लॉर्ड रिपन
lard ripan, jisaka poora nam j aaurj fredarik saimual rabinsan tha, 1880 se 1884 ee. tak bharat ka gavarnar-janaral tatha vaisaray tha. glaidaston ki bhaanti ripan ka bhi rajanitik drishtikon udar tha, jisake karan vah lokapriy shasak siddh hua.
udar drishtikon
bharat mean ate hi sarvapratham usane dvitiy afagan yuddh samapt kara diya aur abdurrahaman ko afaganistan ka amir banakar vahaan se samast british senaean vapas bula lian. bharat ke antarik shasan mean sudhar karane ke vichar se usane udar drishtikon apanaya. phalasvaroop sharab, spirit, shastr aur gola-barood sadrish kuchh tho di si vastuoan ko chho dakar usane mukt vyapar pranali ko prachalit kiya tatha namak par lage kar mean bhi kami kar di. usane british sarakar ko is bat par razi karane ka asaphal prayas kiya ki jin ziloan ka sarvekshan ho chuka ho, vahaan vastuoan ki moolyavriddhi ko chho dakar any kisi dasha mean kar-vriddhi n ki jae.
ripan ki nitiyaan
ripan ne pratyek tahasil mean aisi sthaniy parishadoan ka nirman karaya, jinamean janata dvara chune ge pratinidhi sarakari anudan mean prapt dhanarashi ko sthaniy s dakoan adi ki marammat, pahare ki vyavastha tatha any sarvajanik avashyakataoan ki poorti mean laga sakean. usane zila bordoan ki sthapana karake unhean shiksha, sarvajanik nirman tatha any sarvajanik karyoan ka prabandh-bhar sauanp diya. jin nagaroan mean nagarapalikaoan ka gathan ho chuka tha, vahaan usane gair-sarakari adhyaksh chune jane ki pratha chalaee. lard litan dvara 1878 ee. mean parit varnakyoolar pres ekt radd kar diya, jisase deshi bhashaoan mean prakashit hone vale samachar patroan ko bhi aangrezi patroan ki bhaanti svatantrata prapt huee. usane shiksha ke kshetr mean hantar kamishan ke sujhavoan ke adhar par prathamik aur madhyamik vidyalayoan mean sudhar sambandhi niti ko svikriti de di. 1881 ee. mean ripan ne maisoor ke bantavare ko manyata di aur rajy ka shasan vahaan ke raja ko is shart par sauanp diya ki shasan kary sucharu evan uttam riti se chalaya jae.
ilbart bil
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1881 ee. mean hi bharatiy karakhanoan ke shramikoan ki sthiti sudharane ke lie ek qanoon bana, jisake dvara nabalig balakoan ki suraksha hetu anek kary ke ghantoan ke nirdharan evan khataranak mashinoan ke charoan or bachav hetu samuchit raksha vyavastha tatha nirikshakoan ki niyukti ka pravadhan kiya gaya. kintu sudharoan ki drishti se usaka sabase mahatvapoorn kary 1883 ee. ka ilbart bil tha. jisake dvara nyay ke kshetr mean rangabhed ko door karane ka prayas kiya gaya tha. is bil ke dvara bharatiy nyayadhishoan ko bhi yooropiy nyayadhishoan ki bhaanti yooropiyanoan ke faujadari vadoan ki sunavaee ka adhikar diye jane ka sujhav tha. kintu is bil (prastav) ka yooropiyan tatha eangloindiyan samuday ke dvara itana adhik virodh kiya gaya ki bil ki dharaoan mean vishesh parivartan karake hi use parit kiya gaya aur rangabhed bana hi raha. phir bhi aisa prastav rakhane matr se bharatiy janata mean lard ripan ki lokapriyata kafi badh gee.
tyagapatr
1884 ee. mean tyagapatr dekar prasthan karate samay bharatiyoan ne use saik doan abhinandan patr dekar sammanit kiya aur shimala se bambee (vartaman mumbee) tak ki yatra ke dauran sthan-sthan par use bhavabhini vidaee di gee.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
(pustak 'bharatiy itihas kosh') prishth sankhya-411