ठुमरी

thumari bharatiy sangit ki ek gayan shaili hai, jisamean ras, rang aur bhav ki pradhanata hoti hai. khayal shaili ke drut lay ki rachana (chhota khayal) aur thumari mean moolabhoot antar yahi hota hai ki chhota khayal mean shabdoan ki apeksha rag ke svaroan aur svar sangatiyoan par vishesh dhyan rakhana p data hai, jabaki thumari mean ras ke anukool bhavabhivyakti par dhyan rakhana p data hai. prayah thumari gayak ya gayika ko ek hi shabd athava shabd samooh ko alag-alag bhav mean prastut karana hota hai. is prakriya mean rag ke nirdharit svaroan mean kahian-kahian parivartan karana p data hai.

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utpatti

prachin kal mean ek 'chhalika' namak shaili thi. isamean abhinay tatha gayan ki paddhati thi. mahakavi kalidas ne 'malavikagnimitr' namak natak mean malavika dvara chhalika ka b da hi sundar varnan kiya hai. thumari isaka hi parivartit roop mani jati hai. ek dusare mat ke anusar- raja manasianh tomar ne thumari ko janm diya. any mat yah bhi hai ki thumari ka janm un lok gitoan se hua hai, jo ki nrity ke sath gaye jate the. bhasha vijnan ki drishti se thumari 'thumak' shabd se nikali hai, jisaka arth hai 'sundar-padakshep'. isase spasht hota hai ki thumari aur nrity ka ghanishth sambandh raha hoga. ek vichar yah bhi hai ki thumari ka janm avadh ke navabo ke darabar mean hua. un navaboan ko khayal shaili pasand nahian thi. unhean to koee halki shaili chahie thi, jisaka ki nrity ke sath prayog kiya ja sake aur thumari hi isake lie sarvadhik upayukt thi.

vibhajan

thumari mean svaroan ka vistar kramabaddh nahian tha. dhire-dhire thumari mean kramabaddhata ati gayi aur ise 'shastriy sangit' mean sthan mila. isake do bhag ho ge-

1. vilanbit thumari
2. drut thumari

rasoan ki drishti se thumari shrriangar v karun ras par hi adharit hoti hai, kintu shaant aur bhakti ras ke bhi git thumari shaili mean gaye jate haian.

rag

thumari ke lie mukhy rag hote haian- bhairavi, kaphi, tilang, gara, piloo, jhianjhoti, paha di, khamaj adi. thumari ke tal bhi nishchit haian- kaharava, dadara, dipachandi, adi. khayal, tappa, dhrupad ki sabhi visheshataean thumari mean payi jati haian. yah ek prakar se sabhi shailiyoan ka sar hai. thumari gane ke lie kalpanashil hona avashyak hai, isake sath hi bhavapoorn hriday, madhur aur lochak avaz bhi avashyak hai. yah gun striyoan mean adhik pae jate haian. isalie ise 'stri pradhan gayan shaili' bhi kaha jata hai. kintu ise stri-purush donoan hi gate haian.

shaili

vartaman samay mean thumari ki mukhy roop se do shailiyaan mani jati haian-

1. poorab aang
2. panjabi aang

inake atirikt muanbee aur poona mean gayi jane vali khayal aang ki thumari bhi hai. b de gulam ali khan panjabi aang ki thumari ke achchhe gayak rahe haian. is aang ki thumari mean te di aur ulajhi tanoan ka prayog hota hai. poorab aang ki thumari mean bol-banav aur tanean saral hoti haian. thumari atyant bhavanukool gayan shaili hai. isi karan yah sahaj roop se doosaroan par prabhav jama leti hai.

prasiddh thumari gayak aur gayika

prasiddh thumari gayakoan mean sohani maharaj, abdul karim khaan aur faiyaz khaan adi ke nam pramukh haian. striyoan mean gauhar jan, iandu bala, malika jan adi thian. adhunik kal mean girija devi, savita devi aur shobha gurtoo adi isaki mukhy gayika haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh