आत्मा

atmanh shabd ki vyutpatti se is (atma) ki kalpana par paryapt prakash p data hai. yask ne isaki vyutpatti karate hue kaha hai- atma ‘ath’ dhatu se vyutpann hota hai, jisaka arth hai satat chalana athava yah 'aph' dhatu se nikala hai, jisaka arth vyapt hona hai. achary shankar atma shabd ki vyakhya karate hue liang puran se nimnakiant shlok udadhrit karate haian-

yachchapnoti yadadatte yachchati vishayanih.
yachchasy santato bhavastasmadatmeti kirtyate..

(jo vyapt karata hai, grahan karata hai, sampoorn vishayoan ka bhog karata hai aur jisaki sadaiv satta bani rahati hai, usako atma kaha jata hai.)

prayog

atma shabd ka prayog vishvatma aur vyaktigat atma donoan arthoan mean hota hai. upanishadoan mean adhibhautik, adhidaivik aur adhyatmik sabhi drishtiyoan se atmatattv par vichar hua hai. aitareyopanishad mean vishvatma ke arth mean atma ko vishv ka adhar aur usaka mool karan mana gaya hai. is sthiti mean advaitavad ke anusar brahma se usaka abhed svikar kiya gaya hai. ‘tattvamasi’ vaky ka yahi tatpary hai. ‘ahan brahmasmi’ bhi yahi prakat karata hai. atma shabd ka adhik prayog vyaktigat atma ke lie hi hota hai. vibhinn darshanik sampradayoan mean isaki vibhinn kalpanaean haian. vaisheshik darshan ke anusar yah anu haian. nyay ke anusar yah karm ka vahak hai. upanishadoan mean ise ‘anoraniyanh mahato mahiyanh’ kaha gaya hai. advait vedant mean yah sachchidanand aur brahm se abhinn hai.

praman

achary shankar ne atma ke astitv ke samarthan mean prabal praman upasthit kiya hai. unaka sabase b da praman hai, atma ki svayan siddhi arthath atma apana svat: praman hai. usako siddh karane ke lie kisi bahari praman ki avashyakata nahian hai. vah pratyagatma hai arthath usi se vishv ke samast padarthoan ka pratyay hota hai; praman bhi usi ke jnan ke vishay haian. at: usako janane mean bahari praman asamarth haian. parantu yadi kisi praman ki avashkata ho to, isake lie aisa koee nahian kahata ki ‘maian nahi hooan’. aisa kahane vala apane astitv ka hi nirakaran kar baithega. vastav mean jo kahata hai ki ‘maian nahi hooan’ vahi atma hai (yoasy nirakarta tadasy tadroopamh).

upadhiyaan

atma vastak mean brahma se abhinn aur sachchidanand hai. parantu maya athava avidya ke karan vah upadhiyoan mean lipt rahata hai. ye upadhiyaan haian-

1. mukhy pran (achetan shvas-prashvas)
2. man (indriyoan ki sanvedana ko grahan karane ka kendr ya madhyam)
3. indriyaan (karmendriy tatha jnanendriy)
4. sthool sharir aur
5. indriyoan ka vishay sthool jagat.

paanch avaran

atma (sopadhik) paanch avaranoan se veshtit rahata hai, jinhean kosh kahate haian. upanishadoan mean inaka vistrit varnan hai. ye nimnaankit haian-

1. annamay kosh (sthool sharir)
2. pranamay kosh (shvas-prashvas jo sharir mean gati utpann karata hai)
3. manomay kosh (sankalp-vikalp karane vala)
4. vijnanamay kosh (vivek karane vala) aur
5. anandamay kosh (du:khoan se mukti aur prasad utpann karane vala).

atma ki avasthaean

atmachetana mean atma ki gati sthool koshoan se sookshm koshoan ki or hoti hai. kintu vah sookshmatam anandamay kosh mean nahian, balki svayan anandamay hai. isi prakar chetana ki drishti se atma ki char avasthaean hoti haian-

1. jagrat- (jagane ki sthiti, jisamean sab indriyaan apane vishayoan mean raman karati rahati haian).
2. svapn- (vah sthiti jisamean indriyaan to so jati haian, kintu man kam karata rahata hai aur apane sansar ki svayan srishti kar leta hai).
3. sushupti- (vah sthiti, jisamean man bhi so jata hai, svapn nahian ata, kintu jagane par yah smriti bani rahati hai ki, niand achchhi tarah aee) aur
4. turiya- (vah sthiti, jisamean sopadhik athava koshaveshtit jivan ki sampoorn smritiyaan samapt ho jati haian.)

tin sthitiyaan

atma ki tin mukhy sthitiyaan haian-baddh, mumukshu aur mukt. baddhavastha mean vah sansar se lipt rahata hai. mumukshu ki avastha mean vah sansar se virakt aur moksh ki or unmukh rahata hai. muktavastha mean vah avidya aur ajnan se chhootakar apane svaroop ki upalabdhi kar leta hai. kintu muktavastha ki bhi do sthitiyaan haian-

1. jivanmukti aur
2. videhamukti

jab tak manushy ka sharir hai, vah prarabdh karmoan ka phal bhogata hai, jab tak bhog samapt nahian hote, sharir chalata rahata hai. is sthiti mean manushy apane saansarik kartavyoan ka anasakti ke sath palan karata rahata hai. jnanamoolak hone se ve atma ke lie bandhan nahian utpann karate.

sagunopasak bhakt darshanikoan ki maya, bandh aur moksh sambandhi kalpanaean nirgunopasak jnanamargiyoan se bhinn haian. bhagavan se jivatma ka viyog bandh hai. bhakti dvara jab bhagavan ka prasad prapt hota hai aur jab bhakt bhagavan se sayujy ho jata hai, tab bandh samapt ho jata hai. ve sayujy, samipy athava saloky chahate haian, apana poornavilay nahian, kyoanki vilay hone par bhagavan ke sayujy ka anand kaun uthayega? unake mat mean bhagavannishth hona hi atmanishth hona hai.

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

(pustak ‘hindoo dharmakosh’) prishth sankhya-73