आयोग

ayog (kamishan) se abhipray hai ki koee kartavy ya dayitv kisi vyakti ko sauanpane ki kriya, ya is prakar sauanpa hua kary ya dayitv, athava vishesh roop se koee adhikar ya prapatr, jo is prakar ke adhikar kisi vyakti ko kisi pad par kary karane ke lie pradan karata hai. is prakar 'ayog' shabd sena par prabhutv hetu aisi likhit adhikar ke lie prayukt hota hai, jo kisi rashtr ka sarvochch shasak, athava rashtrapati, sashastr sena ke pramukh senapati ke roop mean padadhikariyoan ko pradan karata hai. is shabd ka upayog isi prakar ke any aise adhikar patroan ke hetu bhi hota hai, jo shaanti banaye rakhane ke lie avashyak hote haian.

sena ayog

yah ayog kisi sainik karyalay mean desh seva hetu kary karane ka praman patr hota hai. is prakar ke pramanik vyakti ayukt adhikari kahe jate haian. ye ayog kisi desh ki kisi sainik sanstha mean prashikshan prapt karane ke pashchath‌ die jate haian. bharat mean sthal senadhikariyoan ko do prakar ke ayog pradan kie ge haian. 'bharatiy ayog' aur 'kanishth ayog'.

kanishth ayog

'kanishth ayog' ki visheshata yah hai ki yah keval bharat mean hi sainik adhikariyoan ko pradan kiya jata hai. any deshoan mean aisa nahian kiya jata. yah aangrezoan dvara praanrabh kiya gaya tha, kyoanki ve pratyaksh niyantran mean aur sena ke any padoan mean sanpark rakhane mean asamarth the. kiantu padadhikariyoan mean rashtriyakaran ke pashchath‌ bhi 'kanishth ayog' ko samapt nahian kiya gaya. adhikariyoan ko bharatiy ayog usi prakar prapt hota hai, jaise any deshoan mean aur isake lie kuchh prathamik yogyataean anivary hoti hai. 1871 ee. ke poorv tak ianglaiand mean sena ke kuchh sangathanoan, yatha abhiyanta, topakhana aur isi prakar ke kuchh any sainik pravidhik sangathanoan ko chho dakar shesh ayogoan ko kray kiya ja sakata tha.

shaantikal mean bharat aur ianglaiand mean, jin sainikoan ko ayog nahian prapt hua rahata tha, unhean niyamit pravidhik shiksha prapt karake, pariksha uttirn karake, uchit sanstuti hone par, ayog pradan kar diya jata hai. isake atirikt ayog prapt karane ke any kshetr vishvavidyalayoan aur k aaulejoan ke kedet kor, pramukh arakshik adhikari varg aur pradeshik sena haian. sanyukt rashtr sena mean, vest pvaiant ko chho dakar, niche ke padoan se hi tarakki di jati hai. un nagarikoan ko bhi ayog pradan kiya jata hai, jo pariksha mean uttirn hote haian, kiantu aisa tabhi sanbhav hai, jab vishesh roop se shiksha sansthaoan ke prashikshan 'kor' unaki sanstuti karean.

yuddhakal

yuddhakal mean ayog prapt karane ke lie anivary yogyataean shithil kar di jati haian. shaantikal mean ayog prapt karane ke lie prashikshan aur uchch pravidhik parikshaoan mean uttirn hona anivary hota hai, kiantu yuddhakal mean yogy vyaktiyoan ka bina prashikshan aur bina pravidhik pariksha mean uttirn hue bhi ayog pradan kiya jata hai. jab kisi nausena adhikari ko kisi yuddhapot ke upayog ka nirdesh diya jata hai, tab is ajnapatr ko bhi ayog kaha jata hai. jab yuddhapot sainikoan tatha shastroan se susajjit karake yuddh ke lie taiyar kiya jata hai, tab kaha jata hai ki yuddhapot ayojit kar diya gaya hai. jab koee vyakti apane karyalay ke kuchh karyoan ko sanpann karane ka kuchh vishesh vyaktiyoan ko adhikar deta hai, tab vah vyakti varg, jo shishtamandal ki bhaanti in karyoan ka nirvah karata hai, sadharan roop se 'ayog' kahalata hai aur ye vyakti us ayog ke sadasy kahe jate haian.

aantarrashtriy ayog

aantarrashtriy ayogoan ki bhi niyukti hoti hai. ye ayog sanbaddh rashtroan dvara unake bich ke jhag doan ko sulajhane, sima rekha ka nirnay karane ya any samasyaean sulajhane ke lie bhi niyukt hote haian. vyavasay mean ek vyakti doosare vyakti ko abhikarta ke roop mean kary karane ka ayog pradan karata hai. saman ya vastuean bikri ke lie abhikarta ko sauanp di jati haian. bikri se prapt dhan ka kuchh pratishat abhikarta ko parishramik ke roop mean diya jata hai. is pratishat parishramik ko aangreji mean kamishan karate haian, parantu hiandi mean ise 'dasturi' (adhat) kahate haian. parishramik ki dar vyavasayi aur abhikarta ke bich likhit ya maukhik roop se tay ki jati hai.

vidhi ayog

kisi vidhi (kanoon) ko lagoo karane ke lie avashyak soochanaean aur tathy ekatr karane ke nimitt 'vidhi ayog' ki yojana ki jati hai, jaisa is shatabdi ke poorvardh mean 'bharatiy vidhi ayog' mean kiya gaya tha. samajik, shaikshik adi vishesh mamaloan ki jaanch karane ke lie jo ayog sangathit kie jate haian, unaka namakaran niyukti ki shartoan ke adhar par kiya jata hai. adhikar-patr mean jaanch sanbandhi vishayoan ka bhali bhaanti spashtikaran kar diya jata hai. ayog nirman karane ke adhiniyamoan adi ki vyakhya karane vale is adhikarapatr ko 'nirdesh' kahate haian.

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