अंतर्राष्ट्रीय विधि निजी

aantarrashtriy vidhi,niji paribhasha–niji aantarrashtriy kanoon se tatpary un niyamoan se hai jo kisi rajy dvara aise vadoan ka nirnay karane ke lie chune jate haian jinamean koee videshi tatv hota hai. in niyamoan ka prayog is prakar ke vad vishayoan ke nirnay mean hota hai jinaka prabhav kisi aise tathy, ghatana athava sanvyavahar par p data hai jo kisi any deshiy vidhi pranali se is prakar sanbaddh hai ki us pranali ka avalanban avashyak ho jata hai.

aantarrashtriy kanoon, niji evan sarvajanik–niji aantarrashtriy kanoon nam se aisa bodh hota hai ki yah vishay aantarrashtriy kanoon ki hi shakha hai. parantu vastut aisa hai nahian. niji aur sarvajanik aantarrashtriy kanoon mean kisi prakar ki parasparikata nahian hai.

itihas

roman samrajy mean ve sabhi paristhitiyaan vidyaman thian jinamean aantarrashtriy kanoon ki avashyakata p dati hai. parantu pustakoan se is bat ka poora abhas nahian milata ki rom-vidhi-pranali mean unaka kis prakar nirvah hua. rom rajy ke patan ke pashchath‌ sviy vidhi (parsanal l aau) ka yug aya jo pray 10vian shatabdi ke aant tak raha. taduparaant prithak pradeshik vidhi pranali ka janm hua. 13vian shatabdi mean niji aantarrashtriy kanoon ko nishchit rooparekha dene ke lie avashyak niyam banane ka bharapoor prayatn itali mean hua. 16vian shatabdi ke phraansisi nyayajnoan ne sanvidhi siddhaant (staichyoot-thyori) ka pratipadan kiya aur pratyek vidhi niyam mean usaka prayog kiya. vartaman yug mean niji aantarrashtriy kanoon tin pramukh pranaliyoan mean vibhakt ho gaya-
(1) sanvidhi pranali.
(2) aantarrashtriy pranali.
(3) pradeshik pranali.

sadharan–niji aantarrashtriy kanoon

is tatv par adharit hai ki sansar mean alag-alag anek vidhi pranaliyaan haian jo jivan ke vibhinn vidhi sanbandhoan ko viniyamit karane vale niyamoan ke vishay mean ek-doosare se adhikaanshat bhinn haian. yadyapi yah thik hai ki apane niji desh mean pratyek shasak sanpoorn-prabhutv-sanpann hai aur desh ke pratyek vyakti tatha vastu par usaka anany kshetradhikar hai, phir bhi sabhyata ke vartaman yug mean vyavaharik drishti se yah sanbhav nahian hai ki anyadeshiy kanoonoan ki avahelana ki ja sake. bahudha aise avasar ate haian jab ek kshetradhikar ke nyayalay ko doosare desh ki nyay pranali ka avalanban karana anivary ho jata hai, jisamean anyay n hone pae tatha nihit adhikaroan ki raksha ho sake.

anyadeshiy kanoon tatha videshi tatv

niji aantarrashtriy kanoon ke prayojan ke lie anyadeshiy kanoon se tatpary kisi bhi aise bhaugolik kshetr ki nyay pranali se hai jisaki sima ke bahar us kshetr ka sthaniy kanoon prayog mean nahian laya ja sakata. yah spasht hai ki anyadeshiy kanoon ki upeksha se nyay ka uddeshy apoorn rah jaega. udaharanarth, jab kisi desh mean vidhi dvara prapt adhikar ka vivad doosare desh ke nyayalay mean prastut hota hai tab vadi ko raksha pradan karane ke poorv nyayalay ke lie yah janana nitaant avashyak hota hai ki amuk adhikar kis prakar ka hai. yah tabhi jana ja sakata hai jab nyayalay us desh ki nyay pranali ka parikshan kare jisake aantargat vah adhikar prapt hua hai.

vivadoan mean videshi tatv anek roopoan mean prakat hote haian. kuchh drishtaant is prakar haian:
(1) jab vibhinn pakshoan mean se koee paksh any rashtr ka ho athava usaki nagarikata videshi ho;
(2) jab koee vyavasayi kisi ek desh mean divaliya karar diya jae aur usake rrinadata anyay deshoan mean ho;
(3) jab vad kisi aisi sanpatti ke vishay mean ho jo us nyayalay ke pradeshiy kshetradhikar mean n hokar anyay deshoan mean sthit ho.

ekikaran

niji aantarrashtriy kanoon pratyek desh mean alag-alag hota hai. udaharanarth, phraans aur ianglaiand ke niji aantararashtriy kanoonoan mean anek sthaloan par virodh milata hai. isi prakar aangreji aur amariki niyam bahut kuchh saman hote hue bhi anek vishayoan mean ek-doosare se sarvatha bhinn haian. uparyukt batoan ke atirikt vivah sanbandhi prashnoan mean prayojy vibhinn nyay pranaliyoan ke siddhaantoan mean itani adhik vishamata hai ki jo stri-purush ek pradesh mean vivahit samajhe jate haian, vahi doosare pradesh mean avivahit.

is vishamata ko do prakar se door kiya ja sakata hai. pahala upay yah hai ki vibhinn deshoan ki vidhi pranaliyoan mean yathasanbhav samaroopata sthapit ki jae; doosara yah ki niji aantararashtriy kanoon ka ekikaran ho. is disha mean anek prayatn hue parantu vishesh saphalata nahian mil saki. sanh‌ 1897, 1894, 1900 aur 1904 ee. mean heg nagar mean isake nimitt kee sammelan hue aur chhah vibhinn abhisamayoan dvara vivah, vivah-vichchhed, abhibhavak, nishedh, vyavahar-prakriya adi ke sanbandh mean niyam banae ge. isi prayojan-poorti ke lie vibhinn rajyoan mean vyaktigat abhisamay bhi sanpadit hue. niji aantarrashtriy kanoon ke ekikaran ki disha mean aantarrashtriy nyayalay ka yog vishesh mahatvapoorn hai.

aantarrashtriy vidhi, sarvajanik paribhasha–aantarrashtriy kanoon un vidhi niyamoan ka samooh hai jo vibhinn rajyoan ke parasparik sanbandhoan ke vishay mean prayukt hote haian. yah ek vidhi pranali hai jisaka sanbandh vyaktiyoan ke samaj se n hokar rajyoan ke samaj se hai.

itihas

aantarrashtriy kanoon (vidhi) ke udbhav tatha vikas ka itihas nishchit kal simaoan mean nahian baanta ja sakata. prophesar halaiand ke matanusar puratan kal mean bhi svatantr rajyoan mean manyata prapt aise niyam the jo dootoan ke visheshadhikar, sandhi, yuddh ki ghoshana tatha yuddh sanchalan se sanbandh rakhate the (dekhie-lekchars aaun iantaranaishanal l aau halaiand). prachin bharat mean bhi aise niyamoan ka ullekh milata hai (ramayan tatha mahabharat). yahoodi, yoonani tatha rom ke logoan mean bhi aise niyamoan ka hona paya jata hai. 14vian, 13vian, sadi ee. poo. mean khatti rani ne misri faraoon ko donoan rajyoan mean paraspar shaanti aur saujany banae rakhane ke lie jo patr likhe the ve aantarrashtriy drishti se itihas ke pahale adarsh mane jate haian. ve patr khatti aur faraooni donoan abhilekhagaroan mean surakshit rakhe ge jo aj tak surakshit haian. madhy yug mean shayad kisi prakar ke aantarrashtriy kanoon ki avashyakata hi n thi kyoanki samudri dasyu samast sagaroan par chhae hue the, vyapar pray lupt ho chuka tha aur yuddh mean kisi prakar ke niyam ka palan nahian hota tha. bad mean punarjagaran evan dharm sudhar ka yug aya tab aantarrashtriy kanoon ke vikas mean kuchh pragati huee. kalaantar mean manav sabhyata ke vikas ke sath achar tatha riti ki paranparaean banian jinake adhar par aantarrashtriy kanoon age badha aur panapa. 19vian shatabdi mean usaki pragati vishesh roop se vibhinn rashtroan ke madhy hone vali sandhiyoan tatha abhisamayoan dvara huee. sanh‌ 1899 tatha 1907 ee. mean heg mean hone vale shaanti sammelanoan ne aantarrashtriy kanoon ke roop ko mukharit kiya aur aantarrashtriy vivachan nyayalay ki sthapana huee.

pratham mahayuddh ke pashchath‌ rashtrasangh (lig aauv neshans) ne janm liya. usake mukhy uddeshy the shaanti tatha suraksha banae rakhana aur aantarrashtriy sahayog mean vriddhi karana. parantu 1937 ee. mean japan tatha itali ne rashtrasangh ke astitv ko bhari dhakka pahuanchaya aur aant mean 19 aprail, sanh‌ 1946 ee. ko sangh ka astitv hi mit gaya.

dvitiy mahayuddh ke vijeta rashtr gret briten, amerika tatha soviyat, roos ka adhiveshan masko nagar mean hua aur ek chhota-sa ghoshanapatr prakashit kiya gaya. tadanantar anek sthanoan mean adhiveshan hote rahe aur ek aantararashtriy sangathan ke vishay mean vichar-vinimay hota raha. sanh‌ 1945 ee. mean 25 aprail se 26 joon tak, sain phraansisko nagar mean ek sammelan hua jisamean pachas rajyoan ke pratinidhi sammilit hue. 26 joon, 1945 ee. ko sanyukt rashtrasangh tatha aantarrashtriy nyayalay ka ghoshanapatr sarvasammati se svikrit hua jisake dvara nimnalikhit uddeshyoan ki ghoshana ki gee

(1) aantararashtriy shaanti evan suraksha banae rakhana;

(2) rashtroan mean parasparik maitri badhana;

(3) sabhi prakar ki arthik, samajik, saanskritik tatha manaviy aantararashtriy samasyaoan ko hal karane mean aantararashtriy sahayog prapt karana;

(4) samany uddeshyoan ki poorti ke lie vibhinn rashtroan ke karyakalapoan mean samanjasy sthapit karana.

is prakar sanyukt rashtrasangh aur visheshataya aantararashtriy nyayalay ki sthapana se aantararashtriy kanoon ko yatharth roop mean vidhi (kanoon) ka pad prapt hua. sanyukt rashtrasangh ne aantararashtriy-vidhi-ayog ki sthapana ki jisaka pramukh kary aantararashtriy vidhi ka vikas karana hai.

aantarrashtriy vidhi ka sanhitakaran

kanoon ke sanhitakaran se tatpary hai samast niyamoan ko ekatr karana, unako ek sootr mean kramanusar baandhana tatha unamean samanjasy sthapit karana. 18vian tatha 19vian shatabdi mean is or prayas kiya gaya. ianstityoot aauv iantaranaishanal l aau ne bhi isamean samuchit yog diya. heg sammelanoan ne bhi is kary ko apane hath mean liya. sanh‌ 1920 ee. mean rashtrasangh ne isake lie samiti banaee. is prakar pichhali tin shatabdiyoan mean is kathin kary ko poora karane ka nirantar prayas hota raha. aant mean 21 navanbar, 1947 ee. ko sanyukt rashtrasangh ne is kary ke nimitt sanvidhi dvara aantarrashtriy-vidhi-ayog sthapit kiya.

aantarrashtriy vidhi ke vishay

aantarrashtriy kanoon ka vistar asim tatha isake vishay nirantar pragatishil haian. manav sabhyata tatha vijnan ke vikas ke sath isaka bhi vikas uttarottar hua aur hota rahega. isake vistar ko simabaddh nahian kiya ja sakata. aantarrashtriy vidhi ke pramukh vishay is prakar haian:

(1)rajyoan ki manyata, unake mool adhikar tatha kartavy.
(2) rajy tatha shasan ka uttaradhikar.
(3) videshi rajyoan par kshetradhikar tatha rashtriy simaoan ke bahar kie ge aparadhoan ke sanbandh mean kshetradhikar.
(4) mahasagar evan jal praangan ki simaean.
(5) rashtriyata tatha videshiyoan ke prati vyavahar.
(6) sharanagat adhikar tatha sandhi ke niyam.
(7) rajakiy evan vanijy dootiy samagam tatha unmukti ke niyam.
(8) rajyoan ke uttaradayitv sanbandhi niyam.
(9) vivachan prakriya ke niyam.

aantarrashtriy vidhi ke adhar

aantarrashtriy kanoon ke niyamoan ka sootrapat vicharakoan ki kalpana tatha rashtroan ke vyavaharoan mean hua. vyavahar ne dhire-dhire pratha ka roop dharan kiya aur phir ve prathaean paranparaean ban geean. at aantarrashtriy kanoon ka mukhy adhar paranparaean hi haian. any adharoan mean pratham sthan vibhinn rashtroan mean hone vali sandhiyoan ka hai jo paranparaoan se kisi bhi arth mean kam mahatvapoorn nahian hai. inake atirikt rajyapatr, pradeshiy sansad dvara svikrit sanvidhi tatha pradeshiy nyayalay ke nirnay aantarrashtriy kanoon ki any adhar shilaean haian. bad mean vibhinn abhisamayoan ne tatha nirvachan nyayalay, aantarrashtriy puraskar nyayalay evan aantarrashtriy nyayalay ke nirnayoan ne aantarrashtriy kanoon ko usaka vartaman roop diya.

aantarrashtriy vidhi ke kalpanik tatv- aantarrashtriy vidhi katipay kalpanik tatvoan par adharit hai jinamean pramukh ye haian:

(k) pratyek rajy ka nishchit rajyakshetr hai aur niji rajyakshetr mean usako niji mamaloan mean poorn svatantrata prapt hai.

(kh) pratyek rajy ko kanooni samatulyata prapt hai.

(g) aantarrashtriy vidhi ke aantargat sabhi rajyoan ka saman drishtikon hai.

(gh) aantarrashtriy vidhi ki manyata rajyoan ki sammati par nirbhar hai aur usake samaksh sabhi rajy ek saman haian.

aantarrashtriy vidhi ka ullanghan

aantarrashtriy vidhi ki manyata sadaiv rajyoan ki svechchha par nirbhar rahi hai. koee aisi vyavastha ya shakti nahian thi jo rajyoan ko aantarrashtriy niyamoan ka palan karane ke lie badhy kar sake athava niyamabhanjan ke lie dand de sake. rashtrasangh ki asaphalata ka pramukh karan yahi tha. sansar ke rajanitijn isake prati poornataya sajag the. at sanyukt rashtr ke ghoshanapatr mean is prakar ki vyavastha ki gee hai ki kalaantar mean aantarrashtriy kanoon ko rajyoan ki or se thik vaisa hi samman prapt ho jaisa kisi desh ki vidhi pranali ko apane desh mean shasan varg athava nyayalayoan se prapt hai. sanyukt rashtrasangh apane samast sahayak aangoan ke sath is prakar ka vatavaran utpann karane mean prayatnashil haian. sanyukt rashtrasangh ki suraksha samiti ko karyapalika shakti bhi di gee hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

san. gran.–cheshayar: praivet iantaranaishanal l aau; j aaun vestalek: e tritij an praivet iantaranaishanal l aau.