समाजशास्त्र
samajashastr manav samaj ka adhyayan hai. yah samajik vijnan ki ek shakha hai, jo manaviy samajik sanrachana aur gatividhiyoan se sanbandhit janakari ko parishkrit karane aur unaka vikas karane ke lie anubhavajany vivechan aur vivechanatmak vishleshan ki vibhinn paddhatiyoan ka upayog karata hai, aksar jisaka dhyey samajik kalyan ke anusaran mean aise jnan ko lagoo karana hota hai.
itihas
samajashastriy tark is shabd ki utpatti ki tithi uchit samay se poorv ki batate haian. arthik, rajanaitik aur saanskritik pranaliyoan sahit samajashastr ki utpatti, pashchimi jnan aur darshan ke sanyukt bhandar mean ady-samajashastriy hai. pleto ke samay se hi samajik vishleshan kiya jana shuroo ho gaya. yah kaha ja sakata hai ki pahala samajashastri 14vian sadi ka uttar aphriki arab vidvan, ibn khaldoon tha, jisaki muqaddima, samajik ekata aur samajik sangharsh ke samajik-vaijnanik siddhaantoan ko age lane vali pahali kriti thi.
shabd sociologie pahali bar san 1780 mean fraansisi nibandhakar imenual josaph siyas (1748-1836 ee.) dvara ek aprakashit paandulipi mean gadha gaya. yah bad mean aaugast k aaumt (1798-1857 ee.) dvara 1838 mean sthapit kiya gaya. isase pahale k aaumt ne samajik bhautiki shabd ka istemal kiya tha, lekin bad mean vah doosaroan dvara apanaya gaya, vishesh roop se beljiyam ke saankhyikividh ed aaulph kyotelet k aaumt ne samajik kshetroan ki vaijnanik samajh ke madhyam se itihas, manovijnan aur arthashastr ko ekajut karane ka prayas kiya. phraansisi kraanti ki vyakulata ke shighr bad hi likhate hue, unhoanne prasthapit kiya ki samajik nishchayatmakata ke madhyam se samajik buraiyoan ko door kiya ja sakata hai, yah d kors in positiv philosaphi (1830-1842 ee.) aur e janaral vyoo aauf p aausitivism (1844 ee.) mean ullikhit ek darshanashastriy drishtikon hai.
k aaumt ko vishvas tha ki ek 'pratyakshavadi star' manaviy samajh ke kram mean, dharmik atakaloan aur adhyatmik charanoan ke bad aantim daur ko chihnit karega. yadyapi k aaumt ko aksar "samajashastr ka pita" mana jata hai, tathapi yah vishay aupacharik roop se ek any sanrachanatmak vyavaharik vicharak emil durkhim (1858-1917) dvara sthapit kiya gaya tha, jisane pratham yooropiy akadamik vibhag ki sthapana ki aur age chalakar pratyakshavad ka vikas kiya. tab se, samajik jnanavad, kary paddhatiyaan aur poochhatachh ka dayara, mahattvapoorn roop se vistrit aur apasarit hua hai.
vishayavastu
samajashastr ki vishayavastu ke vistar, amane-samane hone vale sanpark ke sookshm star se lekar vyapak taur par samaj ke brihad star tak hai. samajashastr, paddhati aur vishayavastu, donoan ke mamale mean ek vistrit vishay hai. paramparagat roop se isaki kendriyata samajik star-vinyas (ya 'varg'), samajik sanbandh, samajik sanpark, dharm, sanskriti aur vichalan par rahi hai tatha isake drishtikon mean gunatmak aur matratmak shodh takanik, donoan ka samavesh hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh