तमिल नाडु

tamilanadu / Tamilnadu

british shasanakal mean yah praant madras presideansi ka hissa tha . svatantrata ke bad madras presideansi ko kee bhagoan mean baant diya gaya, jisake phalasvaroop madras tatha any rajyoan ka uday hua. 1968 mean madras praant ka nam badalakar tamilanadu kar diya gaya .

namakaran

tamilanadu shabd tamiळ bhasha ke tamil tatha nadu (நாடு) jisaka shabdik arth ghar ya vas, sthan, se milakar bana hai jisaka arth hai tamiloan ka ghar ya tamiloan ka desh hai .

itihas aur bhoogol

tamilanadu ka itihas bahut purana hai . yadyapi praranbhik kal ke sangam granthoan mean is kshetr ka itihas ka ash‍pashh‍t ulh‍lekh mila hai, kiantu tamilanadu ka likhit itihas pallav rajaoan ke samay se hi upalabh‍dh haian. yah kuchh sthanoan mean se ek hai jo pragaitihasik kal se aj tak abad hai . prarambh mean yah tin prasiddh rajavanshoan ki karmabhoomi rahi hai - cher, chol tatha paanday . tamilanadoo ke prachin sahity mean, yahaan ke rajaoan, rajakumaroan tatha unake prashansak kaviyoan ka vivaran milata hai . visheshajn manate haian ki yah sahity eesa ke bad ki kuchh praranbhik sadiyoan ka hai . chol, pahali sadi se lekar chauthi sadi tak mukhy adhipati rahe . inamean pramukh nam karikal chol hai, jisane apane samrajy ka vistar kaanchipuram tak kiya . chauthi shatabh‍di ke poorvarddh mean pallavoan ka varchash‍v kayam hua. unh‍hoanne hi dravi d shaili ki prasiddh mandir vastukala ka sootrapat kiya. aantim pallav raja aparajit the, jinake rajh‍y mean lagabhag dasavian shatabh‍di mean chol shasakoan ne vijayalay aur adity ke margadarshan mean apana mahath‍v badhaya. gh‍yarahavian shatabh‍di ke aant mean tamilanadu par chaluky, chol, paanday jaise anek rajavanshoan ka shasan raha. isake bad ke 200 varsho tak dakshin bharat par chol samrajy ka adhipath‍y raha.

chol rajaoan ne vartaman tanjavur zila aur tiruchirapalli zile tak apane rajy ka vistar kiya. is kal mean chol rajaoan ne dakshin mean shrilanka tatha uttar mean apana prabhutv sthapit kiya . tisari sadi mean kalabhroan ke akraman se chol rajaoan ka patan ho gaya . kalabhroan ko chhathi sadi tak, uttari bhag mean pallavoan tatha dakshin bhag mean paandayoan ne harakar bhaga diya .

sthapaty kala

580 ee0 ke lagabhag paanday shasak, jo mandir nirman kala mean nipun the, shasan ke pramukh ho ge aur 150 saloan tak raj karate rahe. kaanchipuram unaka pramukh keandr tha. dravi d sthapaty is samay apane charam vikas par tha .

nauvian sadi mean chol rajaoan ka pun: uday hua . rajaraja chol aur usake putr rajeandr chol ke netritv mean chol shasan eshiya ke pramukh samrajyoan mean gina jata tha. unaka samrajy bangal tak phail gaya . rajeandr chol ki nau sena ne barma (myaanmar ), aandaman aur nikobar dvip samooh, sumatra, java, malay tatha lakshadvip tak par adhikar kar liya. chol rajaoan ne bhuvan (mandir) nirman mean pravinata hasil kar li. tanjavur ka vrihadeshvar mandir isaka suandaratam udaharan hai . 14vian sadi ke aranbh mean paanday phir satta mean a gaye, kintu adhik dinoan tak satta mean rah na sake . unhean uttar ke muslim khilaji shasakoan ne hara diya aur unhoanne madurai ko loot liya gaya .

musalamanoan ne bhi dhire-dhire apani sthiti majaboor kar li jise chaudahavian shatabh‍di ke madhh‍y mean bahamani salh‍tanat kayam huee. lagabhag usi samay vijayanagar samrajh‍y ne teji apani sthiti majaboot bana li aur samooche dakshin bharat tak apana prabhav badha liya. shatabh‍di ke aant tak vijayagar samrajh‍y dakshin ki sarvochh‍ch shakti ban chuka tha, kiantu 1564 mean talikota ki ladaee mean dakshin ke sultanoan ki samoohik phaujoan se vah parajit ho gaya.

talikota ke yuddh ke bad kuchh samay tak sthiti ash‍pashh‍t rahi, lekin is bich yoorop ke vh‍yapari apane vh‍yaparik hitoan ke lie dakshin bharat mean apane pair jamane ke lie ek-doosare se ho d karane lage the. purtagal, h aaulaiand, phraans aur ianglaiand ke log ek ke bad ek jalh‍di-jalh‍di ae aur unh‍honean apane vh‍yaparik keandr sh‍thapit kar lie, jinh‍hean un dinoan phaiktriz kaha jata tha. eest iandiya kanpani ne 1611 mean machhalipattanam(jo ab aandhr pradesh mean hai) mean apani phaikh‍tri lagaee aur dhire-dhire unh‍hoanne sh‍thaniy shasakoan ko apas mean ladakar unake kshetr hathiya lie. british logoan ne bharat mean sabase pahale tamilanadu mean apani bash‍ti basaee. san 1901 mean madras presideansi bani jisamean dakshin prayadvip ke adhikatar hish‍se shamil the. bad mean sanyukh‍t madras rajh‍y ka punargathan kiya gaya aur vartaman tamilanadu rajh‍y astith‍v mean aya.

16vian sadi ke madhy mean vijayanagar samrajy ke patan ke pashchat kuchh purane mandiroan ka pun:rniman kiya gaya. 1670 tak rajy ka lagabhag sampoorn kshetr marathoan ke adhikar mean a gaya . par marathe adhik dinoan tak shasan mean nahian rah sake isake 50 saloan ke bad maisoor svatantr ho gaya jisake adhin aj ke tamiळnadu ka uttar-poorvi kshetr tha . isake alava dakshin ke rajy bhi svatantr ho ge . san 1799 mean chauthe aangl-maisoor yuddh mean tipoo sultan ki mrityu ke bad yah aangreji shasan mean a gaya. tamil sabhyata vishv ki puratanatam sabhyataoan mean se ek hai . tamil yahaan ki adhikarik bhasha hai aur hal mean hi ise janak bhasha ka darja mila . tamiळ bhasha ka itihas kaphi prachin hai, jisaka parivartit roop aj samany bolachal mean prayukt hota hai .

tamilanadu ki saanskritik visheshata tanjavur ke bhittichitr, bharatanatayam, mandir-nirman tatha any sthapaty kalaean haian . sant kavi tiroovalluvar ka tirukkural (tamil - திருக்குறள் ), prachin tamil ka prasiddh granth hai . sangam sahity, tamil ke sahityik vikas ka dastavej hai. tamil ka vikas 20vian sadi ke svatantrata sangram ke mean bhi kaphi teji se hua . tamilanadu ke uttar mean aandhr pradesh aur karnatak, pashchim mean keral, poorv mean bangal ki kha di aur dakshin mean hiand mahasagar haian.

krishi

tamilanadu mean mukhh‍y vh‍yavasay‍ krishi hai. rajh‍y mean 2007-08 mean kul kheti yogh‍y kshetr 56.10 miliyan hekh‍teyar tha. pramukh khadyanh‍n phasalean chaval, jh‍var aur dalean haian. pramukh vh‍yaparik phasaloan mean ganh‍na, kapas, soorajamukhi, nariyal, kajoo, mirch, jhianjheli aur mooangaphali haian. anh‍y paudh phasalean haian - chay, k aauphi, ilayachi aur rabar. mukhh‍y van uth‍pad haian - imarati lak di, chandan ki lak di, palh‍pavud aur jalane yogh‍y lak di jaiv urvarakoan ke uth‍padan aur ish‍temal mean tamilanadu ka pramukh sh‍than hai. kam varsha vale kshetroan mean krishi uth‍padan badhane ke lie krishi takanik mean sudhar kiya ja raha hai. 2007-08 mean yahaan ka varshik anaj uth‍padan 100.35 lakh tan se adhik raha.

udyog aur khanij

rajh‍y ke pramukh udyog haian - sooti kapada, bhari vanijyik vahan, aauto kalapurje, rel ke dibh‍be, vidyutachalit panp, chamada udyog, simeant, chini, kagaj, aautomobail aur machis.

tamilanadu ke audyogik paridrishh‍y mean soochana praudyogiki aur jaiv praudyogiki jaise jnan adharit udyogoan ko vishesh mahath‍v diya gaya hai. s aauphtaveyar tekh‍nol aauji park, taidail ki sh‍thapana tharamani, chennee mean ki gee hai. varsh 2006-07 mean rajh‍y se, 20,700 karo d rupe ka niryat hua jo 2007-08 mean 25,000 karo d rupe ho jaega. nokiya, motorola, ph aaukh‍sakam, phlaikh‍satr aaunik aur dail jaisi b di soochana praudyogiki aur doorasanchar kanpaniyaan yahaan uth‍padan kar rahi haian.

aantarrashh‍triy aauto kanpani huandee motars, phord, hiandush‍tan motars aur mith‍sibishi ne tamilanadu mean uth‍padan ikaiyaan shuroo ki haian. ashok lelaiand aur taphe ne chennee mean vish‍tar sanyantr lagae haian.

grenait, ligh‍nait aur choona path‍thar rajh‍y ki pramukh khanij sanpada hai. rajh‍y taiyar khaloan aur cham de ka saman, sooti dhage, chay, k aauphi, masale, ianjiniyariang saman, tanbakoo, hash‍taship vash‍tuean aur kale grenait path‍thar ka pramukh niryatak hai. tamilanadu mean desh ke 60 pratishat cham da shodhan karakhane haian.

sianchaee

vishv baiank ki sahayata se karyanvit ‘pranali sudhar aur kisan ay pariyojana’ ke phalash‍varoop mahath‍vapoorn sianchaee yojanaoan tatha vartaman periyar vaigee pranali, palar thala pranali aur pairanbikulam-aliyar pranali ke alava chhah lakh ek d ki ayakat tatha velh‍lar, penh‍nayar, a‍raniyar amaravati, chithar thala adi chhoti sianchaee pranaliyaan labhanvit huee haian. hal hi mean shuroo huee aur dhimi gati se chal rahi nau sianchaee pariyojanaoan ka kam samuchit dhan aur margadarshan ke bad teji se chal raha hai . tamilanadu ke ek tihaee kshetr ki sianchaee karane vali badi sianchaee pranali - talab sianchaee pranali ke vikas par vishesh dhh‍yan diya ja raha hai aur sarvajanik nirman vibhag ke palar, vaigee tatha tamraparni thaloan mean karyarat 620 talaboan ke punarvas aur vikas ka kam kiya ja raha hai. yah pariyojana poori hone vali hai aur kisanoan ki poori santushshti ki gee hai.

tamilanadu ‘nadi thala prabandhan’ pranali karane vala aisa pahala rajh‍y hai jo aisi vh‍yaktigat sansh‍tha dvara chalaya ja raha hai jisamean thala ke pratinidhiyoan ke alava kisan bhi haian. aranbh mean palar aur tamaraparani besinoan ke lie besin prabandh bord banae ge haian.

bijali

rajh‍y mean bijali ki kul uth‍padan kshamata 8,249 megavat hai. rajh‍y kshetr ki sh‍thapit kshamata 5,288 megavat aur niji kshetr ki sh‍thapit kshamata 1,058 megavat hai. isake alava ise keandr kshetr se apane hish‍se ki 1903 megavat bijali milati hai. dasavian panchavarshiy yojana ke aant tak maang 8,890 megavat ho jane ki ummid hai.

parivahan

• s dakoan ke sanjal ki kul lanbaee karib 1,93,918 ki.mi. hai.
• rajh‍y mean chennee, madurai, tiruchirapalli, koyanbatoor aur tirunelaveli mukhh‍y jankh‍shan haian. relave lainoan ki kul lanbaee 4,181 kilomitar hai.
• chennee havaee adda dakshini kshetr ka aantararashh‍triy havaee adda hone ki vajah se vayumarg ka mukhh‍y keandr ban gaya hai. isake alava tiruchirapalli, madurai, koyanbatoor aur salem mean bhi havaee adde haian.
• chennee aur tootikorin rajh‍y ke pramukh bandaragah haian tatha kuddaloor aur nagapattinam sahit sat chhote bandaragah haian.

tyohar

phasal kataee ke tyohar poangal mean janavari mah mean kisan apani achh‍chhi phasal ke lie abhar prakat karane hetu soory, prithvi aur pashuoan ki pooja karate haian. poangal ke bad dakshin tamilanadu ke kuchh hish‍soan mean ‘jallikattoo’ (tamilanadu shaili ki saando ki ladaee) hota hai. tamilanadu mean alanganalh‍loor ‘jallikattoo’ ke lie vishvabhar mean prasiddh hai. ‘chittirai’ madurai ka lokapriy tyohar hai. yah paanday rajakumari minakshi aur bhagavan suandareshvar ke alaikik parinay bandhan ka samriti mean manaya jata hai. tamil mahine ‘adi’ ke atharahavean din nadiyoan ke kinare ‘adiperooku’ parv manaya jata hai. isake sath hi nee phasal ki buvaee se sanbandhit kam bhi shuroo ho jata hai. nrith‍y mahoth‍sav ‘mamallapuram’ ek adbhut mahoth‍v hai. samudr tat se lage prachin nagar mamallapuram mean pallav rajaoan dvara 13 shatabh‍di poorv chattanoan se katakar banae ge stanbhoan ka ek khula manch hai, jis par lokanrityoan ke alava nrith‍yakala ke sarvashreshh‍th aur suvikhh‍yat kalakaroan dvara bharatanatyam, kuchipudi, kathakali aur odisi nrith‍y prash‍tut kie jate haian. ‘natyaanjali’ nrith‍y mahoth‍sav mean mandiroan ki nagari chidanbaram ke nivasi srishti ke adi nartak bhagavan nataraj ko vishesh shraddhaanjali arpit karate hai. mahamagham

mahamagham ek pavitr parv hai, jo barah varsh mean ek bar hota hai. mandiroan ki nagari kuanbhakonam ko yah nam daivi patr ‘kuanbh’ se mila hai. grishh‍m mahoth‍sav har varsh ‘parvatiy sh‍thaloan ki rani’ sadabahar uti, vishishh‍t sh‍thal kodaikanal ya yerookad ki sh‍vash‍thh‍yavarddhak ooanchi pahadiyoan par manaya jata hai. kanthoori uth‍sav vash‍tav mean dharmanirapeksh tyohar hai, jisamean vibhinh‍n samudayoan ke shraddhalu sant phakir kadiravali ki daragah par ikatthe hote haian. sant kadiravali ke shishy-vanshajoan mean se kisi ek ko 'pir' athava adhh‍yatmik neta chuna jata hai aur usaki archana ki jati hai. is uth‍sav ke dasavean din phakir ki daragah par chandan ghisa jata hai aur us pavitr chandan ko sab logoan mean baant diya jata hai. ‘velankanni’ uth‍sav ke bare mean anek ashh‍charyajanak dantakathaean prachalit haian, jinamean se ek yah hai ki solahavian shatabh‍di mean purtagali navikoan ne kuanvari meri ke lie ek vishal girajaghar banavane ka sankalh‍p liya tha, kh‍yoanki unh‍hian ki kripa se bhayankar samudri toophan se unake jivan ki raksha huee thi. ‘velankanni’ uth‍sav dekhane ke lie hajaroan log narangi pattiya dalakar us pavitr sh‍than par ekatr hote haian, jahaan jahaj akar jamin par laga tha. kuanvari meri dvara rogiyoan ko thik kar dene ki chamath‍kari shaktiyoan se sanbandhit anek batean bhi itani hi prachalit haian aur isake lie yah girajaghar, poorv ka lardasau ke nam se bhi prasiddh hai. navaratr

navaratr parv ka shabdik arth ‘nau ratriyaan’ hai jo bharat ke vibhinh‍n pradeshoan mean bhinh‍n-bhinh‍n roopoan mean aur anokhe dhang se manaya jata hai. yah parv shakti, dhan aur jnan ke lie devi 'shakti' ko santushh‍t karane ke lie manaya jata hai. tamilanadu ka prakash parv ‘kartigai dipamh’ bhi bahut prasiddh hai. isamean gharoan ke bahar mitti ke die jalae jate hai aur ulh‍lasapoorvak patakhe chho de jate haian. tamilanadu ka sangit mahoth‍sav chennee mean disanbar mean manaya jata hai. isamean karnatak sangit ki mahan aur amoolh‍y panrapara ka nirvah kiya jata hai aur is samaroh mean ne aur purane kalakaroan dvara sangit aur nrith‍y ki avish‍maraniy prastutiyaan pesh hoti haian.

paryatan sh‍thal

chennee, mamallapuram, pooanpuhar, kaanchipuram, kuanbhakonam, dharasuram, chidanbaram, tiyanh‍namalai, shrirangam, madurai, rameshvaram, tiroonelaveli , kanyakumari, tanjavoor, velankanni, nagoor chith‍tan vasal, kalugumalai (sh‍marak keandr), kortalam, hogenakh‍kal, papanasham, surooli (jal-prapat), uti (utakamandalam), kodeekanal, yarakad, ilagiri kollihilh‍s (parvatiy sh‍thal), guiandi (chennee), mudumalaee, anh‍namalaee, muandaanthurai, kalakad (vanh‍y jivan abhayaranh‍y), vedanthangal tatha ph‍vaiant kelimiyar (pakshi abhayaranh‍y) aur chennee ke samip ariganar anh‍na chidiyaghar adi paryatan ki drishti se kuchh mahath‍vapoorn sh‍than haian.