हाथी
hathi / Elephant
hathi jamin par paya jane vala sabase b da jivir janavar hai. is ki do prajatiyoan, eshiyaee hathi elifais maiksimas aur afriki hathi l aauksodoanta afrikana mean se ek, donoan hi elifaiantidi parivar gan, kul ke haian, jinaka vishisht lakshan unaka b da akar, lanbi sooand (vistarit nak), stanbhakar pair, vishal kan (visheshakar el afrikana mean) aur b da sir hai. i. maiksimas bharatiy upamahadvip aur dakshin-poorvi eshiya mean paya jata hai; jabaki el. afrikana afrika ke upasahara kshetr mean paya jata hai. donoan hi prajatiyaan ghane jangaloan se lekar savana (ghas ke khule maidan) tak mean rahati haian.
eshiyaee hathi
eshiyaee hathi ab pahale ke muqabale simit kshetr mean hi pae jate haian. pahale yah kshetr pashchim eshiya ke tigris-yoofretas besin se poorv ki or uttari chin tak phaila hua tha. isamean vartaman irak aur p dosi desh, dakshin eeran, pakistan, himalay ke dakshin mean samoocha bharatiy upamahadvip, eshiya mahadvip ka dakshin-poorvi hissa, chin ka ek b da hissa aur shrilanka (bhootapoorv silon), sumatra tatha sanbhavatah java ke kshetr shamil haian. jivashmoan se pata chalata hai ki kisi samay borniyoan mean bhi hathi the, lekin yah spasht nahian hai ki ve vahaan ke mool nivasi the ya 1750 ke dashak mean vahaan lakar chho de ge bandi hathiyoan ke vanshaj haian. abhi mukhy roop se hathi sabah (maleshiya) aur kalimantan (iandoneshiya) ke ek chhote kshetr tak simit haian. hathi pashchim eshiya, bharatiy mahadvip ke adhikaansh hisse, dakshin-poorv eshiya ke kaphi hisse aur lagabhag samooche chin (yunnan praant ke dakshini kshetroan ko chho dakar) se vilupt ho chuke haian. isake kshetr ke pashchimi hissoan ki shushkata, palatoo banae jane ke lie b de paimane par bandi banane (jo lagabhag 4,000 sal pahale siandhu ghati mean shuroo hua tha), manav abadi ke lagatar badhane se inake paryavas mean kami aur inaka shikar, inake kshetr v sankhya mean kami ke pramukh karan haian.
ek ganana ke anusar, jangali eshiyaee hathiyoan ki sankhya 37 se 57 hazar ke bich hai; inaka paryavas lagabhag 5,00,000 varg kimi mean faila hua hai. hathi kantile jha didar jangaloan se lekar sadabahar vanoan tak, daladali kshetr se lekar ghas ke maidanoan tak aur shushk evan nam parnapati vanoan jaise bhinn paryavasoan mean pae jate haian. poorvi himalay mean hathi 3,000 mitar ki ooanchaee tak rahane mean saksham hai. 15 hazar hathi bandi avastha mean haian. bharat mean lagabhag 22 hazar jangali aur 3,000 palatoo hathi haian.
afriki hathi
afriki hathi jamin par paya jane vala sabase b da jivir janavar hai, jisaka vajan 7,500 kigra tak hota hai aur kandhe tak ooanchaee 3 se 4 mitar hoti hai. bharatiy hathi ka vazan lagabhag 5,500 kigra aur kandhe tah ooanchaee 3 mitar hoti hai; isake kan afriki hathi ki tulana mean kaphi chhot hote haian. hathiyoan mean charvanak daant ek sath hi paida nahian hote; balki purane daant ke ghis jane par naya paida ho jata hai. lagabhag varsh ki ayu mean charvanak daantoan ka chhatha aur aantim jo da nikalata hai, isalie bahut kam hathi isase adhik ayu tak jivit rah pate haian. jangaloan mean hathi varishth hathini ke netritv mean chhote parivarik samoohoan mean rahate haian. jahaan bharapoor bhojan upalabdh hota hai, vahaan jhuand b de bhi ho sakate haian. adhikaansh nar madaoan se alag jhuand mean rahate haian. bhojan aur pani ki upalabdhata ke anusar, hathi mausami pravas karate haian. ve kee ghante bhojan karane mean bitate hai aur ek din mean 225 kigra ghas aur any vanaspati kha sakate haian. eshiyaee hathi afriki hathi ki tulana mean chhota hota hai aur usake sharir ka ichchatam biandu kandhe ke bajay sir hote hai, samane ke pairoan par nakhoon jaisi paanch sanrachanaean aur pichhale pairoan par char sanrachanaean hoti haian. amataur par sirf naroan ke hi gajadant hote haian, jabaki afriki hathiyoan mean nar aur mada, donoan mean gajadant pae jate haian. hathiyoan mean ghranashakti atyant vikasit hoti hai aur isake jariye ve khataroan ka pata lagate haian tatha baans ke ghane jhuandoan mean naram k aaupal jaise manapasand ahar dhooandhate haian. khate samay hathi is prakar kh de hote hai ki sabase b di hathini hava ki disha mean kh di ho aur bachche use dhooandh sakean. eshiyaee hathi kisi bhi samay bhojan kar sakate haian, lekin 24 ghantoan mean do mukhy bhojanakal hote haian. vayaskoan ki gatividhiyoan ka 72 se 90 pratishat hissa bhojan dhooandhane aur use khane mean bitata hai.
gulabi hathi
abhi tak apane kale aur saphed hathi ke bare mean hi suna hoga, par kuchh dinoan pahale ek photographar ne aphrika ke jangal mean gulabi hathi ke bachche ko kaid kiya hai. botsvana ke jangal mean dekhe ge is hathi ke bachane ko lekar visheshajnoan ko kaphi ashankaean haian. unaka manana hai ki yah elbino nasl ka hathi raha hoga, jisake bachane ki sanbhavana kaphi kam hai. unaka manana hai ki aphrika ke jangaloan mean chilachilati sooraj ki kiranoan ki vajah se use aandhapan aur cham de ki bimari ho sakati hai.
bibisi vaild laiph program ke lie philm ki shootiang kar rahe maik holdiang ne okaveango nadi ke pas 80 hathiyoan ke samooh mean ek gulabi rang ke hathi bachche ko jate dekha aur unhoanne is drishy ko kaimare mean kaid karane mean tanik bhi deri nahian ki.
lakshan
hathi kuchh-kuchh sleti se bhoore rang ke hote hai aur unake sharir ke bal bikhare hue tatha rookhe hote haian. donoan prajatiyoan mean do oopari kriantak dant hathidaant ke roop mean vikasit hote haian, lekin bharatiy hathiyoan mean yah amataur par nahian pae jate. nathune, maansal sooand ke chhor par sthit hote haian, jo saans lene, khane aur pine mean upayogi hote haian. hathi sooand ke zariye pani khianchakar apane muanh mean dalate haian. yah sooand ke chhor se ghas, pattiyaan aur phal to dakar apane muanh mean dalate haian. sooand ke chhor par chhote uangalinuma ubhar ke zariye ye chhoti vastuoan ko bhi uthane mean sanksham hote haian. afriki hathiyoan mean aisi do sanrachanaean aur bharatiy hathi mean ek hote haian.
bhojan
vishalakay jangali hathi ki khurak bhi usake sharir ke anusar hoti hai. ek samany vayask hathi aram ke dinoan mean 75 kilo tak bhojan ek din mean khata hai. yah bhojan vibhinn vanaspatiyoan ke roop mean hota hai. lekin, lanbi yatra aur shram karane vala hathi ek din mean 150 kilo chara yani ghas, patti, vanaspati aur phal-phool kha leta hai. garbhavati aur stanapan karane vali hathani to 200 kilo tak bhojan kar leti hai.
ek vayask hathi ek ghante mean sat kigra bhojan grahan kar sakata hai aur ve pratidin 18 ghante bhojan karate haian, is prakar ve pratidin 150 kigra vanasapati samagri (ardr vazan) ka bhakshan karate haian. dakshin bharat mean ek adhyayan se paya gaya ki hathi paudhoan ki kam se kam 112 kism ki prajatiya khate haian, lekin unake ahar ka lagabhag 85 pratishat hissa m aaulavels gan aur leguminasi, palme, saiparesi aur gramini parivar ki sirf 25 prajatiyoan par adharit hai. adhyayan se pata chala ki ardr mausam ki shurooat mean ye protin yukt ghas khate hai aur jab shushk mausam mean ghas b di ho jati hai, tab ahar mean k aaupaloan ki pradhanata rahati hai. chooanki khet mean paida hone vale khadyann tatha milet fasakoan mean jangali ghas ki apeksha adhik protin, kailshiyam aur sodiyam hota hai, isalie ve prayah khetoan par bhi dhava bol dete haian, lekin chahe khet jangaloan ke pas sthit kyoan n hoan, sabhi hathi fasaloan mean ghusapaith nahian karate. hathi, mitti se sodiyam aur pe d ki chhaloan se bhi kailshiyam prapt karate haian. ye din mean kam se kam ek bar pani avashy pite haian aur taze pani ke sthayi srotoan se kabhi bahut door nahian jate. din ke garm samay mean inake lie chhaanv anivary hai. hathi apane kanoan ke zariye ooshma ka vikiran karate hai aur inake kanoan ke ph daph dane ki dar hava ke veg, parivesh ke tapaman tatha badaloan ki sthiti ke anusar badalati rahati hai.
vitaran
vartaman samay mean hathi apekshakrit chhote tepiranuma stanadhari jantu ke vanshaj haian, jo kam se kam 4.50 karo d varsh pahale pae jate the : inake avashesh misr mean moeris jhil ke pas pae ge haian. isi adhar par inhean moeritheriyam nam diya gaya. inake donoan jab doan mean do-do b de kriantak daant prathamik gajadantoan ke roop mean vikasit ho chuke the. moeritheriyam ki ek prashakha primilefas se vrihad parivar elifaiantoidi ka vikas hua, jisake tahat navinatam probosidiyan parivar bhi ate haian. ye parivar homo sepiyans (manav jati) ke pradurbhav ke ekamatr sakshi haian. vikas kram mean inake kee roopoan ki utpatti aur vilupti huee. 10 hazar sal pahale tak is parivar mean sitg roeandar maimath (maimathas primijiniyas), isake nikat sanbandhi eshiyaee hathi (elifais maiksimas), aur isase bhinn afriki hathi (l aauksodoanta afrikana) hi bache the. lagabhag 5,000 sal pahale roeandar maimath samapt ho ge. jalavayu ke garm hone se inake vilupt hone ki prakriya shuroo huee, kyoanki usase inaka chara jalamagn ko gaya. manav dvara shikar se bhi inake vilupt hone ki gati tez huee.
kee shatabdiyoan se bharatiy hathi, samarohoan aur bojha dhone ke kam ke lie mahattvapoorn rahe haian. apane mahavat ke niyantran mean hathi pe doan ki kataee ke aparihary aang haian. afriki hathi ka bhi istemal bojha dhone ke lie hota hai, leki n yah apekshakrit bahut vyapak nahian hai.
parivarik ikaee
donoan hi prajatiyoan mean usi jhuand mean rahane ki pravriti hoti hai, jisamean unaka janm hua ho. hathiyoan ke samajik sangathan ki adharabhoot ikaee parivarik samooh hai, jisamean do se ath hathi ho sakate haian. kee samooh milakar ek jhuand ya kul ka nirman karate haian tatha kee kuloan se kisi kshetr mean hathiyoan ki sankhya ka nirdharan hota hai. jhuand matrivanshiy adhar par sangathit hota hai aur sabase b di v anubhavi mada isake sanchalan ki dekharekh karati hai. lekin sabase mazaboot bandhan mada aur usake navajat bachche ka hoti hai. char varsh ki ayu mean ve jhuand ki madaoan ke sath kam samay vyatit karate haian tatha apani umr ke ya apane se b de naroan ke sath asthayi roop se sapark sthapit karate haian. eshiyaee nar hathiyoan ke sabase b de jhuand mean sat sadasy hote haian. nar 14 se 15 varsh ki ayu mean yaun paripakvata hasil kar lete haian aur madaean 15 ya 16 varsh ki ayu mean pahale bachche ko janm deti haian.
vayask nar tab tak kisi jhuand se sanbaddh nahian hota hai, jab tak jhuand mean maithun ke lie taiyar koee hathini maujood n ho. dikhavati sangharsh aur any samany muqabaloan se nar ek-doosare ki shakti ka anuman lagate haian, isalie madaoan ke lie ganbhir sangharsh shayad hi kabhi hote haian. 20 varsh ki avastha mean nar ke sharir ka poorn vikas ho jata hai. paripakv hathi har sal ek bar mad ki sthiti mean ata hai, jisake dauran usaki aankhoan ke pichhe sthit granthiyoan se srav hota hai. ve akramak ho jate haian aur madaoan ke sath rahane lagate haian, jisake bad sahavas hota hai. mad ki tulana any khuradar pashuoan ke maithun kal se ki ja sakati hai. nar hathi kabhi bhi sahavas kar sakate haian, lekin madakal mean unaki yaun uttejana badh jati hai.
hathiniyoan mean garbhavastha 18 se 22 mahine tak ki hoti hai. aantim charan ko chho dakar any samay mean garbh ka bahar se pata nahian chalata hai. garbhavadhi ke aant mean stanoan mean soojan a jati hai, than phool jate hai aur unase pani jaise drav ka risav bhi ho sakata hai. prasav pi da kam samay se lekar kee ghantoan ki ki ho sakati hai, lekin prasav lagabhag paanch minat mean hi ho jata hai. mada amataur par prasav ke samay nikalane vale padarthoan ko kha jati hai.
bachchoan ka janm
bachchoan ka janm sal ke kisi bhi mausam mean ho sakata hai, lekin adhikaansh bachche varsha rritu ke aantim dinoan mean paida hote haian. amataur par ek hi bachcha janm leta hai aur kabhi-kabhar hi ju davaan ya tin bachchoan ka janm hota hai. anukool paryavas mean do bachchoan ke bich ka aantar 2.5-4 varsh hota hai. kam anukool kshetroan mean yah aantaral 5 se 8 varsh tak ka ho sakata hai. navajat ka vazan 100 kigra (80 se 110 kigra tak) aur kandhe tak ooanchaee 75 se 90 semi hoti hai. vayaskoan ke muqabale bachchoan ke sharir par kafi bal hote haian. shishu prayah mata ki sahayata se sidhe than par muanh lagakar (sooand ke zariye nahian) doodh pite haian, aur apani maan ya any dugdhapan kara sakane vali madaoan ka doodh pite haian. dedh mahine se bachche thos ahar lena shuroo kar dete haian aur ve vayaskoan se uchit bhojan ke bare mean sikhate haian. prayah bachche apani maan ki lid bhi kha lete haian, jisase selyuloz pachane mean sahayak sahajivi baiktiriya unake jatharaantr mean pahuanch jata hai.
mrityu
hathiyoan ki mrityu chhoti avastha mean any pashuoan dvara unhean marakar khane, rog aur parajivi, durghatanaoan, shookha, tanav, shikar, vriddhavastha aur apasi sangharsh ke karan hoti hai. jab hathi ki chhah charvanak dantavaliyoan mean se aantim dantavali bhi ghisan jati hai, to vah bhookh se mar jata hai. aisa amataur par 50 varsh (jivan bhar selakh di aur ghas ke paushtik ahar ke bad) se 65 varsh (kee prakar ki rasadar vanaspatiyoan ke ahar ke bad) ke bich hote hai.
jhuand tatha naroan ka grihakshetr 60 se 500 varg kimi tak hota hai, isalie inake sanrakshan ke saphal upay ke lie vibhinn prakar ki vanaspatiyoan aur paryapt svachchh jal vale visham kshetr ki avashyakata hoti hai. hathiyoan ke paryavas ke aandar aur usake kinare par manav abadi ke phalasvaroop hathi aur manushyoan mean sangharsh se hathi v manushy, donoan ki hi janoan ka nuqasan hota hai. bharat mean prativarsh lagabhag 300 log hathiyoan dvara mare jate haian aur 200 hathi avaidh shikar, fasal raksha aur durghatanaoan ke karan marate haian.
hathi apane paryavas ke vinash aur manushyoan dvara shoshan ke karan gahare sankat mean hai. bharatiy hathi ko viluptapray prajati mana gaya hai aur afriki hathi sankatagrast varg mean hai. afriki hathi ko pramukh khatara hathidaant ke vyapar ke karan hone vale avaidh shikar se hai. chooanki mada eshiyaee hathike gajadant nahian hote aur sirf maans ke lie shikar amataur par nahian hota, isalie ve surakshit haian. lekin hathidaant ke lie nar eshiyaee hathiyoan ke shikar ke karan dakshin bharat ke kee ilakoan mean vayaskoan ka laiangik anupat big d gaya hai. kuchh ilaqoan mean gajadant vale nar ki anupasthiti mean gajadantahin nar (jise makhana kaha jata hai) prajanan kar sakata hai. lekin kuchh ilaqoan mean bahut kam gajadaantahin nar haian, isalie aantatah sthiti yah hai ki sabhi madaoan ke sath sahavas ke lie kisi bhi prakar ke naroan ki sankhya kafi nahian hai. 1999 mean dakshin bharat ke sabase adhik avaidh shikar prabhavit periyar vyaghr abhayarany mean yah liang anupat 100 madaoan par ek nar ka tha. doosari taraf himalay ke nichale kshetroan ke rajaji k aaurbet abhayarany mean yah anupat 2.5 madaoan par ek hathi ka hai aur vahaan 90 pratishat se adhik vayask madaoan ke sath 5 varsh se kam umr ke bachche the. bharat sarakar dvara 1992 mean shuroo ki gee hathi pariyojana unake paryavas vikhandan, paryavas ksharan, shikar-chori aur hathi-manav sangharsh jaise samasyaoan ko door karane ka ek prayas hai.
vanyajiv abhayaranyoan mean hathiyoan ki sankhya avashyakata se adhik bhi ho sakati hai, jisase unake paryavas ko aur nuqasan ho sakata hai. isalie simit sankhya mean unhean mar dalane ki bhi zaroorat hoti hai. sanrakshan ke upayoan mean avaidh shikariyoan se suraksha aur pramukh pravasi marg ki raksha ke lie pagadandiyoan samet b de abhayaranyoan ki sthapana bhi shamil hai.