyagrahi hone par bhi unhean pulis ki lathiyoan ki gahari mar sahani p di. 1928 ee॰ mean ve bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ke mahamantri bane 1929 ke lahaur adhiveshan ke bad neharoo desh ke buddhijiviyoan aur yuvaoan ke neta ke roop mean ubhare. yah sochakar ki us samay ativadi vamapanthi dhara ki or akarshit ho rahe yuvaoan ko neharoo kaangres aandolan ki mukhyadhara mean shamil kar sakeange, gaandhi ne buddhimanipoorvak kuchh varishth netaoan ki anadekhi karate hue unhean kaangres parti ka adhyaksh bana diya. mahatma ka yah akalan bhi sahi tha ki is atirikt zimmedari ke sath neharoo bhi madhyam marg par qayam raheange.

rajanaitik uttaradhikari ke roop mean

1931 mean pita ki mrityu ke bad javaharalal kaangres ki keandriy parishad mean shamil ho ge aur mahatma ke aantarang ban ge. yadyapi 1942 tak gaandhi ne adhikarik roop se unhean apana rajanaitik uttaradhikari ghoshit nahian kiya tha, par 1930 ke dashak ke madhy mean hi desh ko gaandhi ji ke svabhavik uttaradhikari ke roop mean neharoo dikhaee dene lage the. march 1931 mean mahatma aur british vaisar aauy l aaurd iravin (bad mean l aaurd hailifaiks) ke bich hue gaandhi-iravin samajhaute se bharat ke do pramukh netaoan ke bich samajhaute ka abhas milane laga. isane ek sal pahale shuroo kie ge gaandhi ke prabhavashali savinay avajna aandolan ko tezi pradan ki, jisake dauran neharoo ko giraftar kiya gaya.

golamez sammelan

yah asha ki gaandhi-iravin samajhauta bharat aur briten ke sanbandhoan mean shaanti ka poorvabhas sabit hoga, sakar nahian huee; l aaurd vailiangadan (jinhoanne vaisar aauy ke roop mean 1931 mean l aaurd iravin ka sthan liya) ne doosare golamez sammelan ke bad landan se svadesh lautane ke kuchh hi samay bad janavari 1932 mean gaandhi ko jel bhej diya. un par phir se savinay avajna aandolan shuroo karane ke prayas ka arop lagaya gaya. neharoo ko bhi gitaftar karake do sal ke karavas ki saza di gee.

praantiy svashasan

bharat mean svashasan ki sthapana ki prakriya ko age badhane ke lie landan mean hue golamez sammelanoan ki parinati aantatah 1935 ke gavarnameant aauph iandiya aikt ke roop mean huee, jisake tahat bharatiy praantoan ke lokapriy svashasi sarakar ki pranali pradan ki gee. akhirakar isase ek sanghiy pranali ka janm hua, jisamean svayattashasi praant aur rajava de shamil the. sangh kabhi astitv mean nahian aya, lekin praantiy svashasan lagoo ho gaya. 1930 ke dashak ke madhy mean neharoo yoorop ke ghatanakram ke prati zyada chiantit the, jo ek any vishv yuddh ki or badhata pratit ho raha tha. 1936 ke aranbh mean vah apani bimar patni ke ilaj ke lie yoorop mean the. isake kuchh hi samay bad svitzaralaiand ke ek senitoriyam mean unaki patni ki mrityu ho gee. us samay bhi unhoanne is bat par bal diya ki yuddh ki sthiti mean bharat ka sthan lokataantrik deshoan ke sath hoga, halaanki vah is bat par bhi zor dete the ki bharat ek svatantr deshoan ke roop mean hi gret briten aur faans ke samarthan mean yuddh kar sakata hai.

kaangres aur muslim lig ke bich vivad

praantiy svayattata lagoo hone ke bad hue chunav mean adhikaansh praantoan mean kaangres parti sattaroodh huee, to neharoo duvidha mean p d ge. chunavoan mean muhammad ali jinna (jo pakistan ke janak bane) ke netritv mean muslim lig ka pradarshan achchha nahian raha. isalie kaangres ne adooradarshita dikhate hue kuchh praantoan mean muslim lig aur kaangres ki gathabandhan sarakar banane ke jinna ke anurodh ko thukara diya. is nirnay mean neharoo ki koee bhoomika nahian thi. isake phalasvaroop kaangres aur muslim lig ke bich ke vivad ne aantatah hiandoooan aur musalamanoan ke bich sangharsh ka roop le liya, jisaki parinati bharat ke vibhajan aur pakistan ke gathan ke roop mean huee.