ऐंथ्रासाइट

aianthraasait koyale ki sabase achchhi kism hai. isaka rang kala hota hai, par hath mean lene par use kala nahian karata. isaki chamak adhatvik hoti hai. tootane par isake navin prishthoan mean se ek avatal aur doosara uttal dikhaee p data hai; ise hi shankhabh (kanak aauyadal) toot kahate haian. isamean bahudha vibhang samatal vidyaman rahate haian. isaki kathorata 0.5 se 2.5 tak tatha apekshik ghanatv 1.36 se 1.84 tak hota hai.

rasayanik gun –koyale ki any kismoan ki apeksha aianthraasait mean karban ki matra adhik tatha vashpashil padartho ki matra nagany hoti hai. peansilaveniya-aianthraasait mean 85 se 93 pratishat, sauth vels aianthraasait mean 88 se 95 pratishat, saiksani aianthraasait mean 81 pratishat tatha dakshini roos se prapt aianthraasait mean 94 pratishat tak karban prapt hota hai. isamean karban ke atirikt haidrojan, aksijan, naitrojan adi bhi vidyaman rahate haian. aianthraasait ki ausat rasayanik sanrachana nimnalikhit hai :

karban 93.50 pratishat

haidrojan 2.81

aksijan 2.72

naitrojan 0.97

aianthraasait kathinata se jalata hai, kiantu ek bar sulagane par samapti tak jalata rahata hai. lapat chhoti aur nili hone par bhi isaki ushmashakti atyadhik hoti hai. karban ki matra ke sath ushmashakti bhi badhati jati hai. ushmashakti ko kalari prati gram ya british ushmamatrak prati pauand mean likha jata hai. aianthraasait ki ushmashakti 14,000 se 15,000 british ushmamatrak prati pauand hoti hai. (british ushmamatrak ka tatpary tap ki us matra se hai jo 1 pauand pani ka tap 1roo faranahait badha de.) aianthraasait ki eedhan nishpatti 12 se adhik hoti hai.

upayog –poorvokt gunoan ke karan aianthraasait dhatviki udyogoan mean vishesh roop se prayukt hota hai. aihthraasait stav kamara garam karane ke lie vyavahrit hote haian. nidhoom hone ke karan bahut se gharoan mean isaka upayog eedhan ke roop mean bhi hota hai; par bituminayukti koyale ki apeksha adhik mahanga hone ke karan isaka ghareloo prayog kam hota ja raha hai.

utpatti –vanaspatiyoan ke roopaantaran ki prakriya mean kramanusar pit, lignait, bituminayukt koyala aur aianthraasait banata hai. bituminayukt koyala tap aur dab ke prabhav se aianthraasait ban jata hai. bahudha bahar se ghus anevali agney shilaoan ke tap ke prabhav se hi bituminayukt koyala aihthraasaia mean parivartit ho jata hai. kuchh aianthraasait nikshep mool vanaspatiyoan mean dabane se poorv jivanuoan dvara utpann parivartan ke phalasvaroop hi bane haian.

aianthraasait utpadan mean eshiya sansar ka agrani hai. eshiya ka lagabhag do tihaee aianthraasait chin ke shaansi pradesh mean hai. hunan (chin) mean aianthraasait star sadharanat: 15 phut mote haian, inamean se ek star to 50 phut mota hai. roos ka donetz pradesh aianthraasait ke lie vikhyat hai. sanyukt rashtr (amarika) ka sanpoorn aianthraasait apailaichiyan kshetr se prapt hota hai. peansilaveniya aur alaska ke aianthraasait nikshep isi kshetr ke aantargat ate haian. peansilaveniya ke uttari-poorvi bhag mean lagabhag 480 varg mil kshetraphal mean aianthraasait nikala jata hai.

gret briten vishv ke char b de koyala utpadakoan mean se ek hai. vahaan ka samast koyala uchch shreni ka hai. vels ka aianthraasait apane gunoan ke karan vishvavikhyat hai tatha videshoan mean isaki maang adhik hai. yahaan ke koyala staroan ki motaee 120 phut tak hai. bharatavarsh mean upalabdh adhikatar koyala uchchatam shreni ka nahian hai, parantu kashmir aur darjiliang ka koyala aianthraasait ke saman hi hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh