तारामंडल

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is lekh ka punarikshan evan sampadan hona avashyak hai. ap isamean sahayata kar sakate haian. "sujhav"

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thumb|250px|taramandal khagolashastr mean akash mean dikhane vale kuchh lagabhag barabar chamakile taroan ke aise samooh ko kahate haian, jo hamean ek-ek tal mean sthit dikhate haian, taramandal kahalate haian. jo akash ko vibhinn bhagoan mean baant dete haian. itihas mean vibhinn sabhyataoan nean akash mean taroan ke bich mean kalpit rekhaean khianchakar kuchh akritiyaan pratit ki haian jinhean unhoanne nam de die. taramandaloan mean se kuchh ke nam kisi jiv ki akriti se samy hone ke adhar par rakhe gai haian. yadyapi aise kuchh taroan mean sadharanat: spasht samy nahian pratit hota, tathapi unamean tho di bhi kalpana ka yog karane se hai unake nam ke jivoan ki akriti spasht ho jati hai. adhikaansh taramandaloan ka varnan milata hai, tathapi unake aantararashtriy nam yoonani jyotishi, t aaulimi ki pustak ailmajest (Almagest) ke adhar par hai. inhoanne namoan ki us soochi ko apane poorvavarti jyotishi hiparkas (Hipparchus) se prapt kiya tha, kiantu isaka yah abhipray nahian ki taramandaloan ke nam yoonan moolak hai. prachin sangrahalayoan mean soorakshit mitti ki pattiyoan ke adhyayan se pata chala hai ki yoophretiyan logoan (Euphratean) mean pahale se hi taramandaloan ke adhyayan ki pratha thi. baibiloniya ke nivasiyoan ko 36 taramandal (12 uttari golardh ke, 12 rashichakroan tatha 12 dakshini golardh ke) jnat the. paranpara se yah pratha sandarbh milate haian. aratas (Aratus) namak yoonani (ee. poo. tritiy shatak) ne apane granth phin aaumina (Phenomina) mean sarvapratham 44 taramandaloan ka ullekh kiya hai, jinamean 19 uttari golardh ke, 13 rashichakr ke tatha 12 dakshini golardh ke haian. hiparkas ke poorv krittika nakshatr (Pleiades) ko ek svatantr taramandal mana jata tha, par inhoanne isaka aantarbhav vrish pustak mean 48 taramandaloan ke nam haian. t aaulimi ke bad taramandaloan ki or vishesh dhyan eesa ki 17vian shatabdi mean diya gaya, jab baar (Bayer), hiviliyas (Hevelius) prabhriti jyotishiyoan ne dakshini golardh ke bahut se upekshit taramandaloan ka adhyayan karake unaka namakaran kiya tatha prachin jyotishiyoan dvara adhoore dhang se varnit taramandaloan ko suvyavasthit kiya. 18vian shatabdi ke madhy mean la kaili namak jyotishi ne dakshini golardh mean 14 taramandaloan ke namoan ki vriddhi ki tatha nauka (Argo Navis) namak taramandal ko nautal (Carina), malas (vartaman naudik soochak, Pysus), naupath (Puppis) tatha nauvastr (Vela) mean baant diya. tab se kisi ne taramandal ko manyata nahian mili hai.

prachin bharat mean ek mrigashirsh nam ka taramandal bataya gaya hai, jise yoonani sabhyata mean orayan kahate haian, jisaka arth "shikari" hai. prachin bharat mean taramandaloan ko nakshatr kaha jata tha. adhunik kal ke khagolashastr mean taramandal unhian taroan ke samoohoan ko kaha jata hai jin samoohoan par aantarrashtriy star par aantarrashtriy khagoliy sangh mean sahamati ho. adhunik yug mean kisi taroan ke taramandal ke ird-gird ke kshetr ko bhi usi taramandal ka nam de diya jata hai. is prakar poore khagoliy gole ko alag-alag taramandaloan mean vibhajit kar diya gaya hai. agar yah batana ho ki koee khagoliy vastu ratri mean akash mean kahaan milegi to yah bataya jata hai ki vah kis taramandal mean sthit hai. dhyan rahean ki kisi taramandal mean dikhane vale tare aur any vastuean prithvi se dekhane par bhale hi ek-doosare ke samip lagean lekin zaroori nahian hai ki aisa vastav mean bhi ho. jis tarah door dekhane par do paha d ek-doosare ke nazadik lag sakate haian lekin samip jane par pata chalata hai ke unamean bahut fasala hai aur ek paha d vastav mean doosare paha d se miloan pichhe hai.

28 taramandaloan (nakshatroan) ka upayog to hamare pandit panchaang banane tatha padhane mean kundaliyaan banane, tyohar aur muhurt adi nikalane mean karate haian. taramandaloan ke nam puranoan mean rochak kathaoan ke roop mean bhi ate haian. hamare kisan bhi inaka upayog mausam ya tithiyaan janane ke lie karate ae haian.

vibhinn bhashaoan mean taramandal ka nam

"taramandal" ko sanskrit mean "nakshatr" kahate the, aur vibhinn bharatiy bhashaoan mean isake lie aj bhi yah shabd prayog hota hai. taramandal ko aangrezi mean "k aaunstॅleshan" (constellation) aur arabi mean "majamua-al-najoom" (مجمع النجوم) kahate haian.

taramandaloan ke taroan ke nam

aantarashtriy pranali mean, avarohakram se chamakile taroan ke nam taramandal ke pahale yoonani aksharoan ko akaradi kram se rakhakar vyakt kie jate haian, jaise ailpha erij (Aris) ka arth hai, mesh taramandal ka sabase chamakila tara. jab yunani akshar samapt ho jate haian to roman varnamala ke laghu aksharoan ka prayog kiya jata hai. chal taroan ko vyakt karane ke liye taramandaloan ke nam ke poorv roman varnamala ke b de aksharoan ar (R), es (S) ti (T) adi ka prayog kiya jata hai. kam chamakile taroan ko vyakt karane ke liye aankoan ka prayog kiya jata hai. palaimastid ki 1725 ee. mean prakashit tarasoochi ke aankoan ko vyavaharat: manyata prapt ho gee hai. jo tare us soochi mean nahian haian unake liye hi any tarasoochiyoan ki sankhyaoan ko manyata mili hai.

taramandaloan ki simaean

sanh‌ 1801 mean bode (Bode) ne taramandaloan ki simaean nirdharit kian. kiantu yah simanirdharan pramanik nahian tha, kyoanki isake anusar vibhinn soochiyoan mean upalabdh simavarti tare prithakh‌ taramandaloan mean p d jate the. is kathinaee ko door karane ke liye sanh 1930 mean atanrashtriy jyotish sangh ne in simaoan ka pramanik nirdharan kiya.

taramandaloan ka vitaran

taramandal tin kshetroan mean vibhajit haian:- a rashichakr ke taramandal, b rashichakr tatha uttari dhruv ke madhyavarti taramandal aur s rashichakr tatha dakshini dhruv ke madhyavarti taramandal. inake vivaran mean taroan ke bad koshth mean diya janevala aank unaki drishy kaanti ka soochak hai. taramandal ke nam ke turant bad ki likhi tithi unake uttar yamyottaragaman ko soochit karati hai.

a rashichakr ke taramandal

a rashichakr ke taramandal (Zodiaca constellations) - inaki 12 sankhya prasiddh hai. rashichakr ki yah pratham prakar rashichakr ke taramandaloan ki sankhya 13 ho jayegi. yadi ham vamavart se (anticlockwise) lean to rashichakr ke taramandal is prakar hai:

1. mesh (Aries) - 30 aktoobar; yah trikon, tirmigal tatha min ke madhy mean sthit hai rashichakr ki yah pratham rashi hai.
2. vrish (Taurus) - 30 navanbar; yah mesh, parashu, mrig tatha prajapati ke padhy mean hai. alasyon (1) isake mukhy tare haian.
3. mithun (Gemini) - 5 janavari; yah prajapati, mrig tatha dhghushvan ke bhitar sthit hai. isake mukhy bare kestar (1) tatha p aaulaks (1) haian.
4. kark (Cancer) - 30 janavari; yah p aaulaks tatha magh ke madhy mean sthit hai. isamean chamakile tare nahian haian.
5. sianh (Leo) - 1 march; isake tare chamakile haian. magha (1) kraantivritt par sthit haian.
6. kanya (Virgo) - 11 aprail; yah kak, vasuki, sarp tatha bhootesh ke madhy mean sthit hai. isaka mukhy tara chitra (1) hai.
7. tula (Libra) - 9 mee; yah katya, vrik (Lupus) tatha vrishchik ke madhy sthit hai. patang ki akriti ka hai.
8. vrishchik (Scorpio) - 30 joon; yah sarpadhar tatha sarp ke dakshin mean sthit vrishchik ke akar ka hai. isaka jyeshtha tara (1) vishal hai
9. dhanu (Sagittarius) - 7 julaee; yah vrishchik tatha garu d (Aquila) ke madhy mean sithat hai. hamari akashaganga ke keandr ki disha bhi isi taramandal mean hai!
10. makar (Scorpio) - 8 agast; yah taramandal garu d, dhanu, dakshini min tatha min ke madhy mean sthit hai.
11. kuanbh (Aquarius) - 25 agast; yah vishal taramandal khagashv (Pegasus) ke dakshin mean sthit haian.
12. min (Pisces) - 27 sitanbar; yah taramandal khagashv se niche kuanbh se lekar mesh tak phaila hua taroan ki rekha sa hai.
13. sarpadhar (Ophiuchus) - 11 joon; yah vishuvadh vritt ko katate hue vrishchik tatha dhanu ke madhy se jata hai.

b rashichakr tatha uttari dhruv ke madhyavarti taramandal

b rashichakr tatha uttari dhruv ke madhyavarti taramandal - inaki sankhya 28 hai, jinaka vivaran nimnalikhit hai:

1. laghu sianh (Leo Minor) - 23 pharavari; sianh ke hansue se thik oopar dhuandhale taroan ki ek laghu rekha sa dikhaee deta hai.
2. saptarshi (Ursa Major) - 11 march; isake sat tare saptarshiyoan ke pratik mane jate haian. rritu (1) tatha pulah (2) tare diksoochak haian.
3. laghu saptarshi (Ursa Minor) - 13 mee; yah khagoliy dhruv ke ati samip hone ke karan uttar disha ka soochak hai. dhruvatara (2) isaki pooanchh ka aantim tara hai. dhruvatara tatha doosara chamakila tara kokav (2) ki disha mean bhootesh (Bootes) taramandal hai.
4. vidal (Lynx) - 19 joon; mithun tatha saptarshi ke bich dhuandhale taroan ki lanbi pankti sa hai
5. prajapati (Auriga) - 21 disanbar; vrish tatha mithun ke madhy, unase uttar ki or sthit hai. akashaganga (galaxy) isamean se hokar jati hai. chamakila tara brahmahriday (Capella) mrig tatha dhruv ke madhy mean hai.
6. chitrosht (Camelopardalis) - 23 sitanbar; dhruv (Polaris) tatha brahmahriday (Capella), ke madhyavarti dhuandhale taroan ka taramandal hai.
7. parashu (Perseus) - 7 navanbar; akashaganga ki peti mean sthit yah taramandal vrish, prajapati tatha kashyapi (Cassiopeia) se ghira hai. isaka mukhy mirphak (1) hai tatha alagool (Algol) (2) prasiddh chal tara (grahanakari yugmatara) hai.
8. trikon (Triangulum) - 23 aktoobar; yah tribhujakar taramandal meansh, parashu tatha devayani (Andromeda) ke madhy mean sthit hai.
9. devayani (Andromeda) - 9 aktoobar; yah kashyapi ke thik niche khagashv (Pegasus), min tatha trikon se ghira hai. isaka pratham tara alpharaj (Alpheratz) (2), khagashv ke varg ke uttar-poorv kon ka shirsh biandu hai. isaki chakshudrishy niharika sarpil akar ki akashaganga (spiral galaxy) hai.
10. kashyapi (Cassiopeia) - devayani se thik oopar tatha dhruvatara ke niche, akashaganga mean nimagn, yah taramandal roman lipi ke dablyoo (W) akshar ke akar ka hai.
11. khagashv (Pegasus) - 1 sitanbar; devayani ke niche sthit hai. isake vargakar tare dhyanakarshak haian.
12. sarat (Lacerta) - 28 agast; khagashv ke oopar sthit dhuandhala taramandal hai.
13. kapish (Capheus) - 29 sitanbar; yah kashyapi, hans tatha dhruvatara ke madhy sthit hai. akashaganga isamean hokar jati hai. isaka chaturth tara siphid chal taroan ka pratinidhi hai.
14. hans (Cygnus) - 30 julaee; yah hans ke niche akashaganga ke viral bhag mean sthit hai. akashaganga isase hokar jati hai. isaka pratham tara deneb (Deneb), (1) hai.
15. lomash (Vulpecula) - 25 julaee; yah hans ke niche akashaganga ke viral bhag mean sthit hai.
16. ban (Sagitta) - 16 julaee; yah lomash tatha garu d ke altayar (Altair) tare ke madhy mean sthit hai.
17. garu d (Aquila) - yah ban ke niche sthit hai. akashaganga isase hokar jati hai. isaka pratham tara altayar (Altair) (1), hans ka deneb tatha vina (Lyra) ka abhijit (Vega), ye tinoan chamakile tare ek tribhuj banate haian.
18. samudramin (Delphinus) - 31 julaee; yah garu d ke poorv mean akashaganga ke niche paanch taroan ke guchchh ke saman dikhaee deta hai.
19. ashv (Equuleus) - 8 agast; yah khagashv tatha samudramin ke madhyvrati, atyant samipavarti taroan ke tribhuj ke akar ka hai.
20. sarp (Serpens) - 6 joon; ise sarpadhar prithakh puchchh aur sir, do bhagoan mean poornataya baantata hai. isake sir ke uttar mean uttar kirit (Coroa Borealis) tatha poorv mean bhim (Hercu'es) sarpadhar haian. isaki pooanchh sarpadhar haian. isaki pooanchh sarpadhar tatha garu d ke madhy mean hai. isake donoan bhag vishuvadavrit (Celestial Equator) se hokar jate haian.
21. dhal (Sectum) - 1 julaee; yah sarp garu d tatha dhanu ke bich mean sthit hai.
22. vina (Lyra) - 4 julaee; yah hans tatha bhim ke madhy sthit hai. isaka ati chamakila tara abhijit (1) hai. isaka ar-ar-laira tara apane varg ke alpakalik (short period) taroan ka pratinidhi hai.
23. bhim (Hercules) - 13 joon; yah vina, sarpadhar tatha uttar kirit ke madhy mean sthit hai. isake char chamakile taroan se ek chaturbhuj banata hai
24. uttar kirit (Corona Borealis) - 19 mee; yah bhootesh tatha bhim ke madhy taroan se vrittaddh ki akriti banata hai.
25. kaliy (Draco) - 24 mee; yah uttar kirit, bhim tatha bhootesh se uttar tatha laghu saptarshi ke niche sthit, akarshak tatha vistrit taramandal hai.
26. bhootesh (Bootes) - 2 mee; kanya (Virg) uttar kirit tatha saptarshi (Ursa Major) se ghire hue is taramandal ka pratham svati (Arcturus) (1) uttari golarth ke atyant chamakile taroan mean tritiy sthan rakhata hai.
27. mrigaya-shvan (Canes Venatici) - 7 aprail, yah mrigayashvan tatha kanya ke madhy mean sthit hai.
28. kesh (Coma Berenices) - 2 aprail, yah mrigayashvan tatha kanya ke madhy mean sthit hai.

s rashichakr tatha dakshini dhruv ke madhyavarti taramandal

s rashichakr tatha dakshini dhruv ke madhyavarti taramandal - inaki sankhya 47 hai. ye nimnalikhit haian.

1. mrig (Orion) - 13 disanbar; yah sab taramandaloan se adhik chamakila hai. isake char chamakile tare raijel (Rigel) (1), tatha saiph (Saiph) (2) haian. chaturbhujakar chamakile taroan ke bichoan bich tin chamakile taroan ki ek rekha si hai, jo pauranik kalpananusar vyadh ka shar hai.
2. shash (Lepus) - 14 disanbar; yah mrig se ke niche, mrig (Orion) tatha kapot (Columba) ke madhy mean sthit hai.
3. tank (Caelum) - 1 disanbar; yah shash ke dakshin, kapot tatha asimin ke madhy, pratham tatha chaturth tare se laghu saral rekhakar dikhaee deta hai.
4. asimin (Dorado) - 17 disanbar; yah mrig se ati dakshin shash ki disha mean sthit hai.
5. jal (Reticulum) - 19 navanbar; yah asimin tatha jalasarpini ke madhy mean sthit hai.
6. jalasarpini (Hydrus) - 26 aktoobar; yah jal ke dakshin shash ki disha mean sthit hai.
7. horamapi (Horologium) - 10 navanbar; yah vaitarani, shash tatha jalasarpini ke madhy mean sthit hai.
8. vaitarani (Eridanus) - 10 navanbar; yah mrig ke raijel tare se praranbh hokar jolar tirmigal (Cursa) tak phaili huee taroan ki dhumavadar vishal nadi si hai. isake mukhy tare haian: akharanar (Achernar) (1) tatha karsa (Cursa) (3).
9. bhrasht (Fornax) - 2 navanbar; yah vaitarani, tirmigal tatha gdhrria (Phoenix) ke madhy sthit hai.
10. tirmigal (Cetus) - 1 aktoobar; yah vaitarani, bhrasht, shilpi tatha min (Pisces) ke madhy sthit hai. isake mukhy tare meankar (Menkar) tatha diphada (Difda) (2) haian. isaka tara mira (Mira) dirdhakalik chal tara hai.
11. shilpi (Sculptor) - 26 sitanbar; yah tirmigal, gdhrri tatha dakshin min (Piscis Australis) se ghira hai.
12. gridh (Phoenix) - 4 aktoobar; vaitarani (Eridanus), chakravak (Tucana) tatha bak (Grus)ke madhy sthit hai. isaka mukhy tara nair al zaurak (Nair al Zaurak) haian.
13. chakravak (Tucana) - 17 sitanbar; yah jalasarpini, bak tatha gdhrriaan ke bich sthit hai.
14. ashtaanshak (Octans) - isamean dakshin dhruv (South Pole) hai. at: yah dakshini golardh ka sadodit taramandal hai.
15. bak (Grus) - 28 agast; yah dakshin min tatha chakravak ke madhy mean sthit hai. isaka mukhy tara al naiyar (Al Nair) (2) hai.
16. dakshin min (Piscis Austrialis) - 25 agast; makar (Capricornus) ke dakshin mean isaka pratham tara phamalahat (Fomalhaut) (1) khagashv ke varg ke dahini bhuja ke taroan ki disha mean hai.
17. sookshmadarshi (Microscopium) - 4 agast; yah dhanu (Sagittarius), makar tatha dakshin min ke madhy mean sthit dhuandhala taramandal hai.
18. siandhu (Indus) - 12 agast; yah makar ke dakshin mean brik (Lupns) tatha dhanu se ghira hai.
19. mayoor (Pavo) - 15 julaee; yah dhanu ke dakshin mean hai, jisaka mukhy tara mayoor (Peacock) (2) hai.
20. dooradarshi (Telescopium) - 10 joolaee; yah dhanu ke dakshin tatha mayoor se oopar dhuandhala taramandal hai.
21. dakshin kirit (Corona Australis) - 30 joon; yah dhanu tatha dooradarshi ke madhy dhuandhale taroan ke vrittardh ke akar ka hai.
22. vedi (Ara) - 10 joon yah vrishchik (Scorpio) ki pooanchh ke niche akarshak taramandal hai. isaka koochh bhag akashaganga mean hai.
23. guniya (Norma) - 19 mee; vrishchik ke dakshin mean dhuandhale taroan ke gunie jaisa dikhaee p data hai.
24. dakshin trikon (Triangulum Australis) - 23 mee; yah vrishchik ke ati dakshin chamakile taroan ke tribhuj ke akar ka hai.
25. khag (Apus) - 21 mee; yah dakshin tribhuj kon ke dakshin mean ashtaanshak (Octans) tatha mayoor (Pavo) se ghira hai.
26. brik (Lupus) - 9 mee; yah tula ke niche chamakile taroan ka taramandal hai.
27. parakar (Circinus) - 30 aprail; yah brik se dakshin, dakshin trikon tatha kinnar ke madhy sthit dhuandhale taroan ki laghu rekha sa hai.
28. kinnar (Centaurus) - 30 march; yah kanya ke dakshin chamakila taramandal hai. isaka pratham tara rijal keantaras (Rigil Kentaurus) (1) ati chamakila hai tatha prithvi ke nikatatam taroan mean hai.
29. svastik (Crux) - 28 march; yah kinnar ke pratham tatha dvitiy taroan ke nikat pashchim mean, chamakile taroan ke kras (+) ke akar ka hai. isake samip akashaganga ke pradesh mean taroan ka abhav hai.
30. makshika (Musca) - 30 march; yah svastik ke thik dakshin mean sthit hai.
31. kak (Corvus) - 28 march; yah kanya ke niche, samabhuj chaturbhuj ke akar ka hai.
32. chashak (Crater) - 12 march; yah sianh ke tribhuj ke niche, kak ke dahini or sthit hai.
33. vasuki (Hydra) - 15 march; yah kark (Cancer) ke niche char samipavarti taroan ke samooh se shuroo hokar, chitra (Spica) tak phaila hai. isaka pratham tara alaphard (Alphard) [2] madha (Regulus) ke niche hai.
34. shashthaank (Sextans) - 22 pharavari; yah sianh ke hansue ke niche vasuki tatha chashak ke madhy mean sthit hai.
35. aiantaliya (Antlia) - 24 pharavari; yah vasuki ke dakshin, vasuki tatha nauvastr ke madhy mean hai.
36. nauvastr (Vela) - 13 pharavari; yah aiantaliya ke dakshin, akarshak taramandal hai. isaka kuchh bhag akashaganga mean hai.
37. naupath (Puppis) - 8 janavari; yah vrihath‌van (Canis Major) ke dakshin mean hai. isaka kuchh bhag akashaganga mean hai.
38. nautal (Carina) - 31 janavari; yah naupath ke dakshin mean hai. isaka pratham tara agasty (Canopus) chamak ke vichar se doosare sthan par hai.
39. krikalas (Chamaeleon) - 1 march; yah nauvastr ke ati dakshin mean, makshika tatha khag se ghira hai.
40. volaianj (Volans) - 18 janavari; yah krikalas tatha naupath ke madhy mean sthit hai.
41. chitrak (Pictor) - 16 disanbar; yah nautal tatha asimin ke madhy mean sthit hai.
42. naudikasoochak (Pyxis) - 4 pharavari; yah vasuki naupath tatha nautal ke madhy mean hai.
43. laghuvan (Canis Minor ) - 14 janavari; yah mithun ke niche sthit hai. isaka pratham tara prosthon (Procyon) [1] lubdhak (Sirius) tatha ardra se ek vrihath‌samabhuj tribhuj banata hai.
44. ekashrriang (Monoceros) - 5 janavari; yah laghuvan tatha vrihatvan ke akashaganga ko katate hue jata hai.
45. vrihath‌van (Canis Major ) - 14 janavari; yah mrig ke dakshin mean akarshak taramandal hai. isaka lubdhak tara sarvadhik chamakila hai.
46. kapot (Columba) - 18 disanbar; yah mrig vrihatvan tatha naupath se ghira hai.
47. pathar (Mensa) - 14 disanbar; yah vavolaianz, aansamin tatha jalasarpini se ghira, ati dakshin mean sthit taramandal hai. (murarilal sharma)

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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