दूध

thumb|gilas mean doodh

• doodh ek aparadarshi safed pey padarth hai jo madaoan ke dugdh granthiyoan dvara banata hai. navajat shishu tab tak doodh par nirbhar rahata hai jab tak vah any padarthoan ka sevan karane mean aksham hota hai.
• doodh ek vijatiy padarth hai jisamean vasa, protin, dugdham, khanij padarth tatha any avayav ya to ghol ya nilamban ya payas ke roop mean sadaiv drav avastha mean pae jate haian.
• sadharanataya doodh mean 85 pratishat jal hota hai aur shesh bhag mean thos tattv yani khanij v vasa hota hai. gay-bhaians ke alava bazar mean vibhinn kanpaniyoan ka paikd doodh bhi upalabdh hota hai.
• doodh protin, kailshiyam aur raibophlevin (vitamin bi -2) yukt hota hai, inake alava isamean vitamin e, di, ke aur ee sahit ph aausphoras, maignishiyam, ayodin v kee khanij aur vasa tatha oorja bhi hoti hai. isake alava isamean kee eanjaim bhi hote haian. ahar visheshajnoan ki manean to ye sab poshak tatv hamari maansapeshiyoan aur haddiyoan ke gathan mean aham bhoomika nibhate haian. protin eantib aaudij ke roop mean kam karata hai aur hamean inphekshan se bachata hai.
• doodh mean nyoonatam vasa 3.5 pratishat aur vasa rahit thos 8.5 pratishat honi chahiye. doodh ka PH man 6.6 tatha kvathanaank 100 se 115 se.gre. hota hai.

mukhy avayav aur bhautik gun

doodh ke vibhinn vishleshanoan se pata chalata hai ki isamean vasa, protin, khanij lavan, dugdham adi mukhy avayav haian. in avayavoan ki matra vibhinn pashuoan tatha ek hi pashu mean vibhinn samayoan par bhinn-bhinn hota hai.

doodh ke bhautik gun

gun	doodh
svad	mitha
sugandh	samany
amlata	0.12 se 0.14 %
himaank	-0.52 °C se -0.56 °C
kloraidas	0.14 %
vartanaank	1.344 - 1.348
apekshik ghanatv	1.028 se 1.032
vidyut sanchalakata	0.005 mho
gadhapan	1.5 se 2.0 seanti pais

• ghi athava doodh ka pila rang kairotin ke karan hota hai.
• shuddh deshi ghi mean ek vishesh prakar ki sugandh daiesitil ke karan hoti hai.
• doodh mean kesin, elabyoomin tatha globin, tin pramukh prakar ke protin paye jate haian. isamean kesin ki matra sabase adhik hoti hai.
• kesin protin se 'lenital' ya lektophil tatha eralok nam ke dhage banaye jate haian.
• dugdham doodh mean paya jane vala mukhy karbohaidret hai.

paushtik ahar

doodh prakriti ka sabase paushtik ahar hai. isalie ise dharati ka amrit bhi kahate haian. manushy ke lie doodh sarvottam aur sanpoorn khady padarth hai. doodh manushy ki adhikaansh poshan avashyakataoan ki poorti karata hai. doodh vah ahar hai jo stanapayi praniyoan ko janm lete hi sabase pahale upalabdh hota hai. manav shishu to praranbhik 5-6 mah tak evan bad mean kuchh mah tak aanshik roop se mata ke doodh par hi nirbhar rahata hai. yah nishchit hai ki svasth maan ka doodh pine vala balak jitana svasth, sudaul aur hasht-pusht rahata hai, utana khana (bhojan) shuroo karane ke bad nahian rah pata. doodh ek aisa pey padarth jo asani se pach jata hai. doodh mean sharirik vriddhi karane vale, sharir ko shakti dene vale sabhi tattv vidyaman rahate haian. doodh shakti, vriddhi, kanti, bal, viry badhane vala hota hai. yah sharir ko thandak dete hue mal ko pravritt karata hai v pachan ko thik banae rakhane mean sahayak hota hai. doodh ayu badhakar yauvan ko adhik kal tak banae rakhata hai. doodh mean sharir ko shakti dene vale sabhi tatv kaphi matra mean pa jate haian. shakahariyoan ke lie doodh se badhakar koee paushtik vastu nahian hai. yadi maansahari ek kap doodh pie to donoan ki shakti saman hoti hai. doodh mean kailshiyam evan phasphoras kaphi matra mean pae jate haian. isase haddiyaan, daant, maansapeshiyaan majaboot hoti haian. manushy sirph doodh pikar janm se lekar vriddhavastha tak anandapoorvak jivan nirvah kar sakata hai. isake sevan se kisi prakar ke rog hone ki sanbhavana nahian rahati hai. doodh mean manushy sharir ke poshak tatv uchit matra mean vidyaman rahate haian. doodh ki sabase b di visheshata yah hai ki yah ek poorn pushtikarak ahar hote hue bhi bahut jaldi hajam ho jata hai. doodh kisi bhi halat mean nukasan nahian karata. har halat mean gunakari hota hai.

gay ka doodh

gay ke doodh mean prati gram 3.14 mili gram kolestr aaul hota hai. yogachary surakshit gosvami gay ke taja doodh ko hi uttam manate haian. anekanek chikatsakoan ka bhi manana hai ki gay ka doodh bhaians ki tulana mean dimag ke lie achchha hai, par iandiyan spainal ianjari seantar ke medikal dayarektar d aau. ech. es. chhab da ke anusar kuchh stadi batati haian ki gay ke doodh se behatar hai bhaians ka doodh. usamean kam kolestr aaul hota hai aur minaral zyada hote haian. gay ke doodh mean karbohaidret lektej ki matra 4% tatha vasa ki matra 4.5% hoti hai.

bhaians ka doodh

thumb|200px|doodh duhati mahila bhaians ke doodh mean prati gram 0.65 mili gram kolestr aaul hota hai. bhaians ke doodh mean gay ke doodh ki tulana mean 92 phisadi kailshiyam, 37 phisadi ayaran aur 118 phisadi ph aausphoras zyada hota hai. bhaians ke doodh mean karbohaidret lektej ki matra 4.9% tatha vasa ki matra 7% hoti hai.

vishisht doodh

toand dugdh

bhaians ke doodh mean pani milakar vasa tatha vasa rahit thos padarthoan ki matra kam kar diya jata hai tatha isamean punah sapreta doodh milakar vasa rahit thos padarthoan ko shuddh doodh ke barabar kar diya jata hai. is prakar bane doodh ko toand milk kahate haian.

dabal toand dugdh

yah bhi ek prakar ka toand milk hi hai lekin isamean vasa ki matra 1.5% tatha vasa rahit thos padarth ki matra 10% hoti hai. isamean sapreta doodh ki jagah sapreta doodh choorn ka prayog kiya jata hai. 

phlevard dugdh

isamean pashchurikrit doodh mean tho da mitha evan sugandh phlevard doodh ka nirman kiya jata hai, tatpashchath ise botaloan mean bharakar ise bazar mean becha jata hai. isaka poshak man pashchurikrit doodh se zyada hota hai kyoanki isamean chini evan sugandh donoan alag se milaya jata hai.

prabalikrit ya vitamin yukt dugdh

dugdh evan dugdh padarthoan mean vitamin-di ki matra milakar isaki poshan mahatta adhik ki jati hai. kuchh deshoan mean shuddh doodh ki jagah sapreta doodh hi bachchoan ko pine ko milata hai. aisi dasha mean bachchoan ke sharir mean vitamin e ki bhari kami ho jati hai. sapreta doodh mean vitamin e evan di milakar isaki gunavatta ko badhaya ja sakata hai. is prakar vitaminayukt doodh ko prabalikrit doodh kahate haian.

soyabin doodh

soyabin se bane doodh ko soyabin doodh kahate haian. soyabin protin ka achchha evan sasta strot hai. phalatah soyabin ke doodh mean bhi protin ki matra kafi hoti hai. yah doodh paushtikata se paripoorn hota hai.

sanghanit doodh

sanghanit athava vashpit vah doodh hai jisase jal ka kuchh bhag vashpikaran ke dvara alag kar diya jata hai. jab isamean chini mila di jati hai tab ise sanghanit doodh kahate haian. yadi chini n milaee jay to use vashpit doodh ya sada sanghanit doodh kahate haian.

doodh ka upayog

doodh ka sabase achchha upayog pina hai. doodh hamesha taja pina chahie. doodh ko 15-20 minat achchhi tarah ubal kar tatha thanda karake pina chahie. doodh ubalane se usake sabhi hanikarak kitanu nasht ho jate haian. doodh pine ka sabase achchha samay rat ko sote samay rahata hai. bhojan karane ke 2-3 ghante bad rat ko sote samay doodh pina chahie, jo vyakti sharirik roop se kamajor ho, unhean doodh thanda karake shahad dalakar pina chahie. jin vyaktiyoan ko kabj ki shikayat rahati hoan, unhean doodh mean munakka dalakar kuchh der ubalakar pina chahie, isase kabj se chhutakara milata hai. ja de ke dinoan mean ek gilas doodh mean ek-do aanjir dalakar ubalakar pine se doodh ki paushtikata mean vriddhi ho jati hai.

dugdh sansadhan

pasturikaran

yah vah prakriya hai jisamean doodh ko nishchit tapakram par ek nishchit nishchit samay tak rakhakar isamean upasthit prayah sabhi jivanuoan ko nasht kar diya jata hai. is bat ka vishesh dhyan rakha jata hai ki doodh ki poshan mahatta tatha krim leyar par koee prabhav n p de. is prakriya mean samany taur par doodh ko 600°C par 20 minat tak rakha jay to usake sabhi vyadhijan jivanu nasht ho jate haian. yah vidhi isake khojakarta luee pashchar ke nam par jani jati hai.

nirjivikaran

nirjivikaran ka tatpary doodh ko garm karake jivanu rahit karana hai. isake lie doodh ko 30 minat tak 93.3°C - 94.40°C tapakram par rakhate haian. yadyapi isamean doodh poornataya nirjavikrit to nahian ho pata phir bhi jivanuoan ki matra kam ho jati hai. isase doodh ko lambe samay tak sangrahit kar rakha ja sakata hai.

samaangikaran

is vidhi mean doodh ki vasa golikaoan ko chhote-chhote kanoan mean khandit kar diya jata hai. taki doodh ko sangrah karate samay usake oopar krim leyar ke roop mean ekatrit n hoan sakean aur sare doodh mean saman roop se bikhare rah sakean. isake lie pahale doodh ko 37.70°C se 480°C tap par garm karane ke bad isaka tapakram 600°C se 650°C kar diya jata hai aur is tap par isako samaangikaran yantr dvara 2000 se 2500 paund prati varg ianch ka dabav dalate haian. is doodh ko punah 1/10000 ianch ke chhidr se bahar nikalate haian phalatah vasa golikaean chhote-chhote kanoan mean vibhakt ho jati haian.

dugdh utpad

krim

yah ek prakar ka doodh hota hai jisamean vasa ki matra badh jati hai tatha pani ki matra kam ho jati hai. krim mean vasa ka koee nirdharit star nahian hota hai phir bhi bazar mean beche jane vale krim mean vasa ki matra 45% se adhik hoti hai. krim ka rang adhik pila hota hai. isaka karan krim mean vasa ki adhikata hona hai. vasa mean vitamin e, jo kairotin se prapt hota hai poornatah ghulanashil hota hai isalie kairotin evan jaianthophil ke karan krim ka rang pila hota hai. krim ko samany taur par gurutvakarshan vidhi athava apakendri vidhi se doodh se nikala jata hai.

makkhan

makkhan bhi ek prakar ka dugdh utpad hai jo gay- bhaians tatha any stanadhari pashuoan ke doodh ya krim ko mathane se prapt hota hai. isamean vasa 80% se kam aur 20% se adhik any padarth jaise-pani, namak tatha annanatoranjak nahian honi chahie. sath hi pani ki matra 16% se adhik nahian honi chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh