संयुक्त राज्य अमरीका

thumb|250px|'sanyukt rajy amarika ka dhvaj sanyukt rajy amarika uttar ameriki mahadvip mean sthit ek desh hai. isaki rajadhani vashiangatan hai. sanyukt rajy amarika uttar ameriki mahadvip par sthit ek sanghiy ganatantr hai. sanyukt rajy amarika 50 rajyoan aur ek sanghiy zile se bana hai. isake atirikt isake any bhi bahut se adhinasth kshetr haian jo oshiniya aur any sthanoan par bhi phaile haian. yah ek rashtriy ganatantr hai. 30.5 karo d ki janasankhya ke sath yah chin aur bharat ke bad vishv ka sabase adhik janasankhya vala desh hai. yadyapi tisare sthan par hone ke pashchath bhi isaki janasankhya pratham do ki tulana mean bahut kam hai.

namakaran

uttar amarika mean isake 49 rajy sthit haian, jiname se 48 sanyukt hai aur ek rajy alaska sudoor uttar mean hai jise amarika ki mukhy bhoomi se kanada alag karata hai.sanghiy rajadhani vashiangatan desh ke poorvi bhag mean, kolanbiya zile mean merilaiand aur varjiniya ke madhy sthit hai. sanyukt rajy amarika ka nam th aaumas pain dvara sujhaya gaya tha aur 4 julaee, 1776 ke svatantrata ke ghoshanapatr mean adhikarik roop se prayukt kiya gaya. laghu roop se isake lie bahudha sanyukt rajy ka bhi upayog kiya jata hai. hindi bhasha mean 'sanyukt rajy' ya 'sanyukt rajy amarika' ke sthan par keval 'amarika' kahane ka hi prachalan hai jo is desh ke laghu nam ke roop mean upayog mean laya jata hai.

uttari amarika ki khoj

amarika, sanyukt rajy vartaman sanyukt rajy amarika, ki srishti do karanoan se huee. yooropavasiyoan ka 17vian shatabdi se is dvip mean apane vichar, vani tatha sanskriti sahit ana, aur yahaan rahakar unake yooropiy svaroop ka badal jana. uttari amarika ki khoj 15vian-16vian shatabdi mean huee thian, par lagabhag shatadhik varsh bad agantukoan ne is desh mean pravesh kiya or use apana liya. dharmik svatantrata ka apaharan, ianglaiand mean samrath aur parliyameant ke bich sangharsh, aupaniveshik vyapar ka akarshan, sona prapt karane ka lobh tatha badhati huee janasankhya ke lie naya sthan dhooandhane ki abhilasha ne logoan ko ne desh mean basane ke lie prerit kiya.

upanivesh

1606 ee. mean tin chhote aangreji jahaj 120 vyaktiyoan ko lekar kaipten nyooport ke netritv mean amarika ke lie chale. char mahine ki samudrik yatra ke pashchath‌ inamean se 104 vyakti sakushal jems nadi ke muhane par utare. varjiniya kanpani ne 5,649 vyaktei bheje jinamean se 1624 ee. tak koee 1,095 vyakti jivit the. is kanpani ke band ho jane par ye upanivesh samrath ke adhikar mean chale ge aur vahi inaka gavarnar niyukt karane laga. varjiniya upanivesh mean tanbakoo ki kheti hone lagi jo kramash: usake vikas ka mukhy sadhan bani. isake uttar mean 1632 ee. mean merilaiand namak doosara rajakiy upanivesh sthapit kiya gaya, jisaka patta samrath ne jarj kalvart ya lard baltimor ko diya. is vansh ka is par kee pidhiyoan tak adhikar raha. yahaan roman kaithelikoan ko dharmik svatantrata thi. yah upanivesh bhi tanbakoo ki kheti ke lie prasiddh ho gaya.

aupaniveshik yug

dhanaprapti ki ichchha, dharmik svatantrata ki abhilasha, rajanitik atyachar se mukt hone ka sankalp aur ne sahasik kary ke pralobhan ne yoorop ke aur deshoan se bhi logoan ko yahaan ane ke lie badhy kiya. 1624 ee. mean dachoan ne nyoo nidaralaiands ka upanivesh basaya, par chalis varsh bad is par aangrejoan ka adhikar ho gaya aur unhoanne isaka nam nyooyark rakha. 16vian-17vian shatabdiyoan ke dharmik kraantikal mean pyooritan namak ek dal uth kh da hua jo aangreji eesaee dharm mean sudharoan ka aandolan karane laga. isaka ek jattha ianglaiand chho dakar halaiand mean ja basa. inamean se kuchh log 1620 ee. mean ianglaiand hote hue amarika ja pahuanche. vahaan inhoanne nyoo plimath ki pilagrim k aauloni basaee. charls pratham ke samay bhi jin padariyoan ka anukaran karate hue amarika ae. unhoanne 1630 ee. mean masachyoosets upanivesh ki sthapana ki. penasilaveniya aur narth kerolaina ke anek agutank jarmani aur ayaralaiand se adhik dharmik svatantrata aur arthik unnati ki asha mean idhar ae the.

nagarik

17vian shatabdi ke pratham tin chauthaee bhag mean jo videshi amarika mean akar base unamean aangrejoan ki sankhya bahut adhik thi. kuchh dach, svid aur jarman sauth kairoloina mean aur usake as-pas kuchh phraianch uganoan aur kahian kahian, speni, itailiyan aur purtagali bhi bas ge the. 1680 ee. ke pashchath‌ ianglaiand inaka agaman srot nahian raha. in sab aupaniveshikoan ne vahaan jakar aangreji bhasha, qanoon, riti-rivaj aur vicharadhara ko apana liya. 1700 ee. mean aangreji bastiyaan nyoo haianpasar, masachyoosets, kanektikat, nyoo haiven, rod ailaiand, nyooyark, nyoo jarsi, penasilaveniya, dilaveyar, merilaiand, vajianniya, narth kairolaina aur sauth kairolaina mean sthapit ho chuki thian. sabase aantim basti jarjiya 1753 ee. mean sthapit huee.

vyavasay tatha vyapar

in upaniveshoan mean uttari bhag ke nivasi vyavasay tatha vyapar mean sanlagn the par dakshin valoan ka pesha keval krishi hi tha. in vividhataoan ka karan bhaugolik paristhiti thi. bandaragahoan ke nikat gaanvoan aur nagaroan mean basakar nyoo ianglaiandavasiyoan ne shighr hi apana jivan shahari bana liya, tatha labhadayak vyavasay dhandh nikale. isase unaki arthik nianv majaboot ho gee. uttar upaniveshoan ki apeksha madhyavarti upaniveshavaloan ki abadi adhik mili-juli thi. inake viparit varjiniya, merilaiand, kairolaina tatha jarjiya namak dakshini bastiyaan pradhanataya gramin thian. varjiniya apani tanbakoo ke lie yoorop mean prasiddh ho chuka tha. 17vian shatabdi ke aant aur 18vian shatabdi ke aanrabh mean merilaiand aur varjiniya ki samajik vyavastha mean ve lakshan a chuke the jo grihayuddh tak rahe. adhikatar rajanitik adhikar aur badhiya bhoomi plaantaroan ne apane adhikar mean kar rakhi thi. yah dasapratha, jisaka dakshini upaniveshoan mean b da jor tha aur jise hatane ke lie dakshin ke log taiyar n the, age chalakar grihayuddh ka ek b da karan bani.

in tin kshetroan ke upaniveshoan mean bhaugolik aur arthik prithakata hotee hue bhi ek visheshata yah thi ki inapar ianglaid ki sarakar ke prabhav ka abhav raha aur sabhi apane ko poornataya svatantr samajhate rahe. ianglaiand ki sarakar ne nee duniya par apane sthaniy shasanadhikar kanpaniyoan aur unake malikoan ko sauanp die the. parinam yah hua ki ve ianglaiand se door hote ge. ianglaiand ki sarakar in par apana niyantran rakhana chahati thi aur 1651 ee. ke pashchath‌ samay samay par usane aise qanoon banana aranbh kiya jinamean upanivadeshoan ke vyaparik aur sadharan jivan par niyantran rakhane ka prayas tha.

svatantrata ki or

yoorop ki rajanitik paristhitiyoan ka amarika par barabar prabhav p data raha. yoo trekt ki sandhi ke anusar akediya, nyoophauandalaiand aur hadasan ki kha di phraansisiyoan se aangrejoan ko milian. kanada aur aangreji upaniveshoan ke bich koee sima nirdharit nahian thi aur yoorop mean astriya ke rajakiy yuddh mean aangrej aur phraansisi vipakshi the. at: amarika mean bhi phraansisiyoan, jinaka kanada par adhikar tha, aur aangrejoan ke bich 1754 ee mean yuddh chhi d gaya.

kraanti ka yuddh

1759 mean kyoobek ka patan hote hi phraansisiyoan ka pasa palat gaya. 1763 ee. ki sandhi mean phraans ne ianglaiand ko seant lareans ki kha di ke do dvipoan ko chho dakar, ohayo ghati aur kanada bhi de diya. yuddh ke karan amarika ki 13 bastiyaan rajanitik ekata ke sootr mean bandh gee aur unaki apani shakti aur sangathan ka pata chala. amarika mean bane mal ke ayat par ianglaiand mean niyantran tatha yoorop mean amarika ke niryat mal par lagi chuangi se vyapar ko b da dhakka pahuancha. ianglaiand keval kachcha mal lena chahata tha aur amarika mean apane bane hue mal ki khapat chahata tha. grenavil ne un upaniveshoan mean aangreji sena rakhane ka sujhav diya jisake kharch ka bojh amarika ki janata par p data tha. ianglaiand ne qanoon dvara kar lagakar amarika ko sar karana chaha. inhian karoan mean staianp kar bhi tha. isaka vahaan k da virodh hua aur nyooyark ki ek sabha mean amarikiyoan ne ailan kiya ki jab tak unaka pratinidhi ianglaiand ki parliyameant mean n hoga tab tak usaka lagaya kar bhi unhean many n hoga. aangreji sarakar ko jhukana p da aur vah kar vapas le liya gaya.

1667 ee. mean chay, shishe tatha any chijoan par kar lagane ka prastav hua jisase amariki upaniveshoan mean isaka bhi virodh hua aur chay ko chho dakar jisase baki sab par chuangi ki chhoot de di gee. unhoanne aangreji chay ka bahishkar kiya. bostan mean kuchh amarikanoan ne red iandiyan ke vesh mean aangreji jahajoan par chadhakar unaki chay samudr mean pheank di. british parliyameant mean is ghatana se b di uttejana huee aur jarj tritiy ne k di niti apanane ka adesh diya.

masachyoosets ke prastav ko lekar philadelphiya mean 5 sitanbar, 1774 ee. ko ek sabha huee jisamean samrath tatha ianglaiand aur kanada ki janata ke nam sandesh bhejana svikar kiya gaya. isamean svatantrata ka prashn nahian uthaya gaya tha. janaral gez dvara masachyoosets mean amarikan netaoan ko pak dane aur goli chalane se ag bh dak uthi aur yuddh aranbh ho gaya. philadelphiya ki doosari sabha mean jarj vashiangatan ko neta chuna gaya. us samay aangreji sena ki sankhya 10,000 tak pahuanch chuki thi. 4 julaee, 1776 ee. ko tamas jepharasan dvara likhit amariki svatantrata ka ghoshanapatr kaantineantal sabha mean pas hua.

any mahatvapoorn yuddh

aangreji sena ko aranbh mean kuchh saphalataean milian aur varshigatan ko nirantar pichhe hatana p da. kraanti ka yuddh chhah varsh se adhik kal tak chalata raha jis bich anek mahatvapoorn yuddh hue. treantan aur prianstan ki jitoan ne upaniveshoan mean asha jagrit kar di. sitanbar, 1777 ee. mean hav ne philadelphiya par adhikar kar liya, par sharadh mean amarikanoan ki yuddh mean sabase b di jit huee.

17 aktoobar, 1777 ee. ko british senapati varagoin ne apani paanch hajar sena sahit atmasamarpan kar diya. phraans ne, jo apani purani dushmani ke karan ianglaiand ke vipaksh mean tha, amarika ke sath vyaparik aur mitrata ki sandhiyaan kar lian jisamean beanjamin phraiankalin ka b da hath tha. 16vean luee ne janaral sheshanbo ki adhyakshata mean 6,000 javanoan ki ek prabal sena bheji aur phreanch samudri be de ne british senaoan ko saman bhejane mean kathinaee dal di.

sanvidhan par svikriti

1778ee. aangrejoan ko philadelphiya khali kar dena p da. vashiantan aur sheshaanboan ki senaoan ke prayas se lard karnavalis ko 17aktoobar, 1781ee. mean yarkataun mean atmasamarpan karana p da. ianglaiand mean pradhan mantri lard narth the jinhoanne tyagapatr de diya aur aprail, 1782 ee. mean naya mantrimandal banaya gaya. 1783 ee. mean peris ke sandhipatr par hastakshar hue. 13 amarikan rajyoan ko poornataya svatantrata mili. keval kanada aangrejoan ke pas rah gaya aur misisipi nadi uttar ki sima man li gee. 1787 ee. mean philadelphiya mean ek kanveanshan hua jisamean desh ka vidhan banane aur keandriy shasan vyavastha ke lie sarakar banane ka nishchay kiya gaya. 17 sitanbar 1787 ee. ko prastut sanvidhan par upasthit rajyoan ke pratinidhiyoan ne hastakshar kar die. 21 joon, 1782 ee. ko sanvidhan aantim roop mean sab rajyoan dvara svikrit ho gaya. rashtriy sangh ki kaangres ne rashtrapati ke pratham chunav ki vyavastha ki aur 30 aprail, 1789 ko vashiangatan ne apane pad ki shapath li.

grihayuddh

vidhan ke aantargat 13 rashtroan ne ek samajhauta kiya aur apane kuchh adhikar keandr ko sauanp die, par aantarik mamaloan mean ve poonataya svatantr the. sanyukt rajy ki sima badhane ke lie yah avashyak ho gaya ki amarika ke aur bhagoan par adhikar kiya jae. 1861 ee. ke grihayuddh ke pahale ka yug vastav mean sanyukt-rajy-kshetr-vistar-yug kahalane yogy hai.

1787 ee. mean uttari pashchimi pradesh , jinamean bad mean chalakar chhah ne rajy bane, aur 1803 ee. mean looeejiyana pradesh dedh karo d d aaular mean phraans se kharid lie ge. us samay jefarasan rashtrapati tha. sanyukt rajy ko 10 lakh varg mil se adhik bhoomi aur nyooarlis ka bandaragah mil gaya. amarika mahadvip ke do tihaee bhag par isaka adhikar ho gaya. baki ek tihaee bhag 1845-50 ee. ke bich adhikar mean aya. desh ki samast nadiyoan par keandriy niyantran ho gaya.

19vian shatabdi ke pratham bhag mean aangrejoan aur phraansisiyoan ke bich hue yuddh mean amariki vyavastha ki niti bahut samay tak kayam n rah saki aur usake vyapar ko b di kshati pahuanchi. 1812 mean briten ke viruddh amarika ko yuddhakshetr mean utarana p da. sthal par to sanyukt rajy ko asaphalata mili par samudr mean use vijay prapt huee. yuddh ki samapti ghet ki sandhi se huee jise 1815 ee. mean sanyukt rajy ne svikar kar liya. is yuddh mean amariki janasankhya ko b di kshati pahuanchi thi, par isaka mahatvapoorn parinam rashtriyata aur deshabhakti ki bhavana ka udgar hua.

sanyukt rajy aantarrashtriy kshetr mean ab samanata ka pad prapt kar chuka tha. is yug mean jefarasan aur manaro ke nam vishesh ullekhaniy haian. jo ne rajy bane unamean 1803 ee. mean ohayo, 1812 ee. mean looiziyana, 1816 ee.mean iandiyana, 1817 ee. mean misisipi, 1818 ee. mean ilinay, 1819 ee. mean alabama, 1820 ee. mean men aur 1821 ee. mean misauri ke nam ullekhaniy haian. isi samay manaro daktrin niti ki ghoshana ki gee jisase amarika ka yoorop ke ghareloo mamaloan tatha yooropiyan upaniveshoan aur donoan amariki dvipoan mean yooropiy shaktiyoan ka hastakshep karana avaidh ho gaya. roos ne ise manakar alaska mean 54.40 par apani dakshini sima nirdharit ki. aant mean 1861 mean roos ne ise 15 lakh d aaular par amarika ke hath bech diya.

das pratha

is kal uttari aur dakshini rajyoan mean dasapratha ko lekar vaimanasy ki bhavana tivr ho uthi jo amariki grihayuddh ka ek b da karan bani. uttari rajyoan mean dasapratha ko hata diya gaya tha par dakshini rajy apani arthik aur bhaugolik paristhitiyoan ke karan use banae rakhana chahate the. ve use ghareloo mamala samajhate the jisamean unake mat se, kaangres ko hastakshep karane ka adhikar n tha. amariki rajaniti mean bhi dasapratha ko lekar rajanitik daloan mean phoot p d gee. dasapratha ke virodhiyoan aur pakshapatiyoan ke bich sangharsh ka jor badhata ja raha tha.

1857 ee. mean sarvochch nyayalay dvara bahumat se kie ge drek skat ke phaisale ne ag mean ghi ka kam kiya. 8 pharavari, 1865 ee. 'kanaphedaret stet aauph amerika' ka sangathan hua jisaka liankan ne virodh kiya. 12 aprail ko charlstan, sauth kairolaina ke fort sumatar par golabari huee aur grihayuddh aranbh ho gaya. yah char varsh chala aur aant mean 8 aprail, 1865 ee. ko dakshini sena ne hathiyar dal die.

vistar aur sudhar ka yug

grihayuddh aur pratham vishv yuddh ke 50 varsho ke madhyakal mean sanyukt rajy mean bhari parivartan hue. b de b de karakhane khule, mahadvip ke ar par rel dvara yatayat sugam ho gaya tatha samudr, nagaroan aur hare bhare khetoan ne desh ki arthik unnati mean yog diya. lohe, bhap, bijali ke utpadan aur vaijnanik avishkaroan ne rashtr mean ne pran phooanke. sanyukt rajy b di tezise pragati kar chala. 1914 ee. ke yooropiy mahayuddh ke samachar se ise bhari dhakka pahuancha par amariki udyog pashchimi rashtroan ki yuddh samagri ki maang ke karan phoolane phalane laga. 1915 ee. mean jarmani ke sainik netaoan ne ghoshana ki ki ve british dvipoan ke asapas ke samudr mean kisi bhi vyaparik jahaj ko nasht kar deange. rashtrapati vilsan ne apani niti ghoshit ki ki amariki jahajoan athava jan ke nash karane ke lie jarmani uttaradayi hoga. jarman panadubbiyoan ne amarika ke kee jahaj dubo die.

at: 2 aprail, 1917 ee. ko amarika ne vishvayuddh mean pravesh kiya aur usake sainik aur jahaj phraans pahuanch ge. janavari, 1918ee. mean vilsan ne nyayayukt shaanti ke adhar par apane suprasiddh 14 sootr rache. isake aantargat rashtrasangh ka nirman karana, chhote b de rajyoan ko saman rajanitik svatantrata aur rashtr ki akhandata ka ashvasan dilana tha. unhian sootroan ke adhar par 11navanbar, 1918ee. ko jarmani ne asthayi sandhipatr par hastakshar kar die. vilsan ke sootroan ka aur rashtroan mean sthayi sandhi ka poornataya palan nahian kiya gaya, at: sanyukt rajy rashtrasangh (lig aauph neshans) ka sadasy nahian bana.

arthik sankat

20vian shatabdi ke tisare dashak mean amarika mean arthik sankat utpann hua. krishi kshetr mean mandi a gee aur sansar ke bajar dhir-dhire amarika ke lie band ho ge. 1929 ki patajh d mean sheyar bajar ke bhav gire aur lakhoan vyaktiyoan ki jivan bhar ki sanchit pooanji nasht ho gee. karakhane band ho ge aur lakhoan adami bekar ho ge. 1932 ee. ke chunav mean demokrait phraiankalin roozavelt ki jit huee. usane nyoo dil namak vyaparik niti se amarika ki arthik sthiti sudharane ka prayas kiya aur usamean vah saphal bhi hua. 1939 ee. mean dvitiy mahayuddh chhi d gaya. amarika ne pahale to tatasthata ki niti apanaee, par 1941 ee. mean use bhi yuddh mean ana p da. lagabhag char varsho ke yuddhakal mean amarika ne sainikoan aur yuddhasamagri se mitrarashtroan ki b di sahayata ki. 8 mee, 1945 ee. ko jarmani ki sena ne atmasamarpan kiya aur japan ke hiroshima aur nagasaki dvipoan par paramanu bam girane ke phalasvaroop 2 sitanbar, 1945 ee. ko usane bhi atmasamarpan kiya aur vishvayuddh ka aant hua.

26 joon, 1945 ee. ko 51 rashtroan ne sanyukt rashtriy ghoshanapatr svikar kiya jisamean ek ne aantararashtriy sangh ka sanvidhan tha. amarika ke itihas mean ek naya adhyay aranbh hua. isane vishv ki any shaktiyoan ke sath gutabandi shuroo ki. uttar atalaantik (naito) aur dakshin-poorvi eshiyaee (sito) samajhaute tatha bagadad paikt se amarika ka bahut se rajyoan ke sath sainik gathabandhan ho gaya, par isake javab mean roos aur usake sathi deshoan ne bhi apane gut bana lie.

sanh‌ 1950 se 1953 ee. tak amarika ne koriyaee yuddh mean sanyukt rashtr-sangh ki senaoan ki sainik, dhan tatha any yuddhopayogi samagri dekar kaphi sahayata ki. 1956 ee. ke chunav mean ripablikan parti ke janaral aizanahavar dobara rashtrapati chune ge. amarika ne 1949 ee. mean sthapit janavadi chin (pikiang) ko manyata nahian di, isake viparit vah pharamoosa dvipasamooh mean chaang kaee shek ki sarakar ko hi chin ki vastavik sarakar ke roop mean manata raha aur use paryapt sahayata bhi deta raha. udhar stalin ki mrityu ke bad halaanki roos aur amarika ke bich nirantar chal rahe shitayuddh mean kuchh kami huee phir bhi 1962 ee. mean ukt donoan ke bich tanav us samay apani charamavastha par pahuanch gaya jab rashtrapati kenedi ne kyooba ko sainik samagri pahuanchanevale roosi jahajoan ko samudr mean hi rok liya aur kyooba ke sthapit roosi prakshepastroan ke addoan ko samapt karane ki maang ki. tatkalin roosi pradhan mantri hkhraushchov ne lebanan se amariki adde khatm karane ki shart rakhi. kisi tarah mamala tala aur sansar bhayankaratam yuddh ki vibhishika se bal bal bacha. navanbar, 1963 mean rashtrapati kenedi ki dalas (teksas) mean hatya kar di gee aur tatkalin uparashtrapati liandan janasan ne rashtrapati ki haisiyat se karyabhar sanbhala. unhoanne kaangres ke madhyam se amarika mean is prakar ki yojanaean chaloo kian jinase desh ke aantargat arthik drishti se kamajor samudayoan ko vikas ka avasar mil sake, halaanki kale gore ke prashn ko lekar amarika mean tanav bana hi raha. jahaan tak aantarrashtriy sthiti ka prashn tha, rashtrapati janasan ne dakshini viyatanam evan pakistan ko atyadhik sainik evan arthik sahayata di. pakistan ne 1965 mean amariki hathiyaroan ke bharose hi bharat se yuddh chhe da aur muanh ki khaee.

navanbar, 1968 mean richard en. niksan (ripablikan) amarika ke rashtrapati chune ge. isi varsh nagarik adhikaroan ke lie sangharshashil kale amarikiyoan ke neta martin loothar kiang tatha rashtrapati pad ke pratyashi rabart kenedi (jan.eph.kenedi ke bhaee) ki hatya kar di gee. 1968 mean hi roos aur amarika dvara sanyukt roop se prastut paramanu shastroan ki ho d par pratibandh lagane ka prastav rashtrasangh mean parit kiya gaya.

navanbar, 1972 mean hue 92vian kaangres ke madhyavadhi chunav mean ripariblakan dal ko n to sinet aur n hi avar sadan mean bahumat mila. isase amarikiyoan ne demokraitik dal ko spashtat: shaktishali bana diya. phalat: rashtrapati ko apane mantrimandal mean vyapak parivartan karane p de aur agami chunav jitane ke lie niksan ne chin tatha roos ki sadbhavanayatraean bhi kian.

disanbar, 1971 ee. mean bharat tatha pakistan ke bich hue yuddh mean rashtrapati niksan ne khule am pakistan ka paksh liya. rajanitik aur aantararashtriy manch par jab vah kisi bhi tarah bharat ko n jhuka sake to bhayadohan karane ke lie satavean be de ka paramanushakti chalit 'eantarapraiz' namak yuddhapot hiand mahasagar mean bheja. isase bharat aur amarika ke sanbandhoan par bahut bura asar p da.

navanbar, 1972 mean chunav jitakar niksan pun: amarika ke rashtrapati ho ge. lanbe arase se chala a raha viyatanami yuddh bhi 27 janavari, 1973 ko us samay samapt ho gaya jab peris mean uttari viyatanam, dakshini viyatanam, rashtriy mukti morache (viyatakaandh) dvara sthapit asthayi kraantikari sarakar tatha amarika ke videsh mantriyoan ne viyatanam sandhi par hastakshar kar die. 30 janavari ko yuddhaviram ka kary praranbh hua aur 3 pharavari, 1973 ko lagabhag poorn yuddhaviram ho gaya. lekin is bich amarika ki arthik sthiti kamajor ho gee. phalat: 13 pharavari, 1973 ee. ko amariki dalar ka avamoolyan karana p da.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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