इंजन

ianjan (ooshma) us yantr ya mashin ko kahate haian jisaki sahayata se ooshma ka yaantrik oorja mean roopaantaran hota hai. ianjan ki is yaantrik oorja ka upayog kary karane ke lie kiya jata hai. ushma ianjan do prakar ke hate haian :

1. bahy dahan ianjan-isamean ianjan ko chalanevala padarth ianjan ke bahar alag patr mean tapt kiya jata hai. jaise bhap ianjan mean ianjan se alag bayalar mean pani se bhap banati hai jo siliandar mean jakar pistan ko chalati hai.

2. aantarik dahan ianjan-isamean ooshma ianjan ke bhitar hi dahan dvara kisi tel ya petrol ya kisi gais ko jalakar utpann karate haian. motarakar, havaee jahaj ityadi mean aantarik dahan ianjan ka hi upayog hota hai. bhap ianjan ki tarah inamean eedhann jalane ke lie alag bayalar nahian hota, isi karan in ianjanoan ko aantarik dahan ianjan kahate haian.

bahy dahan ianjan ka sarvottam udaharan 'bhap ianjan' hai. isalie isaka yahaan savistar varnan kiya ja raha hai.

bhap ianjan banane ke yatn ka sabase prachin ullekh alekjaiandriya ke hiro ke lekhoan mean milata hai. hiro us vikhyat alaikjaiandriy sanpraday (300 ee.poo.-400 ee. sanh‌) ka sadasy tha jisamean tolemi, yooklid, iretosthanij jaise tatkalin vijnan ke maharathi sammilit the. hiro ne apane lekh mean ek aisi yukti ka varnan kiya hai jisamean ek band baks mean vayu garm ki jati thi aur ek nali ke marg se niche pani bhare bartan ki or phailati thi. isamean bartan ka pani doosari nali mean chadhata tha aur ek nakali phuhara ban jata tha. phir isake bad is sanbandh mean kahian koee vivaran nahian milata hai.

1606 ee. mean, hiro se lagabhag 2,000 varsh bad, nepoliyan akadami ke sansthapak aur tatkalin yoorop mean vijnan ke agrani neta marksev dela porta ne hiro ke phuharevale prayog mean hava ki jagah bhap ka upayog kiya. unhoanne yah bhi sujhaya ki kisi bartan ko pani se bharane ke lie yadi use ek nali dvara pani se kisi talab se sanbandhit kar diya jay aur tab us bartan mean bhap bharakar phir use oopar se pani ke dvara thanda kiya jay to bhitar ki bhap sanghanit hokar nirvat utpann karegi aur usaki jagah talab se pani bartan mean bhar jaega.

1698 ee. mean markves dela porta ke is sujhav ka upayog tamas sevari ne pani chadhane ki ek mashin mean kiya. is prakar sevari pahala vyakti tha jisane vyavasayik upayog ka ek bhap ianjan banaya, jisaka upayog khadanoan mean se pani ulichane aur kuoan mean se pani nikalane mean hua.

sevari ke ianjan ke avishkar ke bad bhap ianjan ka agala charan nyookomen ianjan ka avishkar tha. isaka avishkar tamas nyookomen (1663-1729 ee.) ne kiya. is ianjan ka khadanoan aur kuoan se pani nikalane mean 50 varshoan tak upayog hota raha. isaka aitihasik mahatv bhi hai, kyoanki isi se jems vat ke avishkaroan ka marg khula. is ianjan mean pahali bar siliandar aur pistan ka upayog kiya gaya jo ab tak bhap ianjanoan mean prayukt kie jate haian. thumb|left chitr 1- mean nyookamen ka ianjan dikhaya gaya hai. isamean pistan janjir dvara ek uttolak (livar) se lataka hai. uttolak ek divar par kilit hota hai aur usaki doosari bhuja par pani panp ke pistan ki rad se lagi hoti hai. yah panp kuean se pani khianchakar pani ki tanki mean pahuanchata rahata hai. ab samasya pistan ko oopar niche chalane ki hai. isake lie pistan jab siliandar ke peande par ho to bhap kholi jati hai, isase pistan par bal lagata hai aur vah oopar pahuanch jata hai. ab bhap ki toanti band karake, pani ki tanki se anevali paip ki toanti kholate haian jisase pani siliandar ko thandha kar deta hai. tab bhap sanghanit hokar siliandar ke bhitar nirvat utpann kar deti hai jisase vayumandal ke dabav ke karan pistan niche utar jata hai. isi kriya ko bar-bar doharaya jata hai. siliandar mean ae pani ke nikas ke lie ek parshv nali lagi hati hai aur pani ki tanki ka sanbandh ek paip ke dvara panp se rahata hai.

valvoan ko apane ap kholane aur band karane ke lie aisa prabandh hota hai ki ve uttolak ke uthane girane se svayan niyantrit hoan. kianvadanti hai ki yah avishkar hath se valvoan ko niyantrit karane ke lie rakhe ge ek sust l dake ne kiya hai. usane uttolak ki jhoolati bhuja se siliandar ke samanaantar ek chh d baandh di, aur use dhagoan dvara valvoan se sanbaddh kar diya aur apana kam is chh d ko sauanpakar svayan khelata rahata tha. isaka udgam chahe jo ho, yah samanaantar niyantrak tabase bhap ianjanoan ka ek sthayi aang ho gaya.

jems vat ka mahatvapoorn kary bhap ianjan ko sarvashreshth roop dena hai jisase manushy ki shakti das guni badh gee aur vyavasayik kshetr mean brihadh parivartan ho gaya.

nyookamen ianjan mean bhap keval nirvat utpann karane ke kam ati hai. pistan uthane ka kam, jisase pani chadhata hai, vayumandaliy dab karata hai. lekin bhap ko keval sanghanit karane mean bahut eedhann vyarth kharch hota hai.

jems vat glasago mean ek chatur vaijnanik yantrarachayita the aur 1763 mean glasago vishvavidyalay ke bhautiki ke prophesar se unhean ek nyookamen ianjan ki marammat ka odash mila jo kabhi thik n chalata tha. marammat karake samay vat ko dhyan aya ki isamean eedhann buri tarah se vyarth ho jata hai. vicharashil svabhav ke vat ne isase shreshth mashin banane ka vichar praranbh kar diya. is prakar unhoanne anek anveshan kie aur yantr banae, jinase bhap ianjan ko usaka vartaman svaroop prapt hua aur vah udyog aur sabhyata ki pragati mean shaktishali sadhan bana.

jems vat ke bhap ianjan ka siddhaant chitr 2 mean dikhaya gaya hai a a siliandar hai jisamean pistan p age pichhe ata jata rahata hai. pistan mean ek khokhali nali p k lagi hoti hai jisake sire par bahar ki or se khulanevala valv k laga hota hai. s ek sanghanitr hai jo pani mean dooba rahata hai aur doosari or panp b se laga hota hai. t ko kholane se kriya praranbh hoti hai. jab d khula ho, th band ho, to pistan bat bh ke karan niche a jata hai aur siliandar mean uchchadab bhap bhar jati hai. phir d band karake th kholane se yah bhap sanghanitr mean b dvara nirvat kar die jane par khianch ati hai aur vahaan sanghanit ho jati hai. isase p ke oopar nirvat ho jata hai aur pistan vashp ki dab se oopar chadhata hai aur bat bh par kary karata hai. ab phir th ko band karake d ko khol dene se bat bh ke karan pistan niche utar ata hai aur bhap oopar ki or bhar jati hai (poorv kriya ki avashisht nimn dab ko k ke marg se bahar dhakel deti hai). is prakar siliandar garm bana rahata hai.

siliandar ko any ooshma haniyoan se rakshit karane ke lie vat ne usake charoan or ek bhap baks aur lak di lagaee. ajakal siliandaroan ko esbastas ya kisi any kuchalak se lapetakar oopar patali dhatu ki khol chadha dete haian.

bhap ianjan ke prakar-bhap ianjan ke nimnalikhit mukhy prakar haian :

(k) ek evan dvikriya ianjan (single and double acting engine)-ekakriya ianjan mean bhap pistan ke ek hi or kary karati hai evan dvikriya ianjan mean bhap pistan ke donoan or kary karati hai. yadi in donoan prakar ke ianjanoan mean any sabhi avasthaean saman hoan, to dvikriya ianjan dvara prapt shakti doosare prakar ke ianjan dvara prapt shakti ki dooni hoti hai. yahi karan hai ki in dinoan ekakriya ianjan kam hi vyavahar mean laya jata hai. thumb|right|250px (kh) oordhvadhar evan kshaitij ianjan-siliandar ki dhuri ke oordhvadhar ya kshaitij hone ke anusar ianjan oordhvadhar ya kshaitij kaha jata hai. kshaitij ianjan oordhvadhar ianjan se adhik jagah gherata hai. oordhvadhar prakar ke ianjan mean gharshan adi kam hota hai, jisake karan yah kshaitij ianjan ki tulana mean adhik din tak chal sakata hai.

(g) nimn evan uchch chal ianjan (low and high speed engine)-bhap ianjan ki chal vastut: isake kraiank shaipht (crank shaft) parikraman (revolutions) prati minat ki chal hoti hai. char phut pistan strok (piston storke) evan 80 parikraman prati minatavale ianjan mean ausat pistan chal 640 phut prati minat hogi. yah ianjan nimn chal ianjan kaha jaega. sadharanat: 100 parikraman prati minat ki chal se kam chal par chalanevale ianjan ko nimn chal ianjan kahate haian evan 250 parikraman prati minat ki chal se adhik chal par chalanevale ianjan ko uchch chal ianjan kahate haian. 100 aur 250 parikraman prati minat ke bich ki chal par chalanevale ianjan ko 'madhyam chal ianjan' (medium speed engine) kahate haian. uchch chal ianjan ki sabase b da gun yah hai ki saman shakti ke lie yah bahut hi chhote akar ka hota hai. uchch chal ke karan bhap bhi kam hi kharch hoti hai, kyoanki is prakar ke ianjan mean bhap aur siliandar ke bich ooshma sthanaantaran (heat transfer) mean bahut hi kam samay lagata hai.

(gh) sanghanan aur asanghan ianjan (condensing and noncondensing engine)-asanghanan ianjan vah bhap ianjan hai jisase bhap ka nikas (exhaust) sidhe vayumandal mean hota hai evan isake lie siliandar mean bhap ki dab vayumandal ki dab se kabhi kam nahian honi chahie. sanghanan ianjan mean bhap kary karane ke bad sanghanitr mean pravesh karati hai evan vah vahaan vayumandal ki dab par jal mean parivartit ho jati hai. sanghanitr ka vyavahar karane se bhap adhik kary kar pati hai.

(ch) saral evan sanyoji ianjan (simple and compound engine) saral ianjan mean pratyek siliandar b aauyalar se sidhe bhap pata hai evan sidhe vayumandal ya sanghanitr mean nikas (exhaust) karata hai. sanyoji ianjan mean bhap ek siliandar mean, jise uchch dab siliandar kahate haian, kuchh had tak prasarit hoti hai aur usake bad usase kuchh b de siliandar mean, jise nimn dab siliandar kahate haian, pravesh karati hai evan yahaan prasar ki kriya poorn hoti hai. bahudha nimn dab siliandar sanghanitr mean nikas karata hai. prasar tin ya char siliandar mean bhi ho sakata hai evan in ianjanoan ko triprasar ianjan (triple expansion engine) ya chatushprasar ianjan (quadruple expansion engine) kahate haian.thumb|250px|right

pratyagami ianjan ki yantravali-(reciprocating engine mechanism) chitr3. mean ianjan ke vibhinn purje dikhae ge haian. siliandar (1) phrem (frame) (2) ke ek or bolt (bolt) dvara bandha rahata hai. siliandar dhakkan (cylinder cover) (3) siliandar ke doosari or bolt dvara bandha rahata hai. siliandar se ooshma sanchar ko kam karane ke lie achalak (non-conductor)

pariveshtan (lagging) (4) dvara siliandar ko charoan or se dhank diya jata haian. is pariveshtan ko ispat ki chadar (5) se lapet diya jata hai taki bahar se dekhane mean achchha lage. pistan (6) pistan dand (7) ke ek or laga rahata hai, jo bharan baks (stuffing box) (8) ke aandar se chalata hai. kraans hed (cross head) (9) pistan dand ke doosari or laga rahata hai aur gaid (guide) (10) par tika rahata haiean. yojak dand (connecting rod) (11) ka ek kinara kraans hed se gajan pin (gudgeon pin) (12) dvara jo da rahata hai. isaka doosara kinara kraiank (crank) (14) se kraiank pin (crank pin) (13) dvara bandha rahata hai. kraiank shaipht (crank shaft) (15) ianjan ka mukhy purja hai. yah mukhy beyariang (bearing) (16) mean chalata hai. ianjan mean vyavahrit snehak tel (lubricating oil) adi ianjan ke phrem ke adhar ke pas ikattha kie jate haian (17) bhap dvaroan (ports) (18) dvara siliandar mean pravesh karati hai, ya isase bahar nikalati hai.

bhap ianjan ka karyasiddhaant (working principle)-ooshma ianjan ki adhikatam dakshata (ta1-ta2)/ta1 (T1-T2 )T1 hoti hai jisamean ta1 (T1) aur ta2 (T2) ooshma ianjan chakr (heat engine cycle) mean adhikatam evan nyoonatam tap haian. isase pata chalata hai ki ianjan ki dakshata in donoan tapoan par nirbhar karati hai. bhap ianjan chalata hai ki ianjan ki dakshata in donoan tapoan par nirbhar karati hai. bhaanp ianjan ki dakshata utani hi badhati jaegi jitani ta1 (T1) ka mooly badhega evan ta2 (T2) ka mooly ghatega. ta1 (T1) ke mooly ko badhane ke lie bayalar se nikal kar ianjan mean anevali bhap ki dab ko badhana hoga, kyoanki bhap ki dab jitani hi adhik hogi ta1 (T1) ka mooly utana hi badhega. ta, (T1) ko badhane ka ek aur upay hai. vah hai bhap ko atitapit karana. atitapak ka b aauyalar mean vyavahar karake bhap ka adhitap badhaya jata hai. ta2 (T2) ke man ko kam karane ke lie sanghanitr ka vyavahar karana avashyak ho jata hai. sanghanitr mean thandhe jal dvara bhap jal mean parivartit ki jati hai. at: achchhe sanghanitr mean ta2 (T2) ka man thandhe jal ke tap ke barabar ho sakata hai. isase pata chalata hai ki bhap ianjan mean adhik dab evan atitapt bhap dvara kary karane se evan kary karane ke bad bhap ko sanghanitr mean prapy thandhe jal ke tap ke barabar tap par jal mean parivartit karane se ianjan adhik daksh hoga.

b aauyalar se bhap uchch dab par bhapapeti (steam chest) mean pravesh karati hai. pistan jaise hi strok (stroke) ke aant mean pahuanchata hai, usi samay valv chalata hai, jisamean bhapadvar (steam port) khul jata hai evan bhap siliandar mean pravesh karati hai. bhap ki dab dvara dhakka die jane se pistan age badhata he. ise agr strok (forward stroke) kahate haian. pistan ki chal dvara kraiank, kraiank shapht evan utkeandrak (eccentric) chalate haian. utkeandrak ke chalane se dvar kuchh aur adhik khul jata hai. siliandar mean bhap tab tak pravesh karati rahati hai jab tak dvar ekadam band nahian ho jata. is samay vichchhed (cut off) hota hai evan isake bad siliandar mean bhap ka sanbharan (supply) nahi ho pata. siliandar mean aee huee bhap ab prasarit hoti hai evan is prasar mean bhap ka ayatan badh jata hai evan dab kam ho jati hai. isi prakar ke samay bhap kary karati hai. agr strok ke aant mean valv bhapadvar ko nikas ki or khol deta hai, jisase bhap nirmukt hoti hai. nikali huee bhap ki dab pashch dab (back pressure) ke barabar ho jati hai. nirmochan hone ke kuchh kshan ke bad pistan pichhe ki or lautata hai evan ise pratyavartan strok (return stroke) kahate haian. is strok mean lautate samay pistan siliandar mean bachi huee bhap ka nikas karata jata hai. jab pistan is strok ke aant par pahuanchata hai, valv nikas dvar ko band kar deta hai, jisase bhap ka pravah band ho jata hai. siliandar shirsh aur pistan ke bich kuchh bhap bach jati hai, jo nirmukt nahian ho pati hai. phir chakr ki punaravritti hoti hai.thumb|250px|left

dvikriya ianjan mean isi se sadrish chakr ki kriya siliandar ki doosari or hoti hai.

bhap ka karno chakr (Carnot cycle)-gais ke karno chakr mean do ruddhoshm (adiabatic) evan do sthir tapavali kriyaean hoti hai. bhap ko vyavahat karane par do sthir tapavali kriyaean sthir dab ki kriyaean ho jati haian, kyoanki jal ya bhap ko sthir tap par rakhane ke lie dab ko bhi sthir rakhana hoga. chitr 4. mean bhap ka karno chakr darshaya gaya haian. biandu a se aranbh karane par chakr ki ye char kriyaean haian: (1) biandu a par jal ta1 (T1) tap evan d1 (p1) dab par rahata hai. yah jal sthir tap par garam kiya jata hai. jab vashpikaran poora ho jata hai tab bhap ki avastha biandu b se evan yah kriya a b se dikhaee jati hai. (2) biandu b par ooshma ka praday band ho jata hai evan bhap ruddhoshm tarike se biandu s tak prasarit hoti haian. prasar ke aant mean dab evan tap ghatakar kramash: da2 (p2) evan ta2 (T2) ho jata hai. yah kriya b s hai. (3) biandu s se d tak bhap sthir tap ta2 (T2) par sanpi dit hoti hai. is kriya se bhap ka sanghanan hota jata hai. d biandu par pahuanchane par kuchh bhap bach jati hai. (4) d biandu par bachi huee bhap ka ruddhoshm tarike se d a dvara sanpidan hota hai. isase isaka ayatan bahut hi kam ho jata hai. isake bad chakr ki punaravritti hoti hai

raiankin chakr (Rankine cycle)-raiankin chakr ek saiddhaantik chakr hai, jisake anusar bhap ianjan kary karata hai. yah chakr chitr 5. mean aankit kiya gaya hai. man liya ki chakr ke aranbh mean siliandar ke aantarayatan (clearance volume) mean kuchh jal hai evan is jal ka ayatan nagany hai. is avastha ko biandu a se dikhaya gaya hai. raiankin chakr ki ye kriyaean haian : (1) a b sanghanitr se sanghanit jal panp dvara b aauyalar mean uchch dab par bheja jata hai. b aauyalar mean yah jal uchch dab ke santript tap (saturation temperature) tak garam kiya jata hai. (2) b s b aauyalar mean sthir dab da1 (P1) par garam jal ka vashpikaran hota hai. (3) s d, biandu s par bhap b aauyalar se bhap ianjan mean pravesh karati hai. bhap ianjan mean bhap ka prasar ruddhoshm tarike se biandu d tak hota hai. is prasar ke dvara bhap kary karati hai. prasar ke aant mean bhap ki dab da2 (P2) ho jati hai. (4) d a ke biandu d par bhap, ianjan mean kary karane ke bad sanghanitr mean pravesh karati hai. sanghanitr mean bhap sthir dab par jal ke roop mean parivartit hoti hai. biandu a se pun: chakr ki punaravritti hoti hai.

thumb|right vyavahar mean raiankin chakraka roopaantaran-vastut: vyavahar mean bhap ko dab ayatan rekhachitr ke aantim chhor biandu d tak prasarit karane se kuchh bhi labh nahian hota. is rekhachitr ka kshetraphal bhap ianjan dvara prapt kary ke barabar hota hai. ise dekhane se pata chalega ki yah aantim sire ki or bahut hi sankirn hai, jisake phalasvaroop prasar strok ke aantim bhag mean prapt kary bahut hi kam hoga. is sankirn bhag dvara prapt kary ianjan ke gatiman purjoan ke gharshan ko bhi poora kar sakane mean asamarth hota hai. isi karan prasar strok biandu y par hi samapt kar diya jata hai. tab biandu y se bhap ki dab sthir ayatan par kam hoti jati hai evan biandu ph par pahuanchane par yah sanghanitr ki dab ke barabar ho jati hai. at: chitr3. mean a b s y ph roopaantarit raiankin chakr hai.

parikalpit aur vastavik soochak rekhachitr-chitr 6. mean a b s d y parikalpit rekhachitr evan '1-2-3-4-5' vastavik rekhachitr hai. bhap ianjan ka parikalpit soochak rekhachitr vah saiddhaantik rekhachitr hai jo yah manakar banaya jata hai ki ianjan mean kisi bhi prakar ki kshati nahian ho rahi hai. is prakar ka rekhachitr banate samay ye parikalpanaean kar li jati hai. (k) dvaroan ka khulana aur band hona tatkshanik hota hai.

thumb|250px|left

(kh) bhap ke sanghanan dvara dabakshati (thdridmadm) nahian hoti hai. (g) valb dvara avarodhan kriya nahian hoti hai. (gh) bhap b aauyalar ki dab par ianjan mean pravesh karati hai aur sanghanitr ki dab par usaki nikasi hoti hai. (ch) ianjan mean bhap ka atiparavalayik (hyperbolic) prasar hota hai.

vastut: vastavik ianjan mean kshatiyaan hoti haian. in kshatiyoan ke karan ianjan par prayog dvara milanevale soochak rekhachitr, jinhean 'vastavik soochak rekhachitr' kahate haian, parikalpit rekhachitr se bhinn hote haian. b aauyalar se bhap nali dvara ianjan mean pravesh karati hai. is nali mean garam bhap ke pravah ke karan kuchh bhap ka sanghanan ho jata hai, jisake karan bhap ki dab kam ho jati hai. valv dvara bhap ke pravesh karate samay avarodhan ke karan bhi dab mean kuchh kami ho jati hai. inhian sab kshatiyoan ke karan ianjan mean pravesh karate samay bhar ki dab b aauyalar ki dab se kam rahati hai. siliandar ki divarean bhap ki tulana mean thandhi hoti haian. isake karan bhap ka sanghanan hota hai. isake phalasvaroop vichchhed biandu tak dab mean dhire dhire kshati hoti jati hai. siliandar ki divaroan dvara tap ke chalan ke karan prasaravakr vastav mean atiparavalayik nahian ho pata hai. bhap ka unmochan strok ke poorn hone ke pahale hi ho jata hai. pravesh evan nikas dvar ke kramash: band hone aur khulane mean laganevale samay ke karan rekhachitr mean un do bianduoan par kuchh vakrata a jati hai. chooanki kary karane ke bad bhap ko sanghanitr mean bhejana hotaja hai, isilie nikasi rekha sanghanitr-dab-rekha se oopar rahati hai. nikas dvar ke band ho hone ke bad siliandar mean bachi huee bhap ka pistan dvara sanpidan hota hai. isake karan is biandu par bhi rekhachitr mean kuchh vakrata a jati hai. is sanpidan strok ke poorn hone ke thik kuchh pahale taji bhap ianjan mean pravesh karati hai. siddhaant evan vyavahar mean pae janevale inhian sab vichalanoan ke karan donoan rekhachitroan mean atyant aantar ho jata hai. isake karan vastavik rekhachitr ka kshetraphal parikalpit rekhachitr ke kshetraphal se kam ho jata hai in donoan kshetraphaloan ke anupat ko 'rekhachitr gunak' (diagram factor) ki sanjna di gee hai. rekhachitr gunak ka man 0.6 se 0.9 tak hota hai.

bhap ianjan ki ashvashakti-oopar batae ge parikalpit soochak rekhachitr dvara pata chalata hai ki bhap ki dab pistan ke poore strok ke saman nahian rah pati. ianjan ki ashvashakti ko janane ke lie bhap ki dab ke ausat man ka aankan karana avashyak ho jata hai. is dab ko mathy prabhavi dab kahate haian.

pariklpit madhy prabhavi dabchitr:Engine-7.gif jahaan da (P1)=bhap ianjanoan mean aantargam dab dash (Pb)=pashch dab aur pr (r)=prasar ka anupat hai. parikalpit soochak rekhachitatr ke adhar par nikali gee madhm prabhavi dab ko 'parakilpit madhm prabhavi dab' kahate hai. vastavik soochak-rekhachitr dvara prapt madhy prabhavi dab ko vastavik madhy prabhavi dab kahate hai.

donoan mean nimnalikhit sanbandh hai: vastavik madhy prabhavi dab=(parikalpit madhy prabhavi dab)´rekhachitr gunak

bhap ianjan par vasatavik soochak rekhachitr, ianjan soochak dvara prapt hota hai. ianjan soochak ek aisa upakaran hai jo do gatiyoan ko dikhata hai: ek, oordhvagati jo dab ki anupati hoti hai, evan doosari, kshaitij gati jo pistan visthapan ki anupati hoti hai. is upakaran mean ek chhota sa siliandar hota hai, jisamean ek bahut hi chust pistan ek sire se doosare sire tak chalata hai. pistan ke dvara pistan dand chalata hai, jisapar ek kamani lagi rahati hai. kamani ka doosara chhor upakaran ke sthir hisse se kasakar bandha rahata hai. pistan dand peansil yantravali (pencil mechanism) ko chalata hai, jo soochak pistan (indicator piston) ki gati ko dram (drum) par badhakar dikhata hai. kshaitij visthapan ek dolan dram (oscillating drum) ki sahayata se prapt hota hai. soochak chitr ek khas tarah ke patrak (card) par liya jata hai. dram ke oopar patrak ko pak dane ke lie do klip (clip) rahate haian. dram ki gati ianjan ke pistan ki gati ko anuroopit karati hai aur isalie ek khas map par pistan ke visthapan ko dikhati hai.

soochak rekhachitr ke adhar par nikale ge madhy prabhavi dab ko vyavahar karane se prapt ashvashakti ko 'soochit ashvashakti' (Indicated horse power) kahate haian.chitr:Engine-8.gif

jahaan dama1 (Pm1) aur dama2 (Pm2) bhap ianjan ke donoan or ke madhy prabhavi dab pauand varg ianch mean haian, kshe1 (A1) tatha kshe2 (A2) kramash: donoan or ke kshetraphal varg ianch mean haian, stro (L)=strok (stroke) ki lanbaee phut mean aur p (N)=ianjan ka parikraman prati minat hai.

siliandar mean utpann ki huee shkti ka kuchh hissa ianjan ke gatiman purjo ke gharshan mean hi samapt ho jata hai: at: kraiankashaipht par prapy oorja sanpoorn oorja se sarvada kam rahati hai. kraiankashaipht par prapy shakti ko bahudha brek pranali dvara mapa jata hai evan isi ke chalate ise brek ashvashakti kahate haian. ianjan ki ashvashakti ko mapane ke upakaran ko dainemomitar (dynamometer) kahate haian (dr. 'dainemomitar).

ianjan ke vibhinn purjo ke gharshan mean laganevali shakti ko 'gharshan ashvashakti kahate haian.

gharshan ashvashakti-soochit ashvashakti-brek ashvashakti bhap ianjan ka gatiniyamak (governor)-gati niyamak ka mukhy kary ianjan ki gati ka niyaman karana hai. bhap ianjan ke gati-niyamak in do tarikoan mean se ek hi sahayata se paribhraman ki gati sthir rakh pata hai: (1) vichchhed biandu ko badalane se tatha (2) bhap ki praranbhik dab ko parivartit karane se. shakti ki maang ke anusar bhap ki dab ko badhakar ya ghatakar ianjan ki gati ka niyaman karanevale gatiniyamak ko avarodh gatiniyamak (throttling governor) kahate haian. gatiniyamak ek avarodh valv ko chalata hai, jo mukhy bhap nali mean rakha hota hai. is prakar ke gatiniyamakoan mean mukhy gatipalak kanduk gatiniyamak (fly ball governor) hota hai. valv santulit prakar ka hota hai, arthath‌ bhapadab dvara parinami bal (resultant force) shoony hota hai. jab ianjan ki gati badhati hai, gatiniyamak kandukoan ke paribhraman ki gati mean bhi vriddhi ho jati hai, jisase keandrapasari bal badh jata hai. bal ki yah vriddhi unhean gurutvakarshanabal evan niyantran kamani ke viruddh bahar chalane ka badhy karati hai. isake chalate valv kuchh aansh mean band ho jata hai. valv dvara avarodh hone par pistan par kary karanevali bhap ki dab mean kami ho jati hai, jisake karan utpann shakti bhi kam ho jati hai. evan ianjan ki gati mean kami hone ke karan valv kamani oopar uth jati hai evan ianjan ki gati mean kami hone ke karan valv kamani oopar uth jati hai evan pistan par kary karanevali bhap ki dab mean vriddhi ho jati hai, jisake phalasvaroop gati badhakar samany gati par a jati hai. avarodh gati-niyamak dvara niyamit bhap ianjan mean prayog ke bad yadi ianjan mean prati ghante vyavahrit bhap ki taul ko ashvashakti ke sath aanka jae, to ek saral rekha prapt hogi. yah sanbandh sarvapratham vilian ne paya tha. at: inhian ke nam par ise 'vilian ki rekha' (Willian's Line) kahate haian. thumb|left gatipalak chakr (flywheel)-bahudha gatipalak chakr dhalavean lohe ka bana hota hai. isamean ek ghera (rim), ek nabhi (hub) evan nabhi ko ghera se jo dane ke lie bhujaean (arms) hoti haian. jis eesha (shaft) par gatipalak chakr lagana hota hai, usaka vyas aisa hona chahie ki usapar nabhik thik baith jae. gatipalak chakr ko eesha ke sath chabhi ke dvara atakaya jata hai.

gatipalak chakr ka mukhy kary hai ianjan ke kary karate samay oorja ke parivartan dvara honevali gati ke parivartan ko kam karana. yah chakr ianjan ko nishkriy sthiti (dead centres) ke oopar le jata hai. nishkriy sthiti ke samay kraiank aur yoji dand strok ke kisi bhi or mean ek sidh mean rahata hai aur is samay pistan par kary karanevali bhap kraiank ko ghumane mean asamarth ho jati hai. gatipalak chakr ko chalak ghirani (driving pully) ke roop mean bhi kam mean laya ja sakata hai. kary ka saphalatapoorvak sanpadan karane ke lie inaka bhari hona avashyak hai. thumb|right nau ianjan (marine engines)-nimn gativale bharavahak jalapotoan (ships) mean b de nodak (propellers) lagae jate haian evan ye nodak prati minat 80 parikraman karate haian. is tarah ke jahajoan mean bhap ianjan bahut hi upayukt haian. uchch gati par chalanevale jahajoan mean bhap ianjan ki jagah bhap tarabain ka vyavahar kiy ja raha hai. samudrayan mean vyavahar mean lae janevale bhap ianjan mean triprasar prakar ke ianjan prasiddh haian. samudrayan ianjan sarvada prishth sanghanak (surface conderser) dvara yukt hota hai, jisamean pital ki nalikaean lagi rahati haian. panp ke dvara samudr ka jal sanghanitr mean laya jata hai. samudr ke jal se hi sanghanitr mean aee huee bhap ka sanghanan hota hai. yadyapi ajakal samudrayanoan mean aantardahan ianjan, bhap tarabain evan gais tarabain vyavahar mean laya ja raha hai, phir bhi kuchh khas avasthaoan mean bhap ianjan ka vyavahar atyant avashyak ho jata hai.

rel ianjan (locomotive engine)-richard trevithik ne bhap ianjan ka sarvapratham upayog rel ianjan ke nirman mean kiya. kiantu arthik kathinaee ke karan unaka prayas saphal n ho paya. aantat: jarj aur rabart stiveansan (pita aur putr) ko hi ek saphal rel ianjan chitr 7 banakar usase 1829 ee. mean lovarapul aur mainachestar ke bich relaga di chalane ka shrey prapt hua. jalayanoan ke lie bhap ianjan ka pratham upayog 1812 ee. mean rabart pulatan ne kiya tha. sadharan rel ianjan mean kshaitij bhap ianjan ka vyavahar hota hai. yah ianjan rel ianjan b aauyalar (locomotive boiler) ke pas thos adhar par laga rahata hai. pray: sabhi rel ianjanoan mean sanghanitr nahian rahata hai. kary karane ke bad bhap ko sidhe vayumandal mean chho d diya jata hai. is tarah ke ianjan do prakar ke hote hai: (1) bahi:siliandar ianjan, jisamean siliandar door tak phaile rahate haian aur ye ianjan ke phrem ke bahar hi lagae jate haian tatha (2) aant: siliandar ianjan, jisamean siliandar ianjan ke phrem ke aantargat hi ek doosare ki bagal mean rakhe jate haian. adhunik dizain mean in donoan prakaroan ko jo d diya jata hai, arthath‌ kuchh siliandar ianjan ke phrem ke aandar rahate haian evan kuchh siliandar bahar rahate haian.

ekadigvahi ianjan (uniflow engine)-chitr 8. mean is prakar ke ianjan ke mukhy siddhaant darshae ge haian. strok ke aranbh mean b aauyalar se bhap yantr dvara niyantrit valv se hokar siliandar mean pravesh karati hai aur pistan ko daean or dhakelati hai. yah valv (4) vichchhed hote hi band ho jata hai evan prasarit hoti hai. strok ke aant mean pistan ka bayaan bhag nikas dvar (2) ko khol deta hai. tab bhap is dvar se nikal jati hai. jab yah hota hai, us samay pistan (1) ka dayaan bhag aantar sthan (clearance space) par pahuanch jata hai, jisase valv (3) dvara taja bhap siliandar ke daean bhag mean pravesh karati hai. sadharan bhap ianjan ke viparit, ekadigvahi ianjan mean bhap kary karane ke lie jis disha mean chalati hai, usi disha mean chalakar vah kary karane ke bad nikal jati hai. bhap ki ek hi dishavali chal ke karan is prakar ke ianjan ko 'ekadigvahi ianjan' ki sanjna di gee haian. isamean bhasha ka sanghanan kam hota hai, jisake karan bahut tarah ki haniyaan hone se bach jati haian. yah dekha gaya hai ki bhap ki saman matra dvara ekadigvahi ianjan mean kiya gaya kary bahupad ianjan (multistage engine) ke kee siliandaroan mean kie ge sanpoorn kary ke barabar hota hai.

adhunik bhap ianjan-jems vat ke bhap ianjan mean anek parivartan kie ge haian, yadyapi pramukh siddhaant abhi bhi vahi hai. parivartanoan ki avashyakata bhap ianjan ke anekanek kayaan mean prayukt hone ke karan huee. vat ne bhap ianjan mean nimn dab kam mean lie the kyoanki unhean visphot ka dar tha. lekin ajakal sarvatr uchch dab ianjan hi prayukt kie jate haian kyoanki inaki dakshata bhi nimn dab ianjan ki apeksha adhik hoti hai.

adhunik ianjan (chitr 9) ke sanghanitr mean anek naliyaan hoti haian jinamean ek panp dvara shital jal pravahit karaya jata hai. ek aur panp bhap ke sanghanan se bane pani aur hava ko nikalane ke lie laga hota hai.

aantardahan ianjan-ke avishkar ka vichar madhyayug se praranbh hua. 1680ee. mean dach vaijnanik krishchiyan haiges ne ek oordhv siliandar aur pistan ke ianjan ka sujhav rakha tha, jisamean barood ke visphot se pistan oopar chadhe. kiantu is tarah ka ianjan kabhi kam mean nahian aya. bad mean dahanashin gaisoan tatha khanij tailoan ke avishkar se unaka sujhav vyavaharik ho gaya kyoanki barood ki jagah eedhan dene ki samasya sulajh gee. lekin phir bhi is varg ke ianjanoan ko vyavaharik upayogita ke anukool banane mean anek varsho ke prayegik aur saiddhaantik adhyayan ki avashyakata huee.

aantardahan ianjanoan mean eedhan ke roop mean gadhe mitti ke tel (dijal ayal), ailkohal athava prakritik ya kritrim gais ityadi ka prayog hota hai. lekin sadharanat: petrol aur gadhe mitti ke tel ka hi upayog hota hai.

aantardahan ianjan do siddhaanto par kary karate haian--(1) chaturghat chakr aur (2) dvighat chakr.

chaturghat chakr ka ianjan-pratyek ianjan mean ek khokhala belan hota hai, jise siliandar kahate haian (chitr 10). siliandar ke bhitar ek pistan chalata hai, jise ham mushali kah sakate haian. is pistan ka kam thik vahian hota hai jo bachchoan ki rang khelane ki pichakari ke bhitar chalanevali dat ka. pistan ailyoominiyam ya ispat ka banata hai aur isamean ispat ki kamanidar choo diyaan (riangs) lagi rahati haian, jisase vayu ya gais, pistan ke ek or se doosari or nahian ja sakati. siliandar ka matha (hed) band rahata hai, parantu isamean do (valv) rahate haian. ek ke khulane par vayu, ya vayu aur petrol donoan, bhitar a sakate haian. doosare ke khulane par siliandar ke bhitar ki vayu ya gais bahar nikal sakati hai. mathe mean ek spark plag bhi laga rahata hai jisake sire par do tar hote haian. uchit samayoan par in donoan taroan ke bich bijali ki chinagari nikalati hai, jisaka niyantran ianjan ke chalate rahane par apane ap hota rahata bijali ke karan utpann hoti hai, jo sadharanat: ek baitari ya any vidyudyantr se nikalati haian. is prabandh ko kraiank kahate haian. kraiank ke karan pistan ke age pichhe chalane par ianjan ki dhuri ghoomati hai. eedhan ke bar bar jalane se pistan bahut garam n ho jae is vichar se siliandar ki divarean hoti haian aur unake bich panp dvara pani pravahit hota rahata hai. motarakar adi mean ek ke badale char, chhah ya ath siliandar rahate haian aur lohe ki jis ishtika mean ye bane rahate haian use bl aauk kahate haian.

chitr10. aantardahan ianjan ke mukhy bhag

1. ishtika (bl aauk); 2. sanbandhak dand (kanektiang r aaud); 3. siliandar; 4. pistan ka chhalla (pistanariang); 5.

thandha karane ka pani; 6. pistan 7. siliandar ka matha (hed); 8. spark plag; 9. kapat (valv);

10. nishkas marg; 11. dhakkan; 12. kaim; 13. kraiank dhuri; 14. tel ka k daha (aauyal pain).

chitr 11. chinagari kraiank

kraiank ka kam hai pistan ke age pichhe chalane ki gati

ko dhuri ke akshaghoornan mean badalata.

oopar batae ge valv, kamani ke karan chipakakar, vayu adi ke marg ko band rakhate haian, parantu valv kaim dvara uchit samay par uth jata hai, jisase vayu ya gais ke ane ka marg khul jata hai. kaim jis dhuri par j de rahate haian usako kaim-dhuri (kaim-shaipht) kahate haian. yah dhuri ianjan se hi chalati rahati hai aur valvoan ko uchit samayoan par kholati rahati hai. (kaim ispat ke tuk de hote haian, jinaka roop kuchh kuchh pan ki akriti ka hota hai; jab kaim ka chau da bhag valv ke tane (stem) ke niche rahata hai to valv band rahata hai; jab isaka lanba bhag ghoomakar valv ke tane ke niche a jata hai to valv uth jata hai. )

chitr 12. kaim dhuri

1,2,3. vividh kaim; 4. sanchalak chakr. pistan ianjan ki dhuri se sanbandhak dand (kanektiang r aaud) dvara sanbandhit rahata hai.

dhuri sidhi n rahakar ek sthan par chimate ki tarah tedhi hoti

shh

chitr 13. kaim ka kary

in chitroan mean dikhaya gaya hai ki kaim kis prakar valv uthanevale dand ko oopar niche chalata hai.

1. dand;2. niche pahuanchane par sthiti; 3. kaim ki nok; 4. kaimadhuri; 5.ooanche pahuanchane par sthiti;

6. phir niche pahuanchane par sthiti. vakrakar ban se kaim ke ghumane ki disha dikhaee gee hai.

shh

ianjan ki vividh sandhiyoan ko, jahaan ek puraja doosare par ghoomata ya chalata rahata hai, barabar tel se tar rakhana nitaant avashyak hai. isiliye sarvatr snehak tel (lyoobriketiang aauyal) pahuanchane ka prabandh rahata hai.motarakaroan mean ianjan ka nichala hissa bahudha thal ke roop mean hota hai jisamean tel dal diya jata hai. pratyek chakkar mean kraiank tel mean doob jata hai aur chhiante u dakar siliandar ko bhi tel se tar kar deta hai. any sthanoan mean tel pahuanchane ke lie panp laga rahata hai.

chitr 10 mean ianjan ko katakar usake vividh bhag dikhae ge haian.

chitr 14. chaturghat aantardahan ianjan ka siddhaant

k. aantargrahat ghat, jisase siliandar mean eedhan aur hava ati hai; 1. aantargrahan valv;

2. spark plag; 3. nishkas valv; 4. pisstan; 5. sanbandhak dand (kanektig r aaud);

6. phlaeehil. kh. sanpidan ghat, jisase eedhan aur vayu ka mishran sanpidit

hota hai. g. shakti ghat, jisamean eedhan jal uthata hai aur pistan ko

balapoorvak thelata hai. gh. nishkas ghat, jisase jala eedhan bahar

nikal jata hai.

chaturghat chakravale ianjan ka karyakaran-chaturghat chakr (for strok saikil) ke anusar kam karanevale ianjanoan mean pistan ke char bar chalane par (do bar age, do bar pichhe chalane par) isake karyakram ka ek chakr poora hota hai. ye char nimnalikhit haian:

(k) siliandar mean pistan mathe se door jata haian; is samay aantargraharanavalv (in-tek-valv) khul jata hai au vayu, tatha sath mean uchit matra mean petrol (ya any eedhan), siliandar ke bhitar khianch ata hai, (chitr 14). ise aantargraharan ghat kahate haian. (kh) jab pistan lautata hai to aantargrahan valv band ho jata hai; doosara valv bhi (jise nishkas valv kahate haian) band rahata hai. isalie vayu aur petrol mishran ko bahar nikalane ke lie koee marg nahian rahata. at: vah sanpidit (kanpresd) ho jata hai. isi karan ise sanpidan ghat (kanpreshan strok) kahate haian. jyoan hi pistan lautane lagata hai, spark plag se chinagari nikalati hai aur sanghanit petrol-vayu-mishran jal uthata hai. isase itani garami aur dab badhati hai ki pistan ko jor ka dhakka lagata hai aur pistan hathath‌ mathe se hatata he. is hatane mean pistan aur usase sanbanddh pradhan dhuri (men shaipht) bhi balapoorvak chalate haian aur bahut sa kam kar sakate haian. petrol ke jalane ki oorja isi prakar dhuri ke ghoomane mean parivartit hoti hai. dhuri par ek bhari chakka j da rahata hai jise phlaeehil kahate haian. yah bhi ab veg se chalane lagata hai.

phlaeehil ki jhoank se pistan jab phir mathe ki or chalata hai to doosara valv khul jata hai. is valv ko nishkas valv (egz aaust valv) kahate haian. isake khule rahane ke karan aur pistan ke chalane ke karan, petrol ke jalane se utpann sab gaianse bahar nikal jati haian.

ab phlaeehil ki jhoank se phir pistan vayu aur petrol choosata hai (chooshan ghat), use sanpidit karata hai (sanpidan ghat), eedhan jalakar shakti utpann karata hai (shakti ghat) aur jali gaisean bahar nikalati haian (nishkas ghat). yahi kram tab tak chaloo rahata hai jab tak svich band karake chinagariyoan ko band nahian kar diya jata.

ianjan ko chaloo karane ke lie isaki pradhan dhuri mean haiandil lagakar ghumana p data he, ya baitari dvara sanchalit vidyutamotar se (jise selph startar kahate haian) use ghumana p data hai. ek bar phlaeehil mean shakti a jane par ianjan chalane lagata hai.

dizal ianjanoan mean chooshan ghat mean pistan keval hava khianchata hai, eedhan nahian; eedhan ko shakti ghat ke aranbh mean siliandar mean sookshm nali dvara, panp ki sahayata se, balapoorvak chho da jata hai aur vah, sanpidit vayu ke tapt rahane ke karan, bina chinagari lage hi, jal uthata hai.

yadyapi karyakaran padarth (eedhan-vayu-mishran) ka ghanatv vibhinn ianjanoan mean vibhinn hota hai, to bhi ham dab d aur ayatan a ka sanbandh chitr 15 ke anusar niroopit kar sakate haian. chooshan ghat mean aantargrahan valv khula rahata hai. isalie ham kalpana kar sakate haian ki siliandar mean dab vahian hai jo vayumandal ki hai. chitr 16 mean rekha 0-1 is dasha ko niroopit karati hai. sanghanan ghat mean dab aur ayatan ka sanbandh rekha 1-2 se niroopit hai; ayatan kam hota hai aur dab badhati hai. sanghanan aiseantr aaupik hota hai, arthath‌ sanpidan itana shighr sanpann hota hai ki ham man sakate haian ki koee garami bahar nahian jane pati aur bhitari gaisoan ki oorja mean koee kami nahian hone pati. eedhan ke jalane se dab ekaek badh jati hai aur yah rekha 2-3 se niroopit hai; ayatan utana hi rah jata hai. ab shakti ghat mean jalane ke utpann gaisean pistan ko dhakelati huee prasarit hoti hai. yah rekha 3-4 se niroopit hai. nishkas-valv ke khulane par dab ghatakar vayumandaliy dab ke barabar ho jati hai. yah rekha 4-1 se niroopit hai. nishkas ghat mean dab utani hi rah jati hai, parantu ayatan ghatata hai. yah rekha 1-0 se niroopit hai. isake bad karyachakr ki avritti hoti hai.

chitr 15

chitr 16

chaturghat ianjan mean ayatan (a) dvighat ianjan mean ayatan aur

aur dab (da) ka sanbandh. dab ka sanbandh

dvighat chakr-oopar batae ge ianjan mean nishkasaghat ka ekamatr uddeshy hai siliandar ko khali karana, jisamean eedhan aur vayu phir ek bar choosi ja sake. parantu shakti ghat ke aantim khand mean hi jali gaisoan ke nikalane ki prabandh kiya ja sakata hai. jali gaisean bahar nikalane ki kriya ko tab sammarjan (skaivanjiang) kahate haian. is vyavastha se pistan ke do ghatoan mean hi ianjan ke karyakram ka ek chakr poora ho jata hai. isalie is chakr ko dvighatachakr (too strok saikil) kahate haian. chitr 16 mean isaki kriya dikhaee gee hai. biandu 3 par sanpidan ki kriya samapt ho chuki hai. jalane ke karan dab badhati hai (rekha 3-4). ab jali gaisoan ka prasar hota haian (jisase pradhan dhuri aur phlaeehil mean oorja pahuanchati hai). yah rekha 4-5 se niroopit hai. pistan ke apani dau d ke aant tak pahuanchane ke pahale hi nishkas valv khul jata hai aur siliandar mean vayu, ya vayu tatha eedhan ka mishran, pravahit kar jali gaianse nikal di jati haian (rekha 5-1). ab pistan mathe ki or lautata hai, parantu nishkas valv turant nahian band hota. is vilamb ka uddeshy yah hai ki jali gaisoan ke nikalane ke lie apekshit samay mil jae. chitr ke biandu 2 par nishkas valv band hota hai. tab dab badhane lagati hai.

chaturvat chakr mean pradhan dhuri ke do chakkaroan mean ek shakti ghat hota hai; dvighat chakr ke pratyek chakkar mean ek shakti ghat hota hai. to bhi nap mean apane hi barabar chaturghat ianjan ki apeksha duguni oorja utpann karane ke badale dvighat-ianjan keval 70% se 90% tak adhik oorja utpann karata hai. karan ye hai: (1) apoorn sanmarjan, (2) di huee nap ke siliandar mean apekshakrit kam hi eedhan-vayu-mishran ka pahuanch pana, (3) eedhan ka adhik matra mean bina jala rah jana, (4)nishkas valv ke shighr khul jane se dab ka kshay.

ekadish aur umayadish sakriy ianjan-aantardahan ianjanoan mean (aur age pichhe chalanevale pistan yukt any ianjanoan mean bhi) do jatiyaan hoti haian, ekadish sakriy (siangal-aiktiang) ianjan aur ubhayadish sakriy (dabal-aiktiann) ianjan. ekadish sakriy ianjanoan mean karyakaran padarth (petrol, dizal tel, adi) pistan ke keval ek or rahata hai; ubhayadish sakriy ianjanoan mean donoan or. unamean siliandar lanba rahata hai aur pistan ke donoan ke bhagoan mean chooshan, sanpidan ityadi hota rahata hai. adhikaansh aantardah ianjan ekadish sakriy hote haian. udaharanat:, motarakaroan mean ianjan isi prakar ke hote haian. parantu bahutere b de ianjan ubhayadish sakriy banae jate haian. ekadish sakriy ianjan ki apeksha ubhayadish sakriy ianjan mean lagabhag duguni oorja utpann hoti hai aur nap mean matr hi vriddhi hoti parantu ubhadadish sakriy ianjanoan ke nirman mean kee yaantrik kathinaiyaan p dati haian. isalie keval b di nav ke ianjanoan mean hi ubhayadish sakriy ianjan labh dayak hote haian. doosari or, vashp ianjan aur vayu sanpidak sadharanat: ubhayadish sakriy banae jate haian, yadyapi yah anivary niyam nahian hai.

chitr 17 (k)

chitr 17 (kh)

adarsh oto chakr mean samoorja adarsh oto chakr mean ayatan

aur tap mean sanbandh aur dab ka sanbandh

oto chakr-aj ke adhikaansh aantardahan ianjan oto chakr (oto saikil) ke siddhaant par banate haian. ganana ki saralata ke lie ham kalpana kar sakate haian ki chakr mean do kriyaean samoorjik (aiseantr aaupaki) aur do sthirayatanik (ait k aaunstaiant v aaulyoom) hoti haian (chitr 17).

kalpit chakr ke vishleshan mean sugamata ke lie man liya jata hai ki karyakaran padarth keval vayu hai. yah bhi man liya jata hai ki n to chooshan ghat hota hai or n nishkas ghat. is vishleshan ko vayu pramanik vishleshan kahate haian. vastavik ianjan mean gaisoan ka nishkas hota hai. usake badale mana jata hai ki sthir ayatan par gaisean thandhi ho jati haian (chitr 17 mean rekha 4-1). karm ka utana hi hota hai (gharshan ki upeksha karane par), chahe gaisoan ka nishkas kiya jae, chahe unhean thandha kiya jae pratyek dasha mean eedhan ke jalane se utpann ushma utani hi rahati hai, man lean uch. isalie chakr ke oorja samikaran (enarji eekveshan), arthath‌

uch- uchh=ka

se spasht hai ki tiraskrit oorja uchh bhi donoan dashaoan mean saman hogi. vishisht ushma (spesifik hit) ko sthir manane par ham dekhate haian ki

uch=k via (ta3-ta2) bi.ti.yoo.;

uchh=k via (ta1-ta4)

=k via (ta4 ta1) bi.ti.yoo.,

jahaan k pistan mean ghusi vayu ki taul hai, via sthir ayatan par vishisht ushma hai aur ta1,ta2...chitr ke biandu 1,2,... par tap (teanparepar) haian. (bi.ti. yoo. bord aauv tred yoonit ke lie likha gaya hai.) vishuddh (net) karm ka=åu. isalie

ka=kavia (ta3-ta2)-k via (ta4-ta1) bi.ti.yoo.. ushmiy dakshata (tharmal efishensi) d=ka uch

man lean via/via=ni, jahaan ni sthir dab aur sthir ayatan par vishisht ushmaoan ki nishpati haian. to

ta4/ta3=(a3/a4) i l -1

aur ta1/ta2=(a2/a1) i l -1.

parantu a3=a2 aur a4=a1. isalie

man lean, sthiroshm (adayabaiti) sanpidan-anupat, arthath‌ a1/a2 akshar sh se niroopit kiya jata hai. to

d=oto chakr ki kalpit vayu pramanik dakshata

samarthy aur karm ke ekak-jis dar se oorja karm mean roopaantarit hoti hai use samarthy kahate haian; yah samay ke ek ekak mean karm ki matra hai. vah karm jo age pichhe chalanevale pistan yukt ianjan ke pistan par kiya jata hai, nirdisht karm (iandiketed vark) kahalata hai aur nirdisht karm ke anusar ganana kiya hua samarthy nirdisht ashvasamarthy (iandiketed h aaurs pavar) kahalata hai. ianjan ki dhuri tak jitana karm pahuanchata hai vah dhuri karm (shaipht vark) athava brek karm (brek vark) kahalata hai aur is karm ke anusar utpann samarthy ko brek ashvasamarthy (brek h aaurs pavar) kahate haian. samarthy ke lie desh mean prachalit ek ashvasamarthy (sankshep mean asa, aangreji mean ech.pi.) aur kilovat (sankshep mean kilva, ke.dablyoo.) haian. paribhasha aur oorja tatha samay ke ekakoan ke sanbandh se

1 asa=33,000 phut-pauand/minat

=550 phut-pauand/sekand

=2545 bi.ti.yoo./ghanta

=42.42 bi.ti.yoo./minat.

nishchit samay tak ek ashvasamarthy ka utpann hote rahana karm ki ek nishchit matra niroopit karata hai. udaharan:1 ashv samarthy ka 1 minat tak kam karana =33,000 phut-pauand. isi prakar, 1 asaghanta=2548 bi.ti.yoo.. asa minat aur visheshakar asa ghanta bahudha karm athava oorja napane ke lie suvidhajanak ekak hote haian. ek kilovat paryapt sookshmatapoorvak 1.341 ashvasamarthy ke barabar mana ja sakata hai; athava 1 ashvasamarthyu0.746 kilovat. isalie

1 kilva=3413 bi.ti.yoo. prati ghanta

aur 1kilva-ghanta=3413 bi.ti.yoo..

udaharanat: oto chakr se utpann samarthy napane ke lie hamean yah jnat hona chahie ki prati minat (athava any kisi samay ekak mean) kitane shakti ghat hote haian. man lean, pratyek minat mean s shakti ghat poore hote haian (aur yah avashyak nahian hai ki yah sankhya ianjan ke chakkar prati minat ke barabar ho). phir, man lean, pratyek ghat mean m phut pauand karm hota hai tab karm prati minat s m phut pauand prati minat hai aur

nirdharit samarthy-kisi aantardahan ianjan ke kitana samarthy prapt ho sakata hai, ise nirdharit karane ke lie kee adhar lie ja sakate haian. motarakar ianjan bananevale apane vijnapanoan mean apane ianjan ka mahattam samarthy batate haian, jo tab prapt hota hai jab samast paristhitiyaan mahattam roop se anukool hoti haian. parantu audyogik ianjan ka nirmata apane ianjanoan ka samarthy sadharanat: lagabhag mahattam ushmiy dakshata par utpann honevale samarthy ke anusar nirdharit karata hai. audyogik ianjanoan ka samarthy isi prakar nirdharit karana uttam bhi hai. karan yah hai ki yadi ianjan nirdharit samarthy par chalae jaeange to eedhan ka kharch nyoonatam hoga aur phir avashyakata hone par kuchh samay tak ve adhik samarthy par bhi kam kar sakeange.

kar (taiks) lagane ke lie sarakar yah manakar ganana karati hai ki pistan par prati varg ianch 67.2 pauand ausat karyakari dab (em.i.pi.) hai, pistan ka veg 1000 phut prati minat hai aur ianjan chaturghat chakr par chalata hai. in kalpanaoan ke adhar par ashvasamarthy ka sannikat man nimnaankit sootr se nikala ja sakata hai: jahaan san siliandaroan ki sankhya hai, aur vya siliandar ka vyas ianchoan mean hai. dhyan dene yogy bat hai ki ianjan nirmata aise ianjan banane mean saphal hue hean jinaka vastavik samarthy sarakari kar ke lie parikalit samarthy ke dugune se bhi adhik hota hai.

suparacharjar-atyek aantardahan ianjan mean prapt samarthy isapar nirbhar rahata hai ki pistan ki ek dau d mean jitana eedhan-vayu-mishran siliandar mean pravisht hota hai usaki taul kya hai. isalie jin karanoan se yah taul ghategi unase ianjan ka samarthy ghatega. vastavik ianjan mean eedhan-vayu-mishran ko ghatane badhanevale yantr se, jise prarodh (hthratal) kahate haian, tatha aantargrahan aur nishkas valvoan se mishran ki gati mean kuchh badha p dati hai. isalie mishran ko choosate samay siliandar mean dab vayumandaliy dab se kam hi rah jati hai. phalat: utana mishran nahian ghus pata jitana saiddhaantik ganana mean mana jata hai. saiddhaantik ganana mean to man liya jata hai ki siliandar ke bhitar mishran ki dab vayumandaliy dab ke barabar hai. phir, siliandar ka bhitari prishth, tatha mishranapoorn apekshakrit tapt rahate haian. isalie siliandar mean pahuanchane par eedhan mishran garam ho jata hai. ayatan tap-dab niyam ke anusar tap badhane ke karan siliandar mean mishran ki taul us taul ki apeksha kam hoti hai jo thande rahane par hoti. phir, vastavik ianjan mean siliandar ke chhoot sthan (kliyaraians spes) mean, nishkas ghat ke poorn ho jane par bhi, gaisean adi vayumandaliy dab se adhik dab par rah jati haian aur chooshan ghat ke aranbh mean ve siliandar mean phail jati haian. inaki dab vayumandaliy dab ke barabar ho jane ke bad hi chooshan ka aranbh hota hai. isase bhi siddhaantanusar nikali matra se kam hi mishran siliandar mean pravesh karata hai. aant mean, ianjan samudratal se jitani hi adhik ooanchaee par kam karega vahaan vayumandaliy dab utani hi kam hogi. isalie taul ke anusar jitana mishran siliandar mean samudratal par pravisht ho sakega usase kam hi mishran ooanche sthaloan mean pravisht ho paega. ayataniy dakshata da ke lie nimnalikhit sootr hai: da

jahaan dava aur taba kramanusar vayumandaliy dab aur tap haian.

aantardahan ianjan ki ayataniy dakshata keval ooanchaee badhane par hi nahian ghatati, vah ianjan ki chal (spid) badhane par bhi ghatati hai. isalie dau d pratiyogita mean prayukt ianjanoan aur adhik ooanchaee par kam karanevale ianjanoan mean bahudha suparacharjar laga diya jata hai. is yantr mean ek chhota sa seantraphugal pankha (bloar) rahata hai jo eedhan-vayu-mishran ko siliandar mean vayumandaliy dab ke kuchh adhik dab par thooans deta hai. suparacharjar lagane se ayataniy dakshata badh jati hai, yahaan tak ki yah 1 se adhik bhi ho ja sakati hai.

sanpidan anupat aur oto ianjanoan mean adhikasphotan-oto chakr ke vishleshan mean yah dikhaya ja chuka hai ki sanpidan anupat badhane se dakshata badhati hai. vastavik ianjanoan mean bhi yahi pravritti dikhaee p dati hai. oto chakr ke anusar kam karanevale ianjanoan mean chooshan ghat mean vayu ke sath hi eedhan bhi ghusata hai aur isalie sanpidan ghat mean bhi vah vartaman rahata hai. jab sanpidan anupat bahut b da rakha jata hai to sanpidan ke ek niyat matra se adhik hote hi eedhan mishran mean adhisphot hota hai, arthath‌ eedhan svayan, bina spark plag se chinagari ae, jal uthata hai. phir, yadi aisa n bhi hua, to spark plag ki chinagari se jalana aranbh hone par sanpidan laharean uthati haian, jo chinagari ke pas jalate hue mishran ke age age chalati haian. in sanpidan laharoan ke karan chinagari se door ka mishran svayan jal uth sakata hai, jo avaanchhaniy hai. phir, siliandar mean kahian petrol adi ke jale avashesh ke dahakate rahane se, athava pistan ke bhitar badhe petrol adi ke jale avashesh ke dahakate rahane se, athava pistan ke bhitar badhe kisi avayav ki tapt nok se bhi eedhan mishran samay ke pahale jal sakata hai. jab kabhi sanpidit mishran samay se pahale jal uthata hai to usaka yah jalana adhisphotak (ditonetiang) hota hai. yah kan se sunaee p data hai-jan p data hai ki kisi dhatu ko hathau de se thoanka ja raha hai. shighratapoorvak jalane vale eedhanoan mean adhisphot ki ashanka adhik rahati hai. pichhali kuchh dashabdiyoan mean kee navin khojean huee haian, jinase bina adhisphot hue sanpidan anupat adhik b da rakha ja sakata hai. udaharanat: (1) aise eedhan banae ge haian jo adhik dhire dhire jalate haian, jaise beanzol aur petrol ke mishran, p aaulimeraiz kiya hua petrol aur aisa petrol jisamean tho di matra mean tetra-ethil-led mila rahata hai; (2) dahanakaksh ke us bhag ko, jo pistan ke oopar rahata hai, aisa navin roop diya gaya hai ki adhisphot kam ho; (3) dahanakaksh se ushma ke nikalane ka veg badha diya gaya hai. yah kam ianjan ke mathe ko pahale se patala aur adhik dridh dhatuoan ka (jaise ailyuminiyam ki sankar dhatu y kaanse ka) banaya gaya hai, jo ushma ke adhik achchhe chalak (kandaktar) haian. sath hi pistan bhi aise padartho ka banata hai jo ushma ke achchhe chalak hote haian; (4) dahanakaksh ke bhitari bhag ko adhik chikana banaya jata hai, jisase koee aise dane nahian rah pate jo tapt hokar lal ho jayan aur eedhan-mishran ka jalana aranbh kar dean; tatha dahanakaksh ke asapas ke bhagoan ko (jaise spark plag, valv muand adi ko) adhik thandha rakhane ka prabandh kiya gaya hai. sanh‌ 1920-25 ke lagabhag motarakar ke ianjanoan mean sanpidan anupat lagabhag 4.5 rahata tha; kabhi kabhi to yah 3.5 hi rahata tha. vartaman samay mean yah anupat 6.5 ya kuchh adhik rahata hai; kuchh ianjanoan mean to yah anupat 7.5 tak hota hai.

kaanse (branz) ke mathe banane se sanpidan anupat ke bahut adhik rahane par bhi ianjan bina adhisphot ke chalate hai; isaka karan yah hai ki kaansa ushma ka bahut achchha chalak hai. isalie ushma siliandar se shighrata se door hoti rahati haian. parantu, bahut shighrata se ushma ka door hona bhi avagun hai, kyoanki isase adhik sanpidan ke uddeshy ki poorti nahian ho pati. hamara uddeshy sada yah rahata hai ki ushmiy dakshata badhe. parantu kuchh ianjanoan mean itani ushma idhar udhar chali jati hai ki ushmiy dakshata badhane ke badale ghat jati hai. ailyoominiyam ke mathe mean kabhi kabhi yahi dosh dekha jata hai.

aantardahan ianjanoan ki tvara-ianjanoan ki tvara (chal, spid) sadharanat: chakkar prati minat (ch.pr.mi., ar.pi.em., revolyooshans par minat) mean bataee jati hai parantu yah nirdharit nahian hai ki kitane chakkar prati minat rahane par ianjan ko inamean se kis vishesh varg mean rakha jae. isake atirikt tivragati vashp ianjan mean jitane chakkar prati minat hote haian, ve atyant mandagati aantardah ianjan ke chakkar prati minat 4,000 ya kuchh adhik chakkar ka veg rahata hai, parantu dau d ki pratiyogita ke lie bane ianjanoan mean chakkar prati minat 6,000 ke asapas hote haian. ve dizal ianjan, jinamean chakkar prati minat lagabhag 1,000 hote haian tivragati dizal kahalate haian. b di nap ke siliandaravale ianjan chhote siliandaroanvale ianjanoan ki apeksha mand gati se chalate haian, kyoanki b de pistan bhari hote haian aur unake chalan ki disha badalate samay itana jhataka lagata hai ki use sanbhalana kathin hota hai.

pistan ka veg usaka ausat veg hota hai aur usaki ganana nimnaankit sootr se hoti hai:

pistan ka ausat veg=2 pistan ki dau d´chakkar prati minat. pistan ka veg bhi ianjanoan ki gati ki sima nirdharit karata hai, kyoanki pistan ka veg bahut badhane se ianjan ghisakar shighr nasht ho jata hai. motarakar ke ianjanoan mean pistan-veg ab 2,800 phut prati minat ya isase bhi kuchh adhik rakha jata hai. dizal ianjanoan mean pistan ka ausataheveg 1,000 aur 1,200 phut prati minat ke bich rahata hai.

ianjan ki nap=ianjanoan ki nap siliandar ke vyas aur pistan ki dau d se bataee jati hai. udaharanat:, 12´18 ianch ke ianjan ka arth yah hai ki siliandar ka vyas 12 ianch hai aur pistan ki dau d 18 ianch hai.

adhunik motarakar ianjanoan mean apane usi nap ke 20-30 varsh pahale ke poorvajoan ki apeksha kahian adhik samarthy rahata hai. samarthy nimnalikhit karanoan se badha hai: (1) valvoan ka adhik ooanchaee tak uthana aur aantargrahan chhidr ka b da hona, jisase eedhan mishran ke ane mean kam dravagharshan utpann hota hai aur isalie siliandar mean ghusanevale mishran ki taul adhik hoti hai; (2) nishkasak valv ka kuchh shighr khul jana, jisase pistan par ulti dab nahian p dati aur rrin karm nahian karana p data; (3) nishkasak valv ka kuchh der mean band hona, jisake karan jali gaisoan ko bahar nikalane ke lie paryapt samay mil jata hai aur ve apane hi jhoanke se siliandar se lagabhag poornat: nikal jati haian; (4) aantargrahan valv ka kuchh bad mean band hona, jisase sanpidan ghat ke pashchath‌ pistan ke chal p dane par bhi anevala eedhan-mishran apani jhoank (inarshiya) se ata rahata hai aur is prakar tivragati ianjanoan mean pahale ki apeksha ab adhik mishran siliandaroan mean ghus pata hai; (5) adhik achchhi aantargrahan nalikaean, jinase vividh siliandaroan mean adhik barabari se eedhan mishran pahuanchata hai; (6) chal bhagoan ka badhiya asanjan (fit) aur adhik achchhi yaantrik rachana, jisase gharshan aur gharagharahat donoan mean kami hoti hai; (7) adhik tivragati ianjan, jisaka banana adhik shuddh nirman aur chal bhagoan ke adhik uttam santulan se sanbhav ho saka hai.

upasanhar-un udyoangoan mean, jahaan ianjan ki avashyakata keval vishesh rrituoan mean p dati hai, jaise kapas otane, ata pisane, eekh perane, barph banane adi ke lie, aantardahan ianjan vishesh upayogi hote haian, kyoanki jab ye ianjan vashp rahate haian tab unaki dekhabhal par bahut kam vyay hota hai. isi karan vashp ianjanoan se chalanevale karakhanoan mean bahudha phalatoo ianjan dizal ianjan hote haian. inaka prayog tab hota hai jab vashp ianjan kabhi big d jata hai. aantardahan ianjan bahut shighr chaloo kie ja sakate haian aur shighr hi apane poore samarthy se kam karane lagate haian. vashp ianjanoan mean ye gun nahian hote.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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