बंदरगाह

bandaragah
mumbee bandaragah|200px|center
vivaran	'bandaragah' kisi tat par sthit vah sthan hota hai, jahaan ek sath kee jahaz kh de ho sakate haian. bandaragah sthan, vanijyik maang aur hava evan laharoan se sharan ke lie, bhoomi aur naugamy pani ke adhigam ko upayukt banane ke lie chayanit kiye jate haian.
bharat mean bandaragah	b de bandaragah- 12, chhote bandaragah- 187
any janakari	bharat mean b de bandaragah keandr sarakar aur chhote bandaragah rajh‍y sarakaroan ke aantargat ate haian. desh mean sh‍thit 12 b de bandaragah (bharatiy kanpani adhiniyam-1956 ke adhin port aauf ennaur sahit) poorvi aur pashh‍chimi tatoan par saman roop se banae ge haian.

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bandaragah (aangrezi: Port) ek tat ya kinare par ek sthan hota hai, jisamean ek ya adhik bandaragah samavisht hote haian. bandaragah sthan, vanijyik maang aur hava evan laharoan se sharan ke lie, bhoomi aur naugamy pani ke adhigam ko upayukt banane ke lie chayanit kiye jate haian.

bharat ke bandaragah

bharat ke tatavarti ilakoan mean 12 b de bandaragah aur 200 chhote bandaragah haian. b de bandaragah keandr sarakar aur chhote bandaragah rajh‍y sarakaroan ke aantargat ate haian. desh mean sh‍thit 12 b de bandaragah (bharatiy kanpani adhiniyam 1956 ke adhin port aauph enh‍nor sahit) poorvi aur pashh‍chimi tatoan par saman roop se banae ge haian. kolakata, paradip, vishakhapattanam, chennee, enh‍nor aur tootikorin bandaragah bharat ke poorvi tat par sh‍thit haian, jabaki kochchi, nh‍yoo mangalaur, marmugao , muanbee, nhavasheva par javaharalal neharoo aur kaandala bandaragah pashh‍chimi tat par sh‍thit haian.

kshamata

b de bandaragahoan ki kshamata 1951 mean 20 miliyan tan prativarsh se badhakar 31 march, 2007 tak 504.75 miliyan tan prativarsh ho gee hai. dasavian panchavarshiy yojana ke shuroo mean bandaragahoan ki kshamata 343.45 miliyan tan prativarsh thi. jo dasavian yojana ke aant tak (31 march, 2007 tak) badhakar 504.75 miliyan tan prativarsh tak pahuanch gee. is avadhi mean 160.80 miliyan tan prativarsh ki atirikh‍t kshamata ki upalabh‍dhi rahi. dasavian yojana ke sabhi varshoan mean in b de bandaragahoan mean traiphik ki avajahi mean bhi vriddhi huee. varsh 2006-07 mean chhote bandaragahoan mean 185.54 miliyan tan aur 2006-07 ke aant tak yah badhakar 228 miliyan tan prativarsh ho gee. dasavian panchavarshiy yojana ke praranbh mean b de bandaragahoan mean ane vale jahajoan se 313.55 miliyan tan kshamata badhakar varsh 2007-08 mean 519.67 miliyan tan ho gee jisamean 73.48 miliyan kantenar traiphik tha. b de bandaragahoan mean kantenar traiphik 2005-06 ke 61.98 miliyan se badhakar 2007-2008 mean 78.87 miliyan tan ho gaya. bandaragahoan ke kushal sanchalan, uth‍padakata badhane aur sevaoan ki gunavatta badhane ke sath-sath bandaragahoan mean pratish‍pardha lane ke uddeshh‍y se ise kshetr mean niji bhagidari ko bhi sh‍vikriti de di gee hai. ab tak 4927 karo d rupe ke nivesh vali 17 niji kshetr ki pariyojanaean sanchalit ki gee haian jisamean 99.30 miliyan tan prativarsh atirikh‍t kshamata shamil hai. 5181 karo d rupe ke nivesh vali 8 pariyojanaoan ka karyanh‍vayan aur moolh‍yaankan kiya ja raha hai. thumb|250px|Port Location in Map|left

samudrik jalamarg

bharat ke 7,516.6 kimi. lambe samudr tat mean 12 pramukh bandaragah tatha 187 chhote bandaragah haian. pradhan bandaragah haian: kaandala, mumbee, nhavaseva mean (javaharalal neharoo bandaragah), marmugao , nayoo mangalaur, tootikorin, kochchi, chennee, vishakhapattanam , paradip, kolakata, haldiya, ennaur. bharat hiand mahasagar ke sire par sthit haian. yahaan se poorv aur dakshin-poorv ko samudrik marg chin, japan, yoorop indoneshiy, maleshiya aur astreliya ko; dakshin aur pashchim mean sanyukt rajy amerika, yoorop tatha aphrika ko aur dakshin mean shrilanka ko jate haian. is prakar bharat pashchim ke audyogik v sampann desho ko dakshin-poorv v poorvi eshiya ke vikasashil evan krishi pradhan deshoan se milane ke lie ek k di ka kam karata hai. bharat ke bandaragahoan par milane vale pradhan jal-marg nimn haian:

svej jal-marg

ye jal marg ke khule jane se bharat aur yoorop ke bich ka vyapar bahut badh gaya hai. is marg dvara bharat, yoorop ko kachcha mal aur khady padarth bhejata hai tatha badale mean taiyar mal aur mashinean mangavata hai.

uttamasha aantarip jal-marg

ye jal marg bharat ko dakshini aphrika aur pashchimi aphrika se jo data hai. kabhi-kabhi dakshini amarika jane vale jahaj bhi isi marg se ate haian. bharat is marg se apane yahaan rooee, shakkar, adi mangavata hai.

siangapur jal-marg

jal marg ka avagaman ki drishti se svej-marg ke bad doosara sthan hai. yah marg bharat ko chin aur japan se jo data hai. is marg dvara bharat, kanada aur nyoojilaiannd ke bich vyapar hota hai. bharat mean is marg se sooti-reshami kap da, loha aur ispat ka saman, mashinean, chini ke bartan, khilaune, rasayanik padarth, kagaj, adi ate haian aur badale mean rooee, loha, maianganij, joot, abhrak, adi niryat hote hai.

sudoor-poorv ka jal-marg

yah jal marg bhi mahatvapoorn hai. yah marg bharat ko aaustreliya se jo data hai. is marg se bharat mean kachchi oon, gho de, phal, ayask, adi vastuoan ka ayat hota hai aur badale mean joot, chay, alasi, paridhan v ianjiniyari saman, adi niryat hote haian. in margoan par adhikatar aangrezi, phrasisi, japani aur itailiyan kampaniyoan ke jahaz chalate haian. bharatiy kampaniyoan ke jahajoan ki sankhya bahut hi kam hai.

prakar

bharat mean tin prakar ke bandaragah paye jate haian-

1. b de bandaragah (Major Port)
2. chhote bandaragah (Minor Port)
3. madhyam bandaragah (Intermediate Port)

pradhan (ya b de) bandaragah keandriy sarakar tatha gaun (ya chhote) bandaragah rajakiy sarakar dvara prashasit kiye jate haian. mumbee, marmugao aur chennee ka prabandh bandaragah pradhikaran ke pas evan paradip, naya mangalaur, vishakhapattanam, naya tootikorin aur kaandala ka prabandh sthaniy prashasakoan ke hath mean hai. mumbee v nhavasheva ke javaharalal neharoo bandaragah ko milakar desh mean kul 12 b de ya pradhan bandaragah karyarat haian. manjhale aur chhote bandaragahoan par rajy sarakaroan ka niyantran rahata hai. yatayat ki drishti se bharat mean 10 lakh tan varshik se adhik yatayat sanbhalane vale bandaragah ko b da, 1 lakh tan se adhik vale ko manjhala aur 1,500 se 1lakh tan vale ko chhota tatha 1,500 tan se kam vale ko up-bandaragah kaha jata hai.

bharat ke b de bandaragah

bharat mean 12 b de bandaragah haian- kaandala, mumbee, nhavasheva mean javaharalal neharoo bandaragah, marmugao, kochchi, naya mangalaur, tootikorin, chennee, vishakhapattanam, paradip, kolakata-haldiya tatha ennaur haian. inhian bandaragahoan dvara bharat ke videshi vyapar ka lagabhag 92% se bhi adhik hota hai. in b de bandaragahoan ke atirikt bharat mean 184 chhote ya gaun bandaragahoan ki vyapar kshamata 100 lakh tan hai.

pashchimi tat ke bandaragah

vibhinn tatiy rajyoan ke pramukh evan gaun bandaragah nimn prakar haian-

1. gujarat - lakhapat, maandavi, kaandala, navalakhi, bedi, madhavapur, okha, dvaraka, miani, porabandar, navibandar, kodinagar, bhavanagar, bharooanch, sikka, balasad, soorat, vairaval, somanath, dahej, pipalov, muandra adi.
2. maharashtr - dahanoo, mahim, mumbee, alibag, shrivarddh, ratnagiri, devagadh, malavan, beangurla, raks, chaandavali aur re di.
3. gova - panjim, marmugao, kanakoni.
4. karnatak - honavar, kundapur, mangalaur, bhatakal, karava d, bepur, malpe.
5. keral - tailicheri, kojhikod, kochchi, elappi, kvilon, tiroovanantapuram, kasarago d, kannanaur, irnakulam.

poorvi tat ke bandaragah

is tat ke vibhinn rajyoan ke bandaragah nimn haian-

1. tamilanadu - kanyakumari, tootikorin, dhanushakoti, rameshvaram, toandi, nagapattanam, potonovo, kaddalor, mahabalipuram, chennee, ennaur.
2. aandhr pradesh - muhukuroo, alloor, masulipattanam, kakinada, vishakhapattanam, valteyar, vimilipatan, kaliangapatanam, shrikakulam.
3. u disa - gopalapur, chhatrapur, ganjam, puri, paradip.
4. pashchim bangal - dippa, kolakata, gangasagar, haldiya.

aitihasik, samajik, matsy palan v arthik, samarik evan prashasanik adi karanoan se uparyukt bandaragahoan ko mahatv milata rahata hai.

tatavar b de bandaragah

tatavar bharat ke 12 b de pramukh bandaragahoan ki sthiti nimn prakar se hai-

1. pashchimi tat par - kaandala, mumbee, nhavasheva mean javaharalal neharoo bandaragah, marmagao, naya mangalaur aur kochchi.
2. poorvi tat par - tootikorin, chennee, vishakhapattanam, paradip, kolakata-haldiya evan ennaur.

tatarekha par bandaragahoan ka abhav

bharat ki mukhy bhoomi ki tat rekha lagabhag 7,516.6 kilomitar lambi hai, kiantu yah kam kati-phati hai. at: isake tat par pradhan ya b de prakritik potashray ya bandaragah bahut kam haian. isake atirikt kinare ke nikat sagar ka jal chhichhala hai aur kinare adhikatar chapate aur baloomay haian. nadiyoan ke muhanoan par bhi baloo mitti ikatthi rahati hai, isaliye bandaragah ya tat tak jahaz asani se nahian pahuanch sakate. pashchimi samudr tat par mumbee bandaragah v nhavavesha mean (javaharalal neharoo bandaragah), kaandala, marmugao , nyoo mangalaur aur kochchi bandaragahoan ko chho dakar koee bhi svat: surakshit bandaragah nahian haian. pray: sabhi bandaragah (inako chho dakar) manasoon ke dinoan mean vyapar ke liye band rahate haian. isake kee karan haian-

1. nadiyoan dvara badh ke samay layi gayi mitti evan chhichhale muhane.
2. isake atirikt mee se agast tak pashchimi tat par manasoon pavanoan ka prakop rahata hai. at: mumbee, nhavasheva aur marmugao ko chho dakar any bandaragahoan ka poora-poora upayog nahian ho pata.
3. samast pashchimi tatiy bhag tho di-bahut katanoan ke atirikt pray: sapat aur patharila hai.

bharat mean poorvi tat par yadyapi nadiyoan ke delta adhik haian, kiantu in nadiyoan dvara layi huee mitti se samudr tat patata hai. kolakata ke bandaragah par bhi yahi kathinaee rahati hai. kabhi-kabhi ghantoan tak jahazoan ko jvar-bhate ki pratiksha karani p dati hai. is bhag mean kolakata ka bandaragah hi prakritik hai. chennee, paradip aur vishakhapattanam kritrim bandaragah haian. samudr jal ki gaharaee paryapt rakhane ke lie nirantar jhamoan (dredgers) ka prayog karana p data hai.

bharat ke samudayik marg

desh ka lagabhag 99 pratishat vyapar samudri margoan se hota hai. vikashil deshoan mean bharat ke pas vyaparik jahazoan ka chin ke bad doosara sabase b da be da hai aur vyaparik jahazarani be de ke dristikon se bharat vishv mean 17vean sthan par hai. bharat ke pas 12 b de v 184 chhote v machhole bandaragah haian. b de bandaragahoan ke prabandhan v vikas ki jimmevari keandr sarakar ki hai, jabaki any bandaragah samavarti soochi mean haian, jinaka prabandhan tatha prashasan sanbaddh rajy sarakarean karatian. bharat ke samudayik marg visheshat: kolakata, vishakhapattanam, chennee, kochchi, mumbee evan kaandala ke bandaragah se hi arambh hote haian. niche in bandaragahoan se arambh hone vale pramukh margoan ko bataya gaya hai:

kolakata ke samudrik jalamarg

• kolakata-siangapur-nyoojilaind
• kolakata-kolambo-parth-ediled
• kolakata-kolambo-adan-port seed
• kolakata-siangapur-haangakaang-tokiyo
• kolakata-vishakhapattanam-chennee
• kolakata-rangoon
• kolakata-siangapur-vataviy.

vishakhapattanam ke samudrik jalamarg

• vishakhapattanam-rangoon
• vishakhapattanam-chennee-kolambo
• vishakhapattanam-kolmbo-adan-port seed
• vishakhapattanam-kolakata.

chennee ke samudrik jalamarg

• chennee-kolambo-marishas
• chennee-kolambo-adan-port seed
• chennee-rangoon-siangapur
• chennee-kolakata
• chennee-mumbee.

kochchi ke samudrik jalamarg

• kochchi-mumbee-karachi
• kochchi-mumbee-adan-port seed
• kochchi-kolambo-kolakat-parth
• kochchi-kolambo-kolakat.

mumbee ke samudrik jalamarg

• mumbee-kolambo-parth-ediled
• mumbee-mombasa-daraban-kepataun
• mumbee-kolambo-siangapur
• mumbee-karachi-adan
• mumbee-port seed
• mumbee-kolambo-chennee

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh