नगरीकरण

nagarikaran
eshiya mean nagarikaran|200px|center
vivaran	nagar kshetroan ka bhautik vistar ya usake kshetraphal, janasankhya adi mean betahasha vriddhi 'nagarikaran' kahalata hai. yah ek vaishvik parivartan hai.
paribhasha	sanyukt rashtr sangh ki paribhasha ke anusar- "gramin kshetroan ke logoan ka shaharoan mean jakar rahana aur kam karana bhi 'nagarikaran' hai."
bharat mean nagarikaran ke karan	reloan ka vikas, akal, nagariy jivan ka akarshan, udyogoan ka vistar, nagaroan mean sthayi rozagar adi.
das lakh se adhik janasankhya vale shahar (2001, bharat)	merath, nasik, jabalapur, jamashedapur, asanasol, dhanabad, pharidabad, ilahabad, amritasar, vijayava da aur rajakot.
vishesh	2001 ki janaganana ke anusar bharat mean sabase adhik janasankhya vala shahar muanbee hai, jisaki janasankhya 2001 mean 1 karo d, 20 lakh thi.
any janakari	bharat mean nagarikaran janasankhya mean lagatar vriddhi ho rahi hai. nagariy janasankhya jo 1901 mean 2 karo d 56 lakh thi, vahi 2001 mean 28 karo d 53 lakh thi.

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nagarikaran vikas prakriya ka hi ek aang hai. gramin kshetroan janasankhya ka nagariy kshetroan mean parivartan arthik vikas ki dridh kasauti hai. pichh de hue sthir samaj mean nagarikaran ki prakriya vastutah dhimi hoti hai kyoanki gramin kshetroan mean rahane vale logoan ke lie rozagar upalabdh karane mean nagar saksham nahian hote. kintu phir bhi gramin janasankhya ka shaharoan ki taraph tezise palayan rozagar pane ke uddeshy se hi hoti hai aur is sthiti mean yah palayan tab aur tej ho jata hai jab pooanji gahan udyogoan ki bajay shram gahan udyogoan par bal diya jata hai. isake viparit nagarikaran ki gati dhimi tab hoti hai jab kul jalasanshya ke anupat mean nagariy janasankhya bahut hi uchch star par pahuanch jati hai. yah sthiti abhi kul milakar 30 deshoan mean aee hai, jo vikasit audyogik desh kahalate haian.

20vian shatabdi ka poorvarddh bharat ke lie arthik gatirodh ka kal raha hai. phalasvaroop nagarikaran ki gati bahut adhik nahian rahi. 1911 mean kul nagariy janasankhya matr 11pratishat thi, jo 1941 mean badhakar 14 pratishat ho gee. is prakar 30 varsh mean nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi matr 3 pratishat rahi. 1951 ki janaganana mean nagariy janasankhya ka kul janasankhya ka 17.3 pratishat ho gee. is vriddhi ka karan vastavik n ho kar sankhyatmak adhik tha, kyoanki 1951 ki janaganana mean nagar ki b di udar paribhasha apanaee gee. 1961 mean nagar ki paribhasha punah sakht kar di gee. atah 1951-9161 ke bich nagariy janasankhya mean matr 0.7 pratish ki vriddhi darj ki gee. is prakar 1961 mean nagariy janasankhya ka kul janasankhya ka 18 pratishat ho gee. 1971 mean apanaee gee nagariy kshetr ki paribhasha ke anusar kisi kshetr ko nagar kshetr hone ke lie nimnalikhit sharte poori karani chahie -

• vah sthan nagarapalika, nagar nigam, chhavani ya anusoochit nagar kshetr ho.
• any sabhi sthanoan ke lie -

1. 5,000 ki nyoonatam janasankhya honi chahie.
2. purush karyakari janasankhya ka kam se kam 75 pratishat gair krishi karyoan mean sanlagn hona chahie.
3. janasankhya ghanatv kam se kam 400 vyakti varg kimi. hona chahie.

1971 ki janaganana mean nagar kshetr ki di gee paribhasha kuchh dridh avashyak hai, parantu any deshoan ki tulana mean yah paribhasha phir bhi kafi achchhi hai. udaharanasvaroop - japan mean 30,000 se adhik janasankhya vali jagahoan ko shahar mana jata hai. isake sapeksh bharat ki paribhash lachili hone ke bavajood desh mean nagariy janasankhya kul janasankhya ka 23.3 pratishat thi, jo ki 1991 mean badhakar 25.7 pratishat ho gee.

bharat mean audyogikikaran ki kriya dvitiy yojana mean hi prarambh ho gee thi parantu nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi tritiy yojana tak kuchh bhi vishesh nahian huee. yah vidit hai ki dvitiy aur tritiy yojana mean bhari audyogikiran ki nianv dali gee parantu isase bhari evan mool udyogoan par vishesh bal diya. bhari evan mool udyog pooanji gahan hote hai. itah inaki rozagar kshamata kafi simit hoti hai. yahi karan hai ki inaka vikas gramoan mean utpann shramashakti ko nagaroan mean avashoshit n kar saka, jisase isak arthavyavastha par suprabhav bhi vyakt nahian hua. atah jo audyogikiran ki kriya prarambh ki gee thi, usako gati pradan nahian kiya ja saka. parinamasvaroop tivrata se audyogikaran nahian ho saka. isake alava 1971 ki janaganana mean nagar kshetr ki adhik sakht paribhasha karane ke karan jo tho da bahut nagarikaran mean pratishat vriddhi huee thi vah bhi dab gayi.

nagarikaran ki pravriti

bharat mean nagarikaran janasankhya mean lagatar vriddhi ho rahi hai. nagariy janasankhya jo 1901 mean 2 karo d 56 lakh thi, vah 1951 mean badhakar 6 karo d 24 lakh ho gee. is prakar 1901 mean 2 karo d 56 lakh thi, vah 1951 mean badhakar 6 karo d 24 lakh ho gee. is prakar 1901 se 1951 ke bich nagariy janasankhya mean 3 karo d 68 lakh ki vriddhi huee. jabaki 1951 se 1981 ke bich shahari janasankhya mean 9 karo d 71 lakh ki vriddhi huee. isi prakar 1981-1991 ke bich nagariy janasankhya mean 5 karo d 77 lakh ki vriddhi huee. isase yah nishkarsh avashyak nikala ja sakata hai ki audyogikikaran ke phalasvaroop nagariy janasankhya mean avashyak vriddhi huee hai, bhale hi vriddhi dhimi kyoan n rahi ho. 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar nagariy janasankhya 28 karo d 53 lakh thi jo kul janasankhya ka 27.8 pratishat hai. [[chitr:Nariman-Point-Mumbai.jpg|thumb|250px|nariman paiant, mumbee]]

bharat mean nagarikaran ki any deshoan ke sath tulana

vishv ke vikasit deshoan se bharat ke nagarikaran ki tulana karane par pata chalata hai ki bharat mean nagarikaran ki prakriya aur sthiti any deshoan ki apeksha bahut pichhe hai. 1991 mean sanyukt rajy amarika mean nagariy janasankhya ka anupat kul janasankhya ka 76 pratishat, roos mean 74 pratishat, japan mean 77 pratishat, astreliya mean 35 pratishat tatha ianglaind mean 90 pratishat tha. isaki tulana mean 1991 mean bharat ki nagariy janasankhya 25.7 pratishat aur 2001 mean 27.8 pratishat thi.

1901 se 2001 ke bich bharat mean nagarikaran ki pravriti

1 lakh se adhik janasankhya vale pratham shreni ke nagaroan mean nagariy janasankhya ka anupat, jo 1901 mean 25.7 pratishat badhakar 65.2 pratishat ho gaya, is bat ka sanket karata hai ki nagariy janasankhya ka pravritti b de nagaroan mean sankredit hone ki hai. dvitiy aur tritiy shreni ke nagaroan mean nagariy janasankhya ka sapeksh anupat lagabhag sthit raha arthath 1901 se 2001 ke bich 25-28 pratishat tha. parantu isaki tulana mean chaturth, pancham aur shashth shreni ke nagaroan mean janasankhya ke sapeksh anupat mean tivr kami huee aur yah 1901 ki tulana mean 47.2 pratishat se kam hokar 1991 mean keval 11.7 pratishat rah gaya.

prashasanik aur samany arthik kriya ke keandr ke roop mean pratham shreni ke nagaroan ka vikas hua. inhian nagaroan mean udyogoan, parivahan, vyapar aur vanijy tatha prashasanik evan udar sevaaian bhi kendrit haian. janasankhya ka is akar- shreni ke nagaroan mean sankendran ka yahi karan hai. isake atirikt dvitiy shreni ki uchchatam sima par pahuanche nagar pratham shreni mean pravesh karate jate haian. isake praman mean yahi kaha ja sakata hai ki 1951 mean jahaan 74 nagar pratham shreni mean the, vahian 1991 mean inaki sankhya badhakar 296 ho gee, jo 1951 ke sapeksh lagabhag tin guna hai. parinamasvaroop jahaan 1951 mean pratham shreni ke nagaroan mean 275 lakh vyakti rahate the, vahian 1991 mean inaki sankhya 1388 lakh ho gee arthath isamean 405 pratishat ki vriddhi huee. thumb|250px|haidarabad siti seantar m aaul, banjara hils pratham shreni ke alava any nichale shreni ke nagar visheshakar dvitiy aur tritiy shreni ke nagar, sankraman ki avastha mean haian. inaki sankhya ke sath-sath inamean rahane vali janasankhya mean bhi vriddhi huee hai. dvitiy shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya jo 1951 mean 91 thi, vah 1991 mean badhakar 341 ho gee aur inamean kul janasankhya 1951 ke 61 lakh se badhakar 1991 mean 233 lakh ho gee arthath isamean char guna vriddhi huee. tritiy shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya jo 1951 mean 330 thian, 1991 mean badhakar 927 ho gee. 1951 aur 1991 ke bich tritiy shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya mean 190 pratishat ki vriddhi huee aur yah 97 lakh se badhakar 281 lakh ho gee.

yadi uchch shreni ke nagaroan mean janasankhya badhati hai to nimn shreni ke nagaroan mean janasankhya ka anupat ghatana ek svabhavik ghatana hai. atah bharat mean bhi chaturth, pancham aur shashth shreni ke nagaroan mean janasankhya ke ghatane ki pravritti vidyaman hai. chaturth shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya 1951 mean 621 thi jo 1991 mean badhakar 1,135 ho gee. un nagaroan ki kul janasankhya 1951 mean 84 lakh thi jo badhakar 1991 mean 165 lakh ho gee. atah yah vriddhi matr 96 pratishat rahi. pancham shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya 1951 mean 1,124 thi, jo 1991 mean ghatakar matr 725 rah gee. in nagaroan kul janasankhya jo 80 lakh thi 1991 mean 30 pratishat gikar 55 lakh rah gee. isi prakar 8vian shreni ke nagaroan ki sankhya 1951 mean 578 thi jo 1991 mean ghatakar matr 185 rah gee, jabaki in nagaroan ki janasankhya 1951 ki apeksha 1991 mean 19 lakh se girakar 6 lakh rah gee.

10 lakh se adhik janasankhya vale nagar

[[chitr:A-View-Of-Hyderabad-From-Charminar.jpg|thumb|left|250px|charaminar se haidarabad ka ek drishy]] 1981 mean 10 lakh se adhik janasankhya vale nagaroan ki sankhya 12 thian, jo 1991 mean badhakar 23 aur 2001 mean 35 ho gee. in shaharoan ki janasankhya jo 1951 mean 421 lakh thi, vah 2001 mean badhakar 1078 lakh ho gee. ullekhaniy hai ki in 35 b de shaharoan ki janasankhya kul nagariy janasankhya ka lagabhag 33 pratishat hai. 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar - sabase adhik janasankhya valaa 33 pratishat hai. 2001 ki janaganana ke anusar sabase adhik janasankhya vala shahar vrihattar muanbee hai jisaki janasankhya 2001 mean 1 karo d 20 lakh thi. isake bad kolakata aur dilli ka sthan hai jinaki janasankhya 98 lakh tatha 45 lakh hai. 1981 se 2001 ke bich in 35 b de shaharoan ki janasankhya mean 31.99 pratishat ki vriddhi darj ki gee. janasankhya mean sarvadhik vriddhi dar 67 pratishat haidarabad shahar ki rahi. isake bad kramashah lakhanoo (63 pratishat), jayapur (49 pratishat), pune (47.4 pratishat) tatha dilli (46.2 pratishat) ka sthan ata hai.

2001 ki janaganana mean 10 lakh se adhik janasankhya vale shaharoan mean jin naye shaharoan ne pravesh kiya hai, ve haian - merath, nasik, jabalapur, jamashedapur, asanasol, dhanabad, pharidabad, ilahabad, amritasar, vijayava da aur rajakot.

audyogikaran nagarikaran sanbandh

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yoorop tatha sanyukt rajy amarika mean audyogik kraanti ke phalasvaroop nagaroan ki sankhya mean vriddhi huee hai. mashinoan ke avishkar ke parinamasvaroop shramik, shilpi aur karigar bekar ho ge. in berozagar shramikoan ko nagar kshetroan mean rakh liya gaya. is prakar b de paimane par utpadan, mashinoan ke prayog aur audyogik sabhyata ke vikas ke parinamasvaroop nagarikaran ka sootrapat hua. bharat mean yoorop aur sanyukt rajy amarika ki tarah nagarikaran ki kriya nahian huee. bharat mean nagarikaran ke nimnalikhit karan rahe- [[chitr:Tidel-Park-Signal-Chennai.jpg|thumb|250px|chennee ka ek drishy]]

1. reloan ka vikas
2. akal
3. nagariy jivan ka akarshan
4. udyogoan ka vistar
5. nagaroan mean sthayi rozagar

shaharikaran aur kshetriy svaroop

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bharat ke alag-alag rajyoan par yadi nagarikaran ke kshetr mean vikas ki drishti se vishleshan kiya jay to yah spasht hai ki vibhinn rajyoan mean nagarikaran ki matra aur gati ek jaisi nahian thi. 1981 aur 1991 ke bich jahaan uttar pradesh, aandhr pradesh, madhy pradesh aur rajasthan jaise arthik drishti se pichh de rajyoan nagar nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi dar rashtriy ausat se oopar thian, vahian panjab, tamilanadu, gujarat, karnatak aur pashchim bangal mean nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi ki dar rashtriy ausat se nichi rahi. prati vyakti adhik ay vale rajyoan mean maharashtr aur hariyana aise rajy haian, jinamean nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi dar rashtriy ausat se adhik thi.

1951 se 1991 ki avadhi mean bihar, madhy pradesh aur u disa mean nagariy janasankhya ki vriddhi dar prayah adhik rahi hai, parantu u disa aur bihar mean 1981 se 1991 ke bich nagarikaran ki gati kuchh dhimi p d gee thi. uttar pradesh, aandhr pradesh, rajasthan mean 1951-61 ke dashak mean nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi dar rashtriy ausat se niche thi, lekin bad mean in rajyoan mean nagarikaran ki prakriya tej ho gee. purane audyogik drishti se vikasit rajyoan mean 1951-61 ke dashak mean nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi dar ooanchi thi, lekin isake bad maharashtr ko chho dakar any rajyoan mean nagarikaran ki prakriya dhimi rahi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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