उल्का
- ulkaean prakash ki chamakili dhari ke roop mean dikhati haian, jo akash mean kshanabhar ke lie chamakati haian aur lupt ho jati haian.
- ulkaean grahoan ke tuk de tatha dhoomaketuoan ke dvara pichhe chho de ge dhool aur gais ke piand hote haian jo prithvi ke nikat se gujarane par prithvi ke gurutvakarshan se akarshit hokar gatiman ho jate hai or svayan chamakane lagate haian.
ulkapiand akash mean kabhi-kabhi ek or se doosari or atyant veg se jate hue athava prithvi par girate hue jo piand dikhaee dete haian unhean ulka aur sadharan bolachal mean ttate hue tare athava looka kahate haian (dr. ulka). ulkaoan ka jo aansh vayumandal mean jalane se bachakar prithvi tak pahuanchata hai use ulkapiand kahate haian. pray: pratyek ratri ko ulkaean anaginat sankhya mean dekhi ja sakati haian, kiantu inamean se prithvi par giranevale piandoan ki sankhya atyant alp hoti hai. vaijnanik drishti se inaka mahatv bahut adhik hai kyoanki ek to ye ati durlabh hote haian, doosare akash mean vicharate hue vibhinn grahoan ityadi ke sangathan aur sanrachana (strakchar) ke jnan ke pratyaksh srot keval ye hi piand haian. inake adhyayan se hamean yah bhi bodh hota hai ki bhoomandaliy vatavaran mean akash se ae hue padarth par kya-kya pratikriyaean hoti haian. is prakar ye piand khagol vidya aur bhoovijnan ke bich sanpark sthapit karate haian.
sankshipt itihas- yadyapi manushy in tootate hue taroan se atyant prachin samay se parichit tha, tathapi adhunik vijnan ke vikasayug mean manushy ko yah vishvas karane mean bahut samay laga ki bhootal par pae ge ye piand prithvi par akash se ae haian. 18vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean di. trauyali namak darshanik ne itali mean albareto sthan par gire hue ulkapiand ka varnan karate hue yah vichar prakat kiya ki vah khamandal se tootate hue tare ke roop mean aya hoga, kiantu kisi ne bhi isapar dhyan nahian diya. sanh 1768 ee. mean phadar basile ne phraans mean loos namak sthan par ek ulkapiand ko prithvi par ate hue svat: dekha. agale varsh usane peris ki vijnan ki rayal akaidami ke adhiveshan mean is vrittaant par ek lekh padha. akaidami ne vrittaant par vishvas n karate hue ghatana ki jaanch karane ke lie ek ayog niyukt kiya jisake prativedan mean phadar basile ke vrittaant ko bhramatmak batate hue yah mantavy prakat kiya gaya ki bijali gir jane se piand ka prishth kuchh is prakar kaanch sadrish ho gaya tha jisase basile ko yah bhram hua ki yah piand prithvi ka aansh nahian haian. tadanantar jarman darshanik kladani ne sanh 1794 ee. mean saibiriya se prapt ai ulkapiand ka adhyayan karate hue yah siddhaant prastavit kiya ki ye piand khamandal ke pratinidhi hote haian. yadyapi is bar bhi yah vichar turant svikar nahian kiya gaya, phir bhi kladani ko is prasang par dhyan akarshit karane ka shrey mila aur tab se vaijnanik is vishay par adhik manoyog dene lage. sanh 1803 ee. mean phraans mean la aigil sthan par ulkapiandoan ki ek bahut b di vrishti huee jisamean anaginat chhote-b de patthar gire aur unamean se pray: do-tin hajar ikatthe bhi kie ja sake. vijnan ki phraansisi akaidami ne us vrishti ki poori chhanabin ki aur aant mean kisi ko bhi yah sandeh nahian raha ki ulkapiand vastut: khamandal se hi prithvi par ate haian.
vargikaran - ulkapiandoan ka mukhy vargikaran unake sangathan ke adhar par kiya jata hai. kuchh piand adhikaanshat: lohe, nikal ya mishradhatuoan se bane hote haian aur kuchh siliket khanijoan se bane patthar sadrish hote haian. pahale vargavaloan ko dhatvik aur doosare vargavaloan ko ashmik ulkapiand kahate haian. isake atirikt kuchh piandoan mean dhatvik aur ashmik padarth pray: saman matra mean pae jate haian, unhean dhatvashmik ulkapiand kahate haian. vastut: poornataya dhatvik aur poornataya ashmik ulkapiandoan ke bich sabhi prakar ki aant:sth jatiyoan ke ulkapiand pae jate haian jisase piandoan ke varg ka nirnay karana bahudha kathin ho jata hai.
sanrachana ke adhar par tinoan vargo mean upabhed kie jate haian. ashmik piandoan mean do mukhy upabhed haian jinamean se ek ko kauandrait aur doosare ko akauandrait kahate haian. pahale upavarg ke pian doan ka mukhy lakshan yah hai ki unamean kuchh vishisht vrittakar dane, jinhean kauandrayool kahate haian, upasthit rahate haian. jin pian doan mean kauandrayool upasthit nahian rahate unhean akauandrait kahate haian.
dhatvik ulkapian doan mean bhi do mukhy upabhed haian jinhean kramash: ashtanik (aktahidrait) aur shashthanik (heksahidrait) kahate haian. ye nam piandoan ki aantararachana vyakt karate haian, aur jaisa in namoan se vyakt hota hai, pahale vibhed ke piandoan mean dhatvik padarth ke bandh (plet) ashtanik akar mean aur doosare mean shashthinik akar mean vinyast hote haian. is prakar ki rachana ko vidamanastetar kahate haian evan yah pian doan ke marjit prishth par b di sugamata se pahachani ja sakati hai
dhatvashmik ulkapiandoan mean bhi do mukhy upavarg haian jinhean kramanusar pailesait aur ardhadhatvik (mizosidarait) kahate haian. inamean se pahale upavarg ke piandoan ka ashmik aang mukhyat: aulivin khanij se bana hota hai jisake sphat pray: vrittakar hote haian aur jo lauh-nikal dhatuoan ke ek tantr mean samavritt rahate haian. ardhadhatvik ulkapiandoan mean mukhyat: pairauksin aur alp matra mean enaurthait felsapar vidyaman hote haian.
sangathan- poorv prakaran mean yah ullekh kiya ja chuka hai ki dhatvik aur ashmik aangoan ki pradhanata ke adhar par ulkapiand vargikrit kie jate haian. kiantu in piandoan mean rasayanik tatvoan aur khanijoan ke vitaran ke sanbandh mean koee sunishchit adhar pratit nahian hota. ulkapiandoan ke tin mukhy vargoan ke atirikt anekanek upavarg haian jinamean se pratyek ka apana prithakh vishesh khanij samuday hai.abhi tak pray: 25 ne vargoan ka pata laga hai aur pray: prati do varsh ek ne upavarg ka pata lagata raha hai. kathinaee is bat ki hai ki adhyayan ke lie upalabdh padarth atyant alp matra mean hote haian.
abhi tak ulkapiandoan mean keval 52 rasayanik tatvoan ki upasthiti pramanit huee hai jinake nam nimnalikhit haian:
- aauksijan * gandhak * plaitinam * loha
- argan gailiyam * fasforas vang (raanga)
arsenik jarameniyam beriyam vainediyam
iandiyam zirakoniyam beriliyam * silikan
- iridiyam * taiteniyam * maianganiz siziyam
- aiantimani telooriyam maiganishiyam siriyam
- ailyuminiyam * tamr maulibadenam sis (sisa)
- karban thooliyam yashad (jasta) * sodiyam
kaidamiyam * naitrojan rajat (chaandi) skaiandiyam
- kailsiyam * nikal * rutheniyam svarn (sona)
- kobalt parad rubidiyam strauanshiyam
- kromiyam * pailediyam * rediyam * haidrojan
- klorin * potaisiyam lithiyam * hiliyam
in 52 tatvoan mean se keval ath prachur matra mean pae jate haian, jinamean haloan sabase pramukh hai. any sat mean kramanusar aauksijan, silikan, maianganishiyam, gandhak, ailyuminiyam, nikal aur kailsiyam haian. inake atirikt 20 any tatv paryapt matra mean pae jate haian tatha unaki upasthiti ka pata sadharan rasayanik vishleshan dvara 1926 se poorv hi lag chuka tha. oopar di huee sarani mean in 28 (8+20) tatvoan ke poorv tare ka chihn aankit hai. avashisht 24 tatv atyant alp matra mean vidyaman haian evan unaki upasthiti varnakramadarshaki (spektrograiphik) vishleshan se siddh ki gee hai.
khanij sanrachana ki drishti se ulkapiandoan aur prithvi mean paee gee shail rashiyoan ke lakshanoan mean kee aantar hote haian. sadharanataya bhoomandaliy shail rashiyoan mean svatantr dhatu roop mean loha tatha nikal atyant durlabh hote haian, kiantu ulkapian doan mean dhatuean shuddh roop mean bahut prachurata se tatha pray: anivaryat: paee jati haian. isake atirikt kee aise khanij haian jo bhoomadaliy shailoan mean nahian pae jate, par ulkapiandoan mean milate haian. inamean se pramukh oldemait (kailsiyam ka salphaid) aur shraiberasait (lohe aur nikal ka f aausafaid) haian. ye donoan khanij nami aur auksijan ki bahulata mean sthayi nahian hote aur isi karan bhoomandaliy shailoan mean nahian milate. inaki upasthiti se yah bodh hota hai ki ulkapiandoan ki utpatti aise vatavaran mean huee jahaan bhoomandal ki apeksha aksaidikaran ki paristhitiyaan nyoon rahi hoangi.
ashmik ulkapian doan mean sadharanataya pairoksin aur aulivin ki prachurata evan felsapar ka abhav hota hai, jisase unaka sangathan bhoomandal ki atibhasmik (altrabesik) shailoan ke sadrish hota hai.
utpatti-ulkapian doan ki utpatti ka vishay bahut hi vivadaspad hai. is vishay par anek mat samay samay par prastavit hue haian, jinamean se kuchh mean inhean prithvi, chandrama, soory aur dhoomaketu adi ka aansh mana gaya hai. ek ati many mat ke anusar inaki utpatti ek aise grah se huee jo ab poornataya vinasht ho gaya hai. is vichar mean yah kalpana ki jati hai ki adi mean pray: mangal ke akar ka ek grah raha hoga jo kisi doosare b de grah ke atyant samip a jane par, athava kisi doosare grah se takarakar, vinasht ho gaya, jisase araboan ki sankhya mean chhote b de khand bane jo ulka roop mean khamandal mean vichar rahe haian. is mat ke anusar dhatvik ulka us kalpit grah ka keandriy bhag tatha ashmik ulka oopari prishth niroopit karate haian. yadyapi is upakalpana se ulkapiandoan ke anek lakshanoan ki vyakhya ho jati hai, phir bhi anek batean anaboojhi paheli rah jati haian. udaharanarth kuchh dhatvik ulkapiandoan mean ashtanik rachana hoti hai jo sadharanataya 800° seantigred tap par nasht ho jati hai. aisa vishvas hai ki us kalpit grah ke vikhandan ke samay avashy hi usamean adhik tap utpann hua hoga. phir bhi yah samajh mean nahian ata ki yah ashtanik rachana vinasht hone se kaise bachi. isi prakar yah shanka bhi bani rahati hai ki akauandrait ashmik ulka mean loha kahaan se aya aur kauandrait ashmik ulka mean kauandooyool kaise bane.
ek any mat mean yah prastavit kiya gaya hai ki ulkapiandoan ki utpatti grahoan ke sath sath ho huee, athava yoan kahana chahie ki sauramandal evan samast khamandaliy padartho ki utpatti ulkapiandoan se hi huee. is kalpana ke anusar adi vishv ulkapiandoan se paripoorn tha ev kalaantar mean ve piand vibhinn puanjoan mean ekatrit hote ge tatha unake adhikadhik ghanikaran ke kramanusar gaisamay noharika, nakshatr evan grah utpann hue. is kalpana ki ek b di truti yah pratit hoti hai ki khamandal mean upasthit ulkapiand itani door-door chhitarae hue haian tatha unaka parasparik akarshan itana kshin hai ki unake ekatr hokar b di rashi banane mean atyadhik samay lagega. kiantu isamean koee sandeh nahian ki ek bar paryapt b de akar ki rashi ban jane ke bad vah apani satta banae rakh sakega aur kalaantar mean aur adhik piandoan ko apane mean milakar apane akar ki vriddhi bhi kar sakega. sanbhav hai, uparyukt vidhiyoan mean aanshat: sanshodhan karane se inaki utpatti ki vastavik vidhi nirdharit ho sake.[1]
bharatiy sangrah - ulkapiandoan ka ek brihath sangrah kalakatte ke bharatiy sangrahalay (ajayabaghar) ke bhoovaijnanik vibhag mean pradarshit hai. isaki dekharekh bharatiy bhoovaijnanik sarvekshan sanstha ke nirikshan mean hoti hai. prachalit niyamoan ke anusar desh mean kahian bhi gira hua ulkapiand sarakari sanpatti hota hai. jis kisi ko aisa piand mile usaka kartavy hai ki vah use sthaniy jiladhish ke pas pahuancha de jahaan se vah bharatiy bhoovaijnanik sarvekshan vibhag ko bhej diya jata hai. is prakar dhire-dhire yah sangrah apane dhang ka anokha ho gaya hai. isake atirikt is sangrah mean videshoan se bhi prapt namoone rakhe ge haian. eshiya bhar mean yah sangrah sabase b da hai aur vishv ke any sangrahoan mean bhi isaka sthan atyant ooancha hai, kyoanki ek to isamean anek bhaanti ke namoone haian aur doosare anek namoone ati durlabh jatiyoan ke haian. sab milakar isamean 468 vibhinn ulkapat niroopit haian, jinamean se 149 dhatvik aur 319 ashmik varg ke haian.
is sangrah ki sabase b di bharatiy ashmik ulka ilahabad jile ke medua sthan se prapt huee thi (dr. chitraphalak). vah 30 agast, 1920 ko prat: 11 bajakar 15 minat par giri tha. usaka bhar pray: 56,657 gram (4,818tole) hai aur dirghatam lanbaee 12 ianch hai. doosara sthan us piand ka hai jo malabar mean kuttipuram gram mean 6 aprail, 1914 ko prat: kal 7 baje gira tha. isaka bhar 38,437 gram (3,295 tole) hai. is sangrah mean rakhe hue ulkapiandoan ka vivaran bharatiy bhoovaijnanik sarvekshan ke mem aauyar sankhya 75 mean vistarapoorvak diya hua hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 146 |
- ↑ san.gran-ech.ech. niniangar : aut aauv d skaee (denavar, 1852); ee. eph.ef. kladani : yoober fayer-motiore, ud yoober di mit denaselben heraubagefalenen masen (viena, 1819); e.el.koolasan : mem aauyar aauv d jiol aaujikal sarv aauv iandiya, granth 75 (kalakata, 1940).