कंक्रीट की सड़क
kankrit ki s dak kankrit se banaee jati hai. bhavanadi ke nirman mean kankrit ki visheshata yah hai ki jab yah sughatyavastha mean rahata hai, tab yah kisi bhi akriti mean sugamata se dhala ja sakata hai. isake isi gun ke karan s dakoan ke nirman tatha pul, puliya, pushta, divaroan ityadi ke nirman mean isaka upayog atyadhik hota hai. kankrit ki s dak hath se athava mashin se banaee jati hai.
gun
s dakoan ke pharsh banane mean kankrit ka gun yah hai ki yah bahut din tak chalata hai, ghisata-pisata kam hai, chikana hota hai evan ga diyoan ke chalane mean bahut kam avarodh utpann karata hai. isaki marammat mean bahut kam paisa lagata hai. s dak door tak dikhaee p dati hai. yadi kabhi s dak ko to dana p de to paryapt samagri upalabdh ho jati hai. kankrit ki s dakoan ka upayog karane valoan ko isake chikanepan, gh dagh dahat ki kami aur dhool ki anupasthiti se suvidha rahati hai. kankrit ki gili s dakoan par se phisalan ka dar bhi any prakar ki s dakoan ki apeksha kam rahata hai.[1]
akalpan
kankrit ki s dakoan ka akalpan[2] karate samay isaki motaee, sandhiyoan aur lohe ki chh doan se prabalan[3] par vishesh dhyan dena p data hai. ye sabhi batean sthaniy dashaoan par, jaise- mitti, ga diyoan ke prakar aur jalavayu par nirbhar haian. kankrit ki silli ka thik acharan kee ek batoan par nirbhar karata hai, yatha kankrit ke avayavoan ke gun, kankrit ke niche ki mitti, is par chalane vali ga diyoan ka bhar aur rrituoan ki bhinnata. kankrit ki sanpidan chalane vali ga diyoan ka bhar aur rrituoan ki bhinnata. kankrit ki sanpidan kshamata apekshakrit adhik hai, parantu tanav mean yah durbal p data hai, at: yah paramavashyak hai ki kankrit ke niche ki bhoomi sarvatr saman roop se oopar ke bojh se sanbhale. any padarthoan ki tarah kankrit bhi garmi se phailata aur thand se sikudata hai. kankrit ki silli ke oopari aur nichale prishthoan ke tapoan mean jo aianthan aur mu dane ki pravritti utpann hoti rahati hai. in tatha any jatilataoan ke karan kankrit ki s dak mean utpann hone vale baloan ki saiddhaantik ganana ati kathin hai. isalie kankrit ki s dakoan ki abhikalpana sadharanat: anubhav prapt sootroan se ki jati hai.
sandhiyaan
kankrit ki s dakoan ko lohe ki chh doan se sadharanat: unaki pushtata badhane ke lie prabalit nahian kiya jata; varanh in chh doan ka mukhy uddeshy yah hota hai ki s dakean bahut phatean nahian aur yadi phatean bhi to tuk de paraspar sate rahean. s dakoan mean nirdharit dooriyoan par a di sandhi deni p dati hai, lohe ki chh doan ka prayog hone par ye sandhiyaan paryapt door-door rakhi ja sakati haian. kankrit mean jal ki nyoonadhik matra aur usake tap mean ghat badh se utpann prasaran athava siku dan tatha aianthan tho di bahut ho sake, isalie s dakoan mean nirdharit doori par sandhiyaan de di jati haian. sandhiyaan pradhanat: tin prakar ki hoti haian-
- prasaran sandhiyaan
- siku dan sandhiyaan
- lanbaee ke anudish sandhiyaan
100 se lekar 150 phut ke aantar par jo a di sandhiyaan di jati haian, ve prasaran ke lie di jati haian. sadharanat: in sandhiyoan mean koee sanpidy[4] padarth is prakar bhar diya jata hai ki oopar se pani ghusane ke lie koee marg n rahe. sandhi ke ek par se doosare par, bina jhatake ke bojh pahuanchane ke nimitt is par ki kee ek chh dean s dak ki lanbaee ki disha mean laga di jati haian. sandhi ke donoan or ki s dak mean ye doobi rahati haian. poorvokt praran sandhiyoan ke bich mean siku dan sandhiyaan di jati haian. ye sandhiyaan sadharanat: jhoothi[5] sandhiyaan hoti haian. yahaan par kankrit ki silli durbal kar di jati hai, jisamean yadi kabhi tap ke adhik gir jane se athava any kisi karan se kankrit siku de to aniyamit roop se tootane ke badale sidhi rekha mean poorvokt jhoothi sandhi par hi toote. isake lie kankrit ki silli ke oopar, athava oopar tatha niche donoan or, ek khaancha (gadda) bana liya jata hai. jo s dakean 15 phut se adhik chau di hoti haian, unamean s dak ke anudish ek ya adhik sandhiyaan isalie dal di jati haian ki kankrit tho da bahut aianth sake aur yadi niche ki bhoomi kahian dhanse to kankrit ki silli toote nahian, usaka keval ek khand baith jae.[1]
nirman aur marammat
kankrit ki s dak hath se athava mashin se banaee jati hai. niche ki bhoomi poornat: dridh aur chauras honi chahie, purani s dak ho to aur bhi achchha. mashin se kankrit bichhana adhik achchha hota hai aur pratidin isaka chalan badh raha hai. achchhi chikani kankrit ki s dak ke lie achchhi karigari ki avashyakata hai. yah avashyak hai ki kankrit vaanchhit pushtata ki ho. oopari satah ki dhal thik ho aur prishth chikana ho. sandhiyaan niyamanusar bani hoan aur apekshit kal tak kankrit ko pani se tar rakha jae. achchhi abhikalpana ke anusar uchit prakar se banaee gee s dak bahut tikaoo hoti hai, marammat bahut kam karani p dati hai, so bhi sadharanat: yahi ki sandhiyaan poorvavath bani rahean. ye sandhiyaan, aur yadi s dak kahian chatakh jae to navin sandhiyaan bhi, achchhi prakar sanpidy padarth se bhar di jani chahie.
bharat mean kankrit ki s dak
s dak nirman ke lie simeant kankrit ka prayog bharat mean tho de hi varshoan se ho raha hai. bharat mean kankrit ki pahali s dak madras mean nagar nigam ke karyalay ke samip sanh 1914 mean banaee gee thi. isake tho de hi dinoan ke pashchath uttar pradesh tak jane vali paha di s dakoan ke mo doan ke lie kankrit ka upayog hua tha. haidarabad mean chau di evan suvyavasthit 70 mil lanbi kankrit ki s dakean haian. bharatiy nagaroan mean bani kankrit ki s dakoan mean ye sabase adhik lanbi haian. bharat mean bani kankrit ki s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 1948 ee. mean, 3,200 mil ke lagabhag thi (700 mil rashtriy rajapath aur 2,500 mil rajy s dak). inamean se ek s dak travanakor aur kanyakumari aantarip ke bich, pashchim tat ki bagal mean atyant suramy pradesh mean bani huee rashtriy rajapath ki s dak hai. poorvapratibalit kankrit ki s dakean-arvachin varshoan mean poorvapratibalikaran ka siddhaant kankrit ki s dakoan mean bhi chalaya gaya hai. kiantu bharat mean abhi yah prayogatmak star par hi hai.[1]
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