कम्यून
kamyoon (aangrezi: Commune) suvicharit dhang se ek sath rahane vale logoan ke samuday ko kahate haian. isake sabhi sadasyoan ke lakshy, sampatti, srot adi ek hote haian. kuchh mamaloan mean to kam aur ay bhi ek hi hoti hai. madhyayugin samaj ke vibhajit tatha sthaniy hone ke karan kamyoonoan ke svaroop mean sthan tatha paristhitiyoan ke anusar vibhinnataean thian, yadyapi in vibhinnataoan ke hote hue bhi kuchh samany lakshan bhi the. samyavadi chin ne kamyoon vyavastha apanaee hai, jise vahaan ke krishakoan ne samajavadi chetana ke adhar par aandolan ke roop mean praranbh kiya hai. chin mean kamyoon samajavadi nirman ke lie samyavadi dal dvara nirdharit niti ke poshak tatha samajavad se samyavad ki or kramik vikas ke lie avashyak sangathan mane jate haian.
prachin paranpara
kamyoon ki paranpara ati prachin hai, isaka sanbandh adim aur eesaee kamyoonizm se bhi poorv ijarayali 'kibootoan mean sanpatti par samoohik svamitv rahata raha hai. aj bhi ijarayal mean rashtriy sanstha ke roop mean kibootoan ka ne sire se nirman hua hai. is vyavastha mean pratyek sadasy apani arjit sanpatti kiboot ko sauanp deta hai, aur badale mean keval jivan-yapan ke lie avashyak sahayata usake prapt karata hai.[1]
utpatti
vaidhik arth mean madhy yug ke sabhi nagar kamyoon the. kamyoon ki utpatti ka pramukh karan tatkalin vikasit hote hue vyavasayik tatha shramik varg ki navin avashkataoan ki poorti tatha unaki samany raksha ke lie avashyak sangathan tha. inaka itihas 11vian shatabdi se spasht roop mean milata hai, jab vanijy aur vyavasay ke lie bhaugolik drishti se sarvadhik labhaprad kshetroan mean inaki sthapana huee. inake nivasiyoan ki samajik sthiti any logoan se isalie bhinn thi ki unhoanne krishi ke sthan par vastuoan ke utpadan tatha vinimay ko jivikoparjan ka sadhan banaya tha.
kamyoon ki utpatti samantavadi sangathanoan ke bich huee, kyoanki in sangathanoan ne jab navodit vyavasayik varg ki avashyakataoan ki avahelana ki, tab vivash ho us varg ko apani avashyakataoan ki poorti ke lie apane sadhan apanane p de. praranbh mean kamyoon ka sangathan poorn roop se vaiyaktik tha; vah keval unhian logoan se sanbandhit tha, jo usamean svechchha se sammilit hone ke lie taiyar the aur is sangathan ke hetu shapath grahan karate the. 12vian shatabdi ke aant mean kamyoon vaiyaktik n hokar kshetriy ho ge, jisake phalasvaroop nagar ke sabhi nivasiyoan ko usake adhin rahane ki shapath leni anivary ho gee. madhyayugin samaj ke vibhajit tatha sthaniy hone ke karan kamyoonoan ke svaroop mean sthan tatha paristhitiyoan ke anusar vibhinnataean thian, yadyapi in vibhinnataoan ke hote hue bhi kuchh samany lakshan bhi the.
mat
fraans ke kamyoon aandolan ka abhipray b de nagaroan ko desh mean sthapit keandriy satta ke niyantran se mukti dilana tha. is mukti prapti ke dhangoan ke vishay mean vahaan do mat the-
- ek yah ki desh ko vibhinn svayatt shasit kamyoonoan mean baant diya jae aur un sabake samany hitoan ka pratinidhan karane vali kisi sanghiy parishad mean pratyek kamyoon apane-apane sadasy bhej sake. kamyoon vishayak yah siddhaant samyavadi siddhaant hai, aur isi siddhaant ko peris ke kamyoon ne apanaya tha.
- kamyoon desh mean apane vicharoan ki nirankushata sthapit karane aur desh par adhipaty jamane ke lie un nagaroan ko sangathit kare, jo usake adarshoan ke prati sanvedanashil hoan.[1]
yah vichar peris ke kraantikari dal ke ek varg mean prachalit tha. kyoanki tatkalin paristhitiyaan is vichar ko bal pradan karane mean sahayak thian. is vichar ke samarthakoan ne bahari shatru se atankit desh ke lie tatkalin sarakar ki nirarthakata is adhar siddh karane ki cheshta ki ki vah anushasan aur shasan prabandh ke purane tatha asamayik dhangoan par chalane vali sarakar thi. jab ki samayanusar avashyakata thi apane ko svayan sangathit kar sakane ke lie janashakti ki svatantrata ki, sarvajanik suraksha ke lie janamat dvara nirvachit ek samiti ki, praant ke lie ayuktoan ki, tatha desh drohiyoan ke lie mrityudand ki uchit vyavastha ki.
peris kamyoon
san 1871 ee. ka peris kamyoon ek kraantikari aandolan tha, jisaka pramukh mahatv fraans ke samantashahi adhipaty se peris ke sarvahara varg dvara apane ko svatantr karane ke prayatnoan mean hai. 1793 ee. ke kamyoon ke samay se hi peris ke sarvahara varg mean kraantikari shakti poshit ho rahi thi, jisane samay-asamay usake prayog ke nishphal prayatn bhi kie the. 2 sitanbar, 1870 ko tritiy nepoliyan ki har ke phalasvaroop utpann hone vali rajanitik paristhitiyoan ne peris aur samantashahi fraans ke bich ke sangharsh aur badha die. 4 sitanbar ko ganatantr ki ghoshana ke sath rashtriy suraksha sarakar[2] ki sthapana huee aur do saptah bad hi jarman sena ne peris par ghera dal diya, jisase atankit ho peris ne ganatantr svikar kar liya. parantu mas par mas bitane par bhi jab ghera n hata, tab bhookh aur shit se vyakul peris ki janata ne peris ke ekadhinayakatv mean levi aan mas[3] ki charcha praranbh kar di. sitanbar mean hi nee sarakar ke pas svayatt shasit kamyoon ki sthapana ki maang bhej di gee thi; idhar yuddh ki avashyakataoan ko poora karane ke lie ne sainy jatthoan ka sangathan, shramik varg ke logoan ki bharti tatha unhean apane aphasaroan ko namajad karane ke adhikar ki prapti ke phalasvaroop bhi peris ke sarvahara varg ki shaktiyaan badh gee thian. faravari, 1871 ee. mean in sarvahara sainy jatthoan ne paraspar milakar ek shithil sangh ki tatha 20 aroandismoan [4] mean pratyek se tin pratinidhiyoan ke adhar par rashtriy sanrakshakoan ki ek keandriy samiti[5] ki sthana ki.
28 janavari ko jarman sena tatha rashtriy suraksha sarakar ke bich kianchit kal ke lie us uddeshy se yuddh sthagit karane ki sandhi huee ki fraans ko rashtriy sansad[6] ke nirvachan ka avasar prapt ho sake jo shaanti sthapana ya yuddh ke chalate rahane par apana nirnay de. parantu samantashahi fraans ki bhavanaoan ka pratinidhan karane vali is sansad ne sarvahara varg ko aur adhik kruddh kiya. usane mahange damoan mean keval yuddh samapti ko hi nahian svikar kiya varanh fraans ki rajadhani varasaee mean sthanaantarit kar peris vasiyoan ko apamanit bhi kiya aur kuchh aise prastav pas kie, jo peris vasiyoan ke hitoan ke lie ghatak the. perasi ke svayatt shasan sanbandhi aandolan ko aghat pahuanchane ke ashay se rashtriy sanrakshak samiti ki sainy shaktiyaan kam karane ke hetu 18 march ko sarakar dvara usaki topoan par adhipaty prapt karane ke nishphal prayatn ne donoan ke bich hone vale sangharsh ko kraantikari aandalan ka roop de diya, jisamean sarakari sena ne rashtriy sanrakshakoan par var apana asvikar kar diya. phalat: sarakari paksh ke anek neta mare ge aur shesh ne varasaee mean bhagakar sharan li. is prakar kisi vishesh sangharsh ke bina nagar rashtriy sanrakshak samiti ke adhipaty mean a gaya, jisane tuanrat aantarim sarakar ki sthapana ki tatha 26 march ko peris kamyoon ke pratinidhiyoan ke nirvachan ka prabandh kiya. 90 pratinidhiyoan ke nirvachan ke lie lagabhag do lakh vyaktiyoan ne matadan kiya. aantarim sarakar ke roop mean apana kary samapt kar chukane ke karan rashtriy sanrakshak samiti ne rajanitik kary se avakash grahan kar liya aur is prakar aantat: peris nagar apane hit mean apana shasan prabandh svayan karane ka avasar pa saka.[1]
peris kamyoon ghoshanapatr
18 march ki kraanti keval rashtriy suraksha sarakar aur usi sansad ke hi nahian varanh keandrikaran ki us sanpoorn vyavastha ke viruddh thi, jisake karan n keval sthaniy prabandh keandriy satta dvara niyantrit tha, varanh praantoan dvara aropit pratikriyavadi sarakar ne peris tatha any b de nagaroan ka samajik aur rajanitik vikas avaruddh kar rakha tha. kraantikariyoan ke anusar in sabaka keval ek upachar tha- keandriy satta ke karyoan ko nyoonatam karana taki sthaniy sangathanoan ko n keval apane prabandh ke lie varanh apane samaj ke sanpoorn sangathan evan vikas ke lie bhi sarvadhik sanbhavit shaktiyaan prapt ho sakean; doosare shabdoan mean, fraans ko svashasit kamyoonoan ke sangh mean badalana. 19 aprail ko prakashit peris kamyoon ke ghoshanapatr ke anusar kamyoon ke adhikar the-
- bajat pas karana
- kar nishchit karana
- sthaniy vyavasay ka nirdeshan
- pulis, shiksha evan nyayalayoan ka sangathan
- kamyoon ki sanpatti ka prabandh
- sabhi adhikariyoan ka nirvachan, un par niyantran tatha unhean padachyut karana
- vaiyaktik svatantrata ki sthayi suraksha
- nagarik suraksha ka sangathan
is drishti se yah adhikar patr aise samajavad ki ghoshana karata hai, jo poore aandolan ka vastavik adhar hai. kamyoon siddhaant poorn roop se peris, liyoan tatha ek ya do any b de nagaroan ke hitoan ki drishti se pratipadit kiya gaya tha aur isalie fraans ke adhikatar bhag mean yah lagoo nahian ho sakata tha. isake pichhe yah vichar tha ki gramoan ke krishak tatha chhote nagaroan ke nivasi abhi itane yogy nahian haian ki ve apana samany sthaniy prabandh bhi svayan kar sakean. isalie unhean vitt, pulis, shiksha tatha samany samajik vikas ka uttaradayitv turant nahian sauanpa ja sakata. isase spasht hai ki fraans par peris ka adhipaty kraantikariyoan ke kam se kam ek bhag ka uddeshy avashy tha; doosare kamyoon siddhaant mean praanrabh se hi ek aantarvirodh vidyaman tha. is siddhaant ne peris tatha anaroo pragatishil nagaroan ko apragatik praantoan ke niyantran se mukt kar unake lie sthaniy svayatt shasan ghoshit kiya tha, parantu praant is siddhaant ko, jaisa svayan siddhaant ki prastavana mean varnit hai, svikar karane ke yogy pragatishil n the. phalat: unhean is aandolan mean sammilit hone ke lie peris ki adhinata svikar karani p di. dasoore shabdoan mean, kamyoon siddhaant ki sthapana ke lie yah anivary tha ki use pahale nasht kar diya jae. jakobean[7] ek bar pun: svatantrata ke vesh mean prakat hota hai aur sthaniy svayatt shasan ek keandriy satta dvara aropit hota hai tatha rajadhani se prapt bal ke adhar par svatantr sangh ki nianv dali jati hai.[1]
das ayog
shasan prabandh ke lie kamyoon ki parishad ne apane ko das ayogoan mean vibhakt kiya tha. ve ayog the-
- vitt
- yuddh
- sarvajanik suraksha
- vaideshik sanbandh
- shiksha
- nyay
- shram aur viniyim
- khady
- sarvajanik seva
- samany karyakarini sanbandhi
samajavadi siddhaant
praranbh se hi kamyoon ne samajavadi siddhaant apanane ki ghoshana ki thi; parantu vyavahar roop mean jis sarakar ki pray: sabhi shaktiyaan apane shatru ko nasht karane mean hi pramukh roop se vyay huee hoan, usake lie, do mas ki chhoti avadhi mean kraantikari arthik sangathan kar pana asanbhav tha. kamyoon ne saiddhaantik roop se sthaniy svayatt shasan ko svikar kiya tha, parantu vyavahar mean usaki pravritti samast fraans par peris ki sarakar aropit karana tha. udaharanarth, aprail mean peris kamyoon ne svatantrata ko fraansisi ganatantr ka pratham siddhaant manakar, aur yah svikar kar ki dharmik matoan ka bajat is siddhaant ke pratikool hai, kyoanki vah nagarikoan ko us dharmik vishvas ke prachar ke lie arthik sahayata dene ke lie badhy karata hai jo unaka nahian hai, tatha yah vichar kar ki pop svatantrata ke adarsh ke viruddh rajatantr dvara kie ge aparadhoan mean sahayak hua hai, yah ajnapti jari ki ki charch rajy se alag kar diya jae aur dharmik mathoan ki sanpatti rashtr ki sanpatti ghoshit kar di jae. at: peris ki kamyoon parishad ne yadyapi saiddhaantik roop se keval perisavasiyoan ke hitoan ka pratinidhan svikar kiya tha, tathapi svatantrata ke nam par samast fraans ke pop par lagoo hone vali ajnapti usi ne jari ki.[1]
arthik sudharoan ki asaphalata
kamyoon ke alp jivan tatha prashasakiy evan arthik sudharoan ko kary roop mean parinat karane ki usaki asaphalata ka pramukh karan tha, aise netaoan ki kami jo vibhinn tatvoan ke paraspar sanbaddh evan srijanatmak karyakramoan ko nirdharit kar sakean. alp samay mean hi vyavaharik prashasan sanbandhi nyo-jakoanbe[8] ki akshamata prakat ho gee. 18 march ki kraanti ke thik 64 din bad varasaee ke sainy jatthe perasi mean ghus p de. bhayankar yuddh ke anantar 22 aktoobar ko kamyoon ki sansad vinasht ho gee. phir bhi 18 march ki is kraanti ko tatkalin samajavadi sangathanoan ne samajavadi adarsh ke lie ki gee sarvahara varg ki kraanti ke roop mean svikar kiya aur is prakar kamyoon siddhaant samajavadi darshan ka ek aang ban gaya. isamean sandeh nahian ki kamyoon siddhaant ne varg sangharsh evan samajavadi vicharadhara ke prachar mean yathesht yog diya. jis tatparata, virata aur balidan ki bhavana se peris kamyoon ne videshi vijetaoan aur unase mile phreanch deshadrohiyoan se peris ki s dakoan par 'bairiked' banakar ianch-ianch jamin ke lie loha liya tha, vah svadesh raksha sanbandhi yuddhoan mean amar ho gaya. usane soviyat rajy kraanti se pray: adhi sadi pahale peris mean sarvaharaoan ka pahala raj kayam kiya. par isaka mooly use rakt se chukana p da. yadi arajakatavadi vicharak bakoonin ne kamyoon aandolan mean apane rajyavihin sanghavad ka sanket paya to pris kropatkin ne 1871 ki kraanti ko janakrati ki sanjna di tatha marks ne apane samyavadi vicharoan ki abhivyakti ke lie use apane ek mahatvapoorn granth ka vishay chuna aur roosi neta, lenin, trotski adi ne usake mahatv ko svikar kiya.
chin ki kamyoon vyavastha
samyavadi chin ne kamyoon vyavastha apanaee hai, jise vahaan ke krishakoan ne samajavadi chetana ke adhar par aandolan ke roop mean praranbh kiya hai. chin mean kamyoon samajavadi nirman ke lie samyavadi dal dvara nirdharit niti ke poshak tatha samajavad se samyavad ki or kramik vikas ke lie avashyak sangathan mane jate haian. 7 agast, san 1958 ee. ko janata ke in kamyoonoan ke lie asthayi sanvidhan ka jo prastav prastut kiya gaya, usake anusar janata ka kamyoon samaj ki moolabhoot ikaee hai, jisamean shramik samyavadi dal tatha janata ki adhinata svikar karate hue svechchha se sammilit hote haian. isaka kary samast audyogik tatha krishi sanbandhi utpadan, vyavasay tatha saanskritik, shaikshik evan rajanitik karyoan ka prabandh karana hai. isaka uddeshy samajik vyavastha ka sangathit karana aur use samyavadi vyavastha mean parinat karane ke lie avashyak paristhitiyoan ka srijan karana hai. isaki poorn sadasyata 16 varsh se adhik ke sabhi vyaktiyoan ko prapt hai aur unhean kamyoon ke vibhinn padoan par nirvachit hone, matadan karane tatha usake prabandh ka nirikshan karane ka adhikar hai.
krishakoan ke sahakari sangathan jab bhi kamyoon mean milean, tab unhean apani samast samoohik sanpatti kamyoon ke adhin karani hogi aur unake rrin kamyoon dvara chukae jaeange. usi prakar kamyoon ke sadasy banane par vyaktiyoan ko apani niji sanpatti tatha utpadan ke samast sadhanoan ko kamyoon ko sauanpana hoga. kamyoon rajakiy vyavasay ke pramukh aang, vitaran tatha kray-vikray-vibhag ki tatha janata ke baiank ki ejeansi ke roop mean rrin vibhag ki sthapana karega. usaki apani nagarik sena hogi. kamyoon ka sarvochch prashasakiy sangathan usaki kaangres hogi, jo usake sabhi mahatvooparn vishayoan par vichar karegi tatha nirnay degi aur jisamean janata ke sabhi aangoan ke pratinidhi hoange. yah kaangres ek prabandhak samiti ka nirvachan karegi, jisake sadasyoan mean kamyoon ke adhyaksh aur upadhyaksh bhi hoange. is samiti ke adhin, krishi, jal, van, pashupalan, udyog tatha yatayat, vitt, khady, vanijy suraksha, niyojan evan vaijnani anusandhan, saanskritik tatha shaikshik kary sanbandhi vibhag hoange. vibhinn staroan par prabandhakiy sangathanoan dvara kamyoon ek keandriy netritv ki, chikitsalay tatha sarvajanik saanskritik evan khelakood ke keandroan ki, vriddhoan aur apahijoan ke lie uchit prabandh ki, striyoan ki pragati ke lie unake yogy ghareloo udyog dhandhoan ki, shramikoan ke dainik vetan tatha khadyann ki vyavastha karega. poore kamyoon mean prashasan ki janatantratmak vyavastha lagoo hogi.[1]
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