जीवाणु
jivanu ek ekakoshikiy jiv hai. isaka akar kuchh milimitar tak hi hota hai. inaki akriti gol ya mukt-chakrakar se lekar chhana, adi akar ki ho sakati hai. ye prokairiyotik, koshika bhittiyukt, ekakoshakiy saral jiv haian jo prayah sarvatr paye jate hai. ye prithvi par mitti mean, amliy garm jal-dharaoan mean, nabhikiy padarthoan mean jal mean,bhoo-pap di mean, yahaan tak ki karbanik padarthoan mean tatha paudhauan evan jantuoan ke sharir ke bhitar bhi paye jate haian. sadharanatah ek gram mitti mean 4 karo d jivanu kosh tatha 1 mililitar jal mean 10 lakh jivanu paean jate haian. sanpoorn prithvi par anumanatah lagabhag 5X1030 jivanu paean jate haian. ye kee tatvoan ke chakr mean bahut mahatvapoorn bhoomika ada karate haian, jaise ki vayumandalie naitrojan ke sthirikaran mean. halaki bahut sare vansh ke jivanuoan ka shreni vibhajan bhi nahian hua hai tathapi lagabhag adhe jatiyoan ko kisi n kisi prayogashala mean ugaya ja chuka hai. jivanuoan ka adhyayan baiktiriyoloji ke antargat kiya jata hai jo ki sookshmajaiviki ki hi ek shakha hai.
manav sharir mean jitani manav koshikaean hai, usaki lagabhag 10 guna adhik to jivanu kosh hai. inamean se adhikaansh jivanu tvacha tatha aharanal mean paean jate haian. hanikarak jivanu immayun tantr ke rakshak prabhav ke karan sharir ka nukasan nahi pahuancha pate hai. kuchh jivanu labhadayak bhi hote haian. anek prakar ke parajivi jivanu kee rog utpann karate haian, jaise - haija, miyadi bukhar, nimaniya, tapedik ya kshayarog, pleg ityadi. sirph kshay rag se prativarsh lagabhag 20 lakh log marate haian jinamean se adhikaansh up-sahara kshetr ke hote haian. vikasit deshoan mean jivanuoan ke sankraman ka upachar karane ke lie tatha krishi karyoan mean pratijaivik ka upayog hota hai, isalie juvanuoan mean in pratijaivik davaoan ke prati pratirodhak shakti vikasit hoti ja rahi hai. auddogik kshetr mean jivanuoan ke kinvan kriya dvara dahi, panir ityadi vastuoan ka nirman hota hai. inaka upayog pratijaiviki tatha aur rasayanoan ke nirman mean tatha jaivapraudyogiki ke kshetr mean hota hai.
pahale jivanuoan ko paidha mana jata tha parantu ab unaka vargikaran prokairiyots ke rup mean hota hai. dusare jantu koshikoan tatha yookairiyots ki bhaanti jivanu kosh mean poorn vikasit kendrak ka sarvatha abhav hota hai jabaki dohari jhilli yukt kosikaang yada kada hi paean jate hai. paranparik roop se jivanu shabd ka prayog sabhi sajivoan ke lie hota tha, parantu yah vaijnanik vargikaran 1990 mean hue ek khoj ke bad badal gaya jisamean pata chala ki prokairiyotik sajiv vastav mean do bhinn samooh ke jivoan se bane hai jinaka kram vikash ek hi poorvaj se hua. in do prakar ke jivoan ko jivanu evan arkiya kaha jata hai.
itihas
jivanuoan ko sabase pahale dach vaijnanik entani vaann lyoovonahook ne 1676 ee. mean apana hi banaean ekal leans sookshmadarshi yantr se dekha par us samay usane inhean jantuk samajha tha. usane rayal sosaiti ko apane avalokanoan ki pushti ke lie kee patr likhean. 1683 ee. mean lyoovenah aauk ne jivanu ka chitran kar apane mat ki pushti ki. 1864 ee. mean phraansanivasi looee pashchar tatha 1890 ee. mean koch ne yah mat vyakt kiya ki in jivanuoan se rog phailate haian. pashchar ne 1989 mean prayoango dvara dikhaya ki kinvan ki rasayanik kriya sukshmajivoan dvara hoti hai. koch sookshmajaiviki ke kshetr mean yugapuroosh mane jate haian, inhoanne k aaulera, ainthreks tatha kshay rogo par gahan adhyayan kiya. aantatah koch ne yah siddh kar diya ki kee rog sookshmajivoan ke karan hote haian. isake lie 1905 ee. mean unhean nobel puraskar se sammanit kiya gaya. koch n rogoan evan unake karak jivoan ka pata lagane ke lie kuchh parikalpanaean ki thi jo aj bhi istemal hoti haian. jivanu kee rogoan ke karak haian yah 19vian shatabdi tak sabhi jan gean parantu phir bhi koee prabhavi pratijaiviki ki khoj nahian ho saki. sabase pahale pratijaiviki ka avishkar 1910 mean p aaul eharich ne kiya. jisase siphalis rog ki chikitsa sanbhav ho saki. isake lie 1908 ee. mean unhean chikitsashastr mean nobel puraskar pradan kiya gaya. inhoanne jivanuoan ko abhiranjit karane ki karagar vidhiyaan khoj nikali, jinake adhar par gram sten ki rachana sanbhav huee.
utpatti evan kramavikas
adhunik jivanuoan ke poorvaj ve ek koshikiy sookshmajiv thean jinaki utpatti 40 karo d varshoan poorv prithvian par jivan ke pratham roop mean huee. lagabhag 30 karo d varshoan tak prithvian par jivan ke nam par sookshmajiv hi the. inamean jivanu tatha arkiya mukhy thean. strometolaits jaise jivanuoan ke jivashm paye gean haian parantu inaki aspasht bahy sanrachana ke karan jivanuoan ko samajhanean mean inase koee khas madad nahian mili.