बाँध
baandh (aangrezi: Dam) ek avarodh hai, jo jal ko bahane se rokata hai aur ek jalashay banane mean madad karata hai. baandh se badh ane se to rukati hi hai, isake sath hi isamean jama kiya gaya jal sianchaee, jalavidyut, peyajal ki apoorti, nauvahan adi mean bhi sahayak hota hai. bharat mean tihari baandh, bhakh da baandh, saradar sarovar baandh tatha hirakund baandh adi kaphi b de haian aur krishi mean sianchaee tatha jalavidyut adi ke utpadan ke lie b de hi mahattvapoorn haian.
kya hai baandh
baandh nahar athava nadi par jal ke pravah ko rokane ka ek avarodh hai, tatha isako kee prayojanoan ke lie upayog kiya ja sakata hai. baandh laghu, madhyam tatha b de ho sakate haian. b de baandhoan ka nirman karana adhik jatil hota hai, jisase atyadhik kary, shakti, samay tatha dhan kharch hota hai. baandh ka nirman kankrit, chattanoan, lak di athava mitti se bhi kiya ja sakata hai. bhakh da baandh, saradar sarovar, tihari baandh ityadi b de baandhoan ke udaharan haian. ek baandh ki isake pichhe ke pani ke bhar ko vahan karane ki kshamata ati avashyak hoti hai. baandh par dhakele jane vali jal ki matra ko jal-dab kahate haian. jal-dab jal ki gaharaee ke sath badhata hai. isake parinamasvaroop kee baandhoan ka tal chau da hota hai, jisase yah satah ke kaphi niche bahubhaga mean bahane vale jal ka bhar vahan kar sakean.[1]
baandhoan ki avashyakata
baandhoan ka upayog sianchaee, pine ka pani, bijali banane tatha punah srijan ke lie jal ke bhandaran mean hota hai. baandhoan se badh ke niyantran mean bhi sahayata milati hai. baandh ke jalashay se pine ka pani prapt kar sakate haian athava baandh ke jalashay ke jal se sianchit kshetroan ke khady padarthoan ka sevan kar sakate haian athava jal vidyut sayantr se utpann bijali prapt kar sakate haian. nadi ka jal baandhoan ke pichhe uthata hai tatha kritrim jhiloan ka nirman karata hai, jo jalashay kahalate haian. sanchayan kie ge jal ko vidyut nirman athava gharoan tatha udyogoan mean jal ki apoorti sianchaee athava nauvahan mean upayog kiya ja sakata hai. jalashay, machhali pak dane tatha khelane ke lie bhi achchhe sthan haian.
prakar
baandh ke nirman tatha abhikalp mean upayog ki gee samagri ke adhar par baandh kee prakar ke hote haian. ek baandh dvara kitana pani uthaya jae tatha ise kitana b da evan shaktishali banaya jae, isaka pata lagane ke lie abhiyantaoan dvara m aaudaloan tatha kampyootaroan ka upayog kiya jata hai. tab ve nirnay le sakate haian ki kis prakar ke baandh ka abhikalp kiya jae. baandh ke prakar banae jane vale baandh ke sthan, samagri, tapaman, mausam avasthaoan mitti evan chattan kism tatha baandh ke akar par nirbhar karate haian.
gurutv baandh kankrit se bane bahut b de evan vajanadar baandh hote haian. is tarah ke baandhoan ka nirman ek b di nianv par kiya jata hai tatha inake vajanadar hone se in par jal ke bahav ka asar nahian hota. gurutv baandhoan ko keval takatavar chattani nianv par hi banaya ja sakata hai. adhikaansh gurutv baandhoan ka nirman mahanga hota hai, kyoanki inake lie kaphi kankrit ki avashyakata hoti hai. bhakh da baandh, kankrit gurutv baandh hai.
chap baandh kenyan ki divaroan ki sahayata se banae jate haian. chap baandh ka nirman jal ki or mudi chap ki bhaanti kiya jata hai. chap baandh sankari, chattani sthanoan ke lie uttam hai. chap baandh ko keval sankari kenyan mean hi banaya ja sakata hai, jahaan chattani divarean kathor evan dhaluaan hoti hai. baandh dvara dhakele jane vala jal baandh ke lie sahayata karata hai. bharat mean keval iddooki baandh hi ek chap baandh hai.
tatabandh baandh prayah mitti ke baandh athava r aaukaphil baandh hote haian. yah mitti tatha chattan ke bane vishal akar ke baandh hote haian, jisamean jal ke tej bahav ko rok sakean. inamean chattanoan ki dararoan se hone vale jal ke risav ko rokane ke lie mitti athava kankrit ki parat ka istemal kiya ja sakata hai. chooanki mitti kankrit ki bhaanti shaktishali nahian hoti, mitti ke baandh akar mean kaphi mote hote hai. tihari baandh , r aaukaphil baandh ka ek udaharan hai.
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