प्रेमचंद

thumb|muanshi premachand
Munshi Premchand bharat ke upanyas samrat muanshi premachand ke yug ka vistar san 1880 se 1936 tak hai. yah kalakhand bharat ke itihas mean bahut mahattv ka hai. is yug mean bharat ka svatantrata-sangram nee manjiloan se guzara. yah sangharsh adhik sashakt aur gahara hua. premachand ka vastavik nam dhanapat ray shrivastav tha. ve ek saphal lekhak, deshabhakt nagarik, kushal vakta, zimmedar sanpadak aur sanvedanashil rachanakar the. bisavian shati ke poorvarddh mean jab hindi mean kam karane ki takaniki suvidhaean nahian thian phir bhi itana kam karane vala lekhak unake siva koee doosara nahian hua.

janm

premachand ka janm banaras se lagabhag char mil door, lamahi nam ke gaanv mean 31 julaee, 1880 ko hua. premachand ke pitaji muanshi ajayab lal aur mata anandi devi thian. premachand ka bachapan gaanv mean bita tha. ve natakhat aur khila di balak the aur khetoan se shak-sabzi aur pe doan se phal churane mean daksh the. unhean mithaee ka b da shauq tha aur vishesh roop se gu d se unhean bahut prem tha. bachapan mean unaki shiksha-diksha lamahi mean huee aur ek maulavi sahab se unhoanne urdoo aur farasi padhana sikha. ek rupaya churane par ‘bachapan’ mean un par buri tarah mar p di thi. unaki kahani, ‘kazaki’, unaki apani bal-smritiyoan par adharit hai. kazaki dak-vibhag ka harakara tha aur b di lambi lambi yatraean karata tha. vah balak premachand ke lie sadaiv apane sath kuchh saugat lata tha. kahani mean vah bachche ke liye hiran ka chhauna lata hai aur dakaghar mean deri se pahuanchane ke karan naukari se alag kar diya jata hai. hiran ke bachche ke pichhe dau date-dau date vah ati vilamb se dak ghar lauta tha. kazaki ka vyaktitv atishay manaviyata mean dooba hai. vah shalinata aur atmasamman ka putala hai, kintu manaviy karuna se usaka hraday bhara hai.

parivarik jivan

unaka kul phatehal kayasthoan ka tha, jinake pas qarib chhai bighe zamin thi aur jinaka parivar b da tha. premachand ke pitamah, muanshi gurusahay lal, patavari the. unake pita, muanshi ajayab lal, dakamuanshi the aur unaka vetan lagabhag pachchis rupaye masik tha. unaki maan, anand devi, sundar sushil aur sugh d mahila thian. chh: mahine ki bimari ke bad premachand ki maan ki mrityu ho gee. tab ve athavian kaksha mean padh rahe the. do varsh ke bad unake pita ne phir vivah kar liya aur unake jivan mean vimata ka avataran hua. premachand ke itihas mean vimata ke anek varnan haian . yah spasht hai ki premachand ke jivan mean maan ke abhav ki poorti vimata dvara n ho saki thi. jab premachand pandrah varsh ke the, unaka vivah ho gaya. vah vivah unake sautele nana ne tay kiya tha. us kal ke vivaran se lagata hai ki l daki n to dekhane mean suandar thi, n vah svabhav se shilavati thi. vah jhag daloo bhi thi. premachand ke komal man ka kalpana-bhavan mano nianv rakhate-rakhate hi dhah gaya. premachand ka yah pahala vivah tha. is vivah ka tootana ashchary n tha. premachand ki patni ke lie yah vivah ek du:khad ghatana raha hoga. jivan paryant yah unaka abhishap ban gaya. is sab ka dosh bharat ki paramparagrast vivah-pranali par hai, jisake karan yah vyavastha avashyakata se bhi adhik jue ka khel ban jati hai. premachand ne nishchay kiya ki apana doosara vivah ve kisi vidhava kanya se kareange. yah nishchay unake uchch vicharoan aur adarshoan ke hi anuroop tha. shivarani devi bal-vidhava thian. unake pita fatehapur ke pas ke ilaqe mean ek sahasi zamidar the aur shivarani ji ke punarvivah ke lie utsuk the. san 1916 ke adim yug mean aise vichar-matr ki sahasikata ka anuman kiya ja sakata hai. isi varsh premachand ka doosara vivah sanpann hua. shivarani ji ki pustak ‘premachand-ghar mean’, premachand ke ghareloo jivan ka sajiv aur aantarang chitr prastut karati hai. premachand apane pita ki tarah pechish ke shikar the aur nirantar pet ki vyadhiyoan se pi dit rahate the. premachand svabhav se saral, adarshavadi vyakti the. ve sabhi ka vishvas karate the, kintu nirantar unhean dhokha khana p da. unhoanne anek logoan ko dhan-rashi karz di, kintu bahudha yah dhan lauta hi nahian . shivarani devi ki drishti kuchh adhik saansarik aur vyavahar-kushal thi. ve nirantar premachand ki udar-hradayata par tane kasati thian, kyoanki anek bar kupatr ne hi is udarata ka labh uthaya. premachand svayan sampann n the aur apani udarata ke karan arth-sankat mean phans jate the. ‘dhaporashankh’ shirshak kahani mean premachand ek kapati sahityik dvara apane thage jane ki marmik katha kahate haian.

shiksha

garibi se l date hue premachand ne apani padhaee maitrik tak pahuanchaee. jivan ke aranbh mean hi gaanv se door banaras padhane ke lie nange paanv jana p data tha. isi bich pita ka dehant ho gaya. padhane ka shauk tha, age chalakar vakil banana chahate the, magar garibi ne to d diya. skool ane - jane ke jhanjhat se bachane ke lie ek vakil sahab ke yahaan tyooshan pak d liya aur usi ke ghar mean ek kamara lekar rahane lage. tyooshan ka paanch rupaya milata tha. paanch rupaye mean se tin rupaye ghar valoan ko aur do rupaye se apani zindagi ki ga di ko age badhate rahe. mahina bhar tangi aur abhav ka jivan bitate the. inhian jivan ki pratikool paristhitiyoan mean premachand ne maitrik pas kiya.

sahityik jivan

1. REDIRECT saancha:daanyabaksapremachand unaka sahityik nam tha aur bahut varshoan bad unhoanne yah nam apanaya tha. unaka vastavik nam ‘dhanapat ray’ tha. jab unhoanne sarakari seva karate hue kahani likhana arambh kiya, tab unhoanne navab ray nam apanaya. bahut se mitr unhean jivan-paryant navab ke nam se hi sambodhit karate rahe.
2. REDIRECT saancha:baksaband

premachand unaka sahityik nam tha aur bahut varshoan bad unhoanne yah nam apanaya tha. unaka vastavik nam ‘dhanapat ray’ tha. jab unhoanne sarakari seva karate hue kahani likhana arambh kiya, tab unhoanne navab ray nam apanaya. bahut se mitr unhean jivan-paryant navab ke nam se hi sambodhit karate rahe. jab sarakar ne unaka pahala kahani-sangrah, ‘soze vatan’ zabt kiya, tab unhean navab ray nam chho dana p da. bad ka unaka adhikatar sahity premachand ke nam se prakashit hua. isi kal mean premachand ne katha-sahity b de manoyog se padhana shuroo kiya. ek tambakoo-vikreta ki dukan mean unhoanne kahaniyoan ke akshay bhandar, ‘tilisme hosharooba’ ka path suna. is pauranik gatha ke lekhak faizi batae jate haian, jinhoanne akabar ke manoranjan ke lie ye kathaean likhi thian. ek poore varsh premachand ye kahaniyaan sunate rahe aur inhean sunakar unaki kalpana ko b di uttejana mili. katha sahity ki any amooly kritiyaan bhi premachand ne padhian. inamean ‘sarashar’ ki kritiyaan aur renald ki ‘landan-rahasy’ bhi thi. gorakhapur mean buddhilal nam ke pustak-vikreta se unaki mitrata huee. ve unaki dukan ki kuanjiyaan skool mean bechate the aur isake badale mean ve kuchh upanyas alp kal ke lie padhane ko ghar le ja sakate the. is prakar unhoanne do-tin varshoan mean saik doan upanyas padhe hoange. is samay premachand ke pita gorakhapur mean dakamuanshi ki haisiyat se kam kar rahe the. gorakhapur me hi premachand ne apani sabase pahali sahityik kriti rachi. yah rachana ek avivahit mama se sambandhit prasahan tha. mama ka prem ek chhoti jati ki stri se ho gaya tha. ve premachand ko upanyasoan par samay barbad karane ke lie nirantar daantate rahate the. mama ki prem-katha ko natak ka roop dekar premachand ne unase badala liya. yah pratham rachana upalabdh nahian hai, kyoanki unake mama ne kruddh hokar paandulipi ko agni ko samarpit kar diya. gorakhapur mean premachand ko ek naye mitr mahavir prasad poddar mile aur inase parichay ke bad premachand aur bhi tezi se hindi ki or jhuke. unhoanne hindi mean shekh sadi par ek chhoti-si pustak likhi thi, t aaulsat aauy ki kuchh kahaniyoan ka hindi mean anuvad kiya tha aur ‘prem-pachisi’ ki kuchh kahaniyoan ka roopantar bhi hindi mean kar rahe the. ye kahaniyaan ‘sapt-saroj’ shirshak se hindi sansar ke samane sarvapratham san 1917 mean ayian. ye sat kahaniyaan thian:-

1. b de ghar ki beti,
2. saut,
3. sajjanata ka dand,
4. panch parameshvar,
5. namak ka daroga,
6. upadesh,
7. pariksha. premachand ki sarvashreshth kahaniyoan mean in kahaniyoan ki ganana hoti hai.
   

premachand ke sahity ki visheshataean

premachand ki rachana-drishti, vibhinn sahity roopoan mean, abhivyakt huee. vah bahumukhi pratibha sanpann sahityakar the. premachand ki rachanaoan mean tatkalin itihas bolata hai. unhoanne apani rachanaoan mean jan sadharan ki bhavanaoan, paristhitiyoan aur unaki samasyaoan ka marmik chitran kiya. unaki kritiyaan bharat ke sarvadhik vishal aur vistrit varg ki kritiyaan haian. apani kahaniyoan se premachand manav-svabhav ki adharabhoot mahatta par bal dete haian. ‘b de ghar ki beti,’ anandi, apane devar se aprasann huee, kyoanki vah ganvar usase karkashata se bolata hai aur us par khianchakar kh daooan pheankata hai. jab use anubhav hota hai ki unaka parivar toot raha hai aur usaka devar paritap se bhara hai, tab vah use kshama kar deti hai aur apane pati ko shaant karati hai. isi prakar namak ka daroga bahut eemanadar vyakti hai. ghoos dekar use biga dane mean sabhi asamarth haian. sarakar use, sakhti se uchit karyavahi karane ke karan, naukari se barkhast kar deti hai, kintu jis seth ki ghoos usane asvikar ki thi, vah use apane yahaan ooanche pad par niyukt karata hai. vah apane yahaan eemanadar aur kartavyaparayan karmachari rakhana chahata hai. is prakar premachand ke sansar mean satkarm ka phal sukhad hota hai. vastavik jivan mean aisi ashcharyaprad ghatanaean kam ghatati haian. gaanv ka panch bhi vyaktigat vidvesh aur shikayatoan ko bhoolakar sachcha nyay karata hai. usaki atma use isi disha mean thelati hai. asankhy bhedoan, poorvagrahoan, andhavishvasoan, jat-paant ke jhag doan aur hathadharmiyoan se jarjar gram-samaj mean bhi aisa nyay-dharm kalpanatit lagata hai. hindi mean premachand ki kahaniyoan ka ek sangrah bambee ke ek suprasiddh prakashan grih, hindi granth-ratnakar ne prakashit kiya. yah sangrah ‘navanidhi’ shirshak se nikala aur isamean ‘raja haradaul’ aur ‘rani sarandha’ jaisi bundel virata ki suprasiddh kahaniyaan shamil thian. isake kuchh samay ke bad premachand ne hindi mean kahaniyoan ka ek aur sangrah prakashit kiya. is sangrah ka shirshak tha ‘prem-poornima’. ‘b de ghar ki beti’ aur ‘panch parameshvar’ ki hi parampara ki ek aur adbhut kahani ‘eeshvariy nyay’ is sangrah mean thi.

premachand ka svarnim yug

premachand ki upanyas-kala ka yah svarn yug tha. san 1931 ke arambh mean ‘gaban’ prakashit hua tha. 16 aprॅl, 1931 ko premachand ne apani ek aur mahan rachana, ‘karmabhoomi’ shuroo ki. yah agast, 1932 mean prakashit huee. premachand ke patroan ke anusar san 1932 mean hi vah apana antim mahan upanyas, ‘godan’ likhane mean lag gaye the, yadyapi ‘hans’ aur ‘jagaran’ se sambandhit anek kathinaiyoan ke karan isaka prakashan joon, 1936 mean hi sambhav ho saka. apani antim bimari ke dinoan mean unhoanne ek aur upanyas, ‘mangalasootr’, likhana shuroo kiya tha, kintu akal mrityu ke karan yah apoorn rah gaya. ‘gaban’, ‘karmabhoomi’ aur ‘godan’- upanyasatrayi par vishv ke kisi bhi kritikar ko garv ho sakata hai. ‘karmabhoomi’ apani kraantikari chetana ke karan vishesh mahattvapoorn hai. lahaur kaangres ke adhiveshan mean adhyaksh-pad se bhashan dete hue javaharalal neharoo ne ghoshit kiya tha. ‘maian ganatantravadi aur samajavadi hooan.’ karmabhoomi is ashant kal ki pratidhvaniyoan se bhara hua upanyas hai. gorki ke upanyas, ‘maan’ ke saman hi yah upanyas bhi kranti ki kala par lagabhag ek prabandh-granth hai. yah upanyas adbhut patroan ki ek sampoorn shrankhala prastut karata h. amar kaant, samarakant, saqina, sukhada, pathanin, munni. amarakant aur samarakant pathakoan ko pita aur putr, neharoo-dvay ka smaran dilate haian. munni, pathanin, saqina aur lala samarakant sabhi ki parinati ghatanaoan dvara hoti hai.

kritiyaan

premachand ki kritiyaan bharat ke sarvadhik vishal aur vistrit varg ki kritiyaan haian. unhoanne upanyas, kahani, natak, samiksha, lekh, sampadakiy, sansmaran adi anek vidhaoan mean sahity ki srishti ki, kintu pramukh roop se vah kathakar haian. unhean apane jivan kal mean hi upanyas samrat ki padavi mil gayi thi. unhoanne kul 15 upanyas, 300 se kuchh adhik kahaniyaan, 3 natak, 10 anuvad, 7 bal-pustakean tatha hazaroan prishthoan ke lekh, sampadakiy, bhashan, bhoomika, patr adi ki rachana ki.

premachand ki pramukh kahaniyaan aur upanyas

pramukh kahaniyaan							upanyas
aandher	anath l daki	apani karani	amrit	alagyojha	baanka zamidar	betoan vali vidhava	sevasadan
akhiri tohafa	akhiri manzil	atm-sangit	atmaram	adhar	baiank ka divala	bohani	premashram
alha	ijzat ka khoon	istifa	eedagah	eeshvariy nyay	maikoo	mantr	rangabhoomi
uddhar	ek aauanch ki kasar	ektres	kaptan sahab	karmoan ka phal	mandir aur masjid	manavan	kayakalp
kafan	kavach	qatil	kaushal	khudi	mubarak bimari	mamata	varadan
gairat ki katar	gulli danda	gharajamaee	sh‍vamini	jyoti	maan	mata ka hriday	nirmala
jel	juloos	thakur ka kuaan	jhaanki	teantar	milap	moteram ji shastri	gaban
triya charitr	taangevale ki b d	dil ki rani	dand	doosari shadi	rsvag ki devi	rajahath	karmabhoomi
do sakhiyaan	neur machand	neki	narak ka marg	nairashy	ramalila	rashtr ka sevak	godan
nairashy lila	nasha	nasihatoan ka daphtar	nagapooja	nadan dost	laila	vafa ka khanjar	krishnaa
nirvasan	panch parameshvar	patni se pati	putr-prem	paipuji	vasana ki k diyaan	vijay	pratijna
pratishodh	prem-sootr	parvat-yatra	prayashchit	pariksha	vishvas	shankhanad	pratapachandr
poos ki rat	b de ghar ki beti	b de baboo	b de bhaee sahab	band daravaza	shoodr	sharab ki dukan	shyama
shaanti	shadi ki vajah	shok ka puraskar	stri aur purush	svarg ki devi	svaang	sabhyata ka rahasy	mangalasootr (apoorn)
samar yatra	samasya	sailani bandar	sh‍vamini	sohag ka shav	saut	holi ki chhutti	asarare muabid (apoorn)

premachand muanshi kaise bane

suprasiddh sahityakaroan ke mool nam ke sath kabhi-kabhi kuchh upanam ya visheshan aise ghul-mil jate haian ki sahityakar ka mool nam to pichhe rah jata hai aur yah upanam ya visheshan itane prasiddh ho jate haian ki unake bina kavi ya rachanakar ka nam adhoora-sa lagane lagata hai. sath hi mool nam apani pahachan hi khone lagata hai. bharatiy janamanas ki sanvedana mean base upanyas samrat 'premachand' ji bhi is paranparik tathy se achhoote nahian rah sake. unaka nam yadi matr premachand liya jay to adhoora sa pratit hota hai. premachand ji ke nam ke sath 'muanshi' kab aur kaise ju d gaya? is vishay mean adhikaansh log yahi man lete haian ki prarambh mean premachand adhyapak rahe. adhyapakoan ko pray: us samay muanshi ji kaha jata tha. isake atirikt kayasthoan ke nam ke pahale samman svaroop 'muanshi' shabd lagane ki parampara rahi hai. sanbhavat: premachand ji ke nam ke sath muanshi shabd ju dakar roodh ho gaya. is jijnasa ki poorti hetu premachand ji ke suputr evan suprasiddh sahityakar shri amrit ray ji ke anusar premachand ji ne apane nam ke age 'muanshi' shabd ka prayog svayan kabhi nahian kiya. unaka yah bhi manana hai ki muanshi shabd samman soochak hai, jise premachand ke prashansakoan ne kabhi laga diya hoga. yah tathy anuman par adharit hai. yah bat sahi hai ki muanshi shabd samman soochak hai. yah bhi sach hai ki kayasthoan ke nam ke age muanshi lagane ki parampara rahi hai tatha adhyapakoan ko bhi 'muanshi ji' kaha jata tha.

premachand aur sinema

1. REDIRECT saancha:daanyabaksasahity ke bhavoan ki jo uchchata, bhasha ki jo prodhata aur spashtata, sundarata ki jo sadhana hoti hai, vah hamean sinema mean nahian milati.
2. REDIRECT saancha:baksaband

premachand ne ‘mazadoor’ shirshak film ke lie sanvad likhe. film ke svamiyoan ne kahani ki rooparekha taiyar ki thi. film mean ek desh-premi mil-malik ki katha thi, kintu seansar ko yah bhi sahan n ho saka. phir bhi film ka pradarshan panjab, dilli, uttar pradesh aur madhy pradesh mean hua. film ka mazadooroan par itana asar hua ki pulis bulani p d gee. aant mean film ke pradarshan par bharat sarakar ne rok laga di. is film mean premachand svayan bhi kuchh kshan ke lie rajatapat par avatirn hue. mazadooroan aur malikoan ke bich ek sangharsh mean ve panch ki bhoomika mean ae the. ek lekh mean premachand ne sinema ki halat par apana bharapoor rosh aur asantosh vyakt kiya hai. vah sahity ke dhyey ki tulana karate haian: “sahity ke bhavoan ki jo uchchata, bhasha ki jo prodhata aur spashtata, sundarata ki jo sadhana hoti hai, vah hamean vahaan nahian milati. unaka uddeshy keval paisa kamana hai, suruchi ya sundarata se unhean koee prayojan nahian. vyapar, vyapar hai. vyapar mean bhavukata aee aur vyapar nasht hua. vahaan to janata ki ruchi par nigah rakhani p dati hai, aur chahe sansar ka sanchalan devataoan ke hi hathoan mean kyoan n ho, manushy par nimn manovrittiyoan hi ka rajy hota hai. ... jis shauq se log ta di aur sharab pitean haian, usake adhe shauq se doodh nahian pite. isaki dava nirmata ke pas nahian. jab tak ek chiz ki maang hai, vah bazar mean aegi. koee use rok nahian sakata. abhi vah zamana bahut door hai, jab sinema aur sahity ka ek roop hoga. lok-ruchi jab itani parishkrit ho jayagi ki vah niche le jane vali chizoan se ghrina karegi, tabhi sinema mean sahity ki suruchi dikhaee p d sakati hai. ”

alochana

premachand ki badhati huee khyati se kuchh vyaktiyoan ke man mean b di kudhan aur eershya ho rahi thi. inamean se ek, shri avadh upadhyay ne premachand ke viruddh sahityik chori ka abhiyog lagaya aur unake viruddh chh: mahine tak lekh likhe. bijaganit ke many farmooloan se ve siddh karate rahe ki—

k+kh+g / d = p+ph+b / gh

yani premachand ki 1/3 sofiya thaikare ki ¼ amiliya ka smaran dilati hai. ek aur asaphal kathakar ne alochak ka bana dharan karate hue premachand ko ‘ghrina ka pracharak’ kaha tha.

mrityu

san 1936 ee0 mean premachand bimar rahane lage. arthik kashtoan tatha ilaj thik se n karaye jane ke karan 8 aktoobar 1936 mean inaka svargavas ho gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• premachand
• hamare sahityakar - premachand
• premachand ki kahaniyaan