रेल इंजन

thumb|rel ianjan rel ianjan rel ke dibboan ko khianchakar chalane vala karshanayantr hai. aangrezi mean ise 'lokomotiv' (Locomotive) tatha sadharan bolachal mean 'rel ianjan' kahate haian. ianjan vastut: vah yantr hai jo bhap, tel ya bijali se mashin ko chalata hai. aj kee prakar ke ianjan vikasit ho chuke haian. pahale pahal jo ianjan relaga diyoan mean prayukt hue the, ve pratyagami (reciprocating) bhap ke ianjan the, jo bhap se chalate the. pichhe dizal aur vidyuth‌ ianjan upayog mean ae. relaga di chalane mean char prakar ke ianjanoan ka prayog hota hai. ve haian-

1. bhap ka ianjan
2. bijali ka ianjan
3. gais ianjan
4. gais tarabain ianjan

rel ka bhap ianjan

thumb|250px|trevithik ka tram ianjan (sanh‌ 1801) pahala rel ianjan 1802 ee. mean richard trevithik (Richard Trevithick) dvara banaya gaya tha, jo vichhaee huee patari par chalata tha. sanh‌ 1829-30 mean sarvashreshth ianjan ke lie 500 pauand ke paritoshik ki ghoshana ki gee aur isake phalasvaroop paanch ianjan pariksha ke lie ae, jinamean sat dinoan ki pariksha ke bad stephen r aauket sarvashreshth ghoshit kiya gaya. yah ianjan yatriyoan ko lekar prati ghanta 24 mil k chal se chal sakata tha. vastut: yah bahut chhota ianjan tha. adhik tej chal evan adhik bhar vahan karane ke uddeshy se bad mean kee rel ke bhap ianjan bane. aise rel ke bhap ianjan ke age samanyat: ek trak hota hai jisamean do, ya char chhote pahie ianjan ke age ke bhag mean hote haian, jo mo doan par ianjan ko ghuma sakean. usake pichhe karshan ke lie paraspar ju de hue chalak pahiyoan ke ek, ya do samooh hote haian, jo ianjan ke bhar ka adhikaansh sanbhalate haian. ek, do, ya char pahievala pichhe ka thela hota hai, jo ianjan ke b aauyalar aur bhatthi ke pichhale bhag ko sanbhalata hai. kabhi kabhi pichhe ka thela nahian rakha jata.

bhap ianjanoan ka vargikaran evan kram nirdharan

rel ke bhap ianjanoan ka vargikaran pahiyoan aur unake vinyas par nirbhar karata hai. samanyat: bhap ke ianjanoan ke lie eph. em. hvait (F. M. White) ka vargikaran prayukt hota hai.

samarthy aur kshamata

rel ianjan ki samarthy praranbhik karshanashakti aur adhikatam ashvashakti ke anusar hoti hai. karshan shakti chakrasansakti par nirbhar kati hai. chakrasansakti chakr mean prayukt samagri aur rel ki patari ki sookhi, gili, chikani, ya ret p di sthiti par nirbhar karati hai. chalak pahie par prabhavi bhar ka yah 25% mana jata hai. adhik shakti aur chal ki maang ne bhap ke dabav aur tap ko badha diya. 1900 ee. mean bhap ka dabav prati varg ianch 200 pauand hota tha, jo pichhe badhakar 235 pauand aur amariki ianjanoan ka 310 pauand ho gaya. thumb|250px|('r aauket' namak ianjan) livarapool-mainachestar relave dvara sanh‌ 1829 mean ayojit renahil pratiyogita ka drishy. ianjan mean agninali, ya jalanali b aauyalar hote haian. jalanali bayalar kuchh ianjanoan mean hi prayukt hote haian, kyoanki is prakar ke ianjanoan mean jal ke kathor hone par kathinata utpann hoti hai. kuchh rel ke ianjan ke bayalaroan mean atitapak (superheaters) lage rahate haian. isase bina dabav badhae prati pauand bhap ki oorja badh jati hai. atitapan se siliandar mean sanghanan ki matra kam ho jati hai, jisase prachalan dakshata badh jati hai. sanyukt rajy, amarika, mean atitapan ka tap 121° seantigred manak mana gaya hai. bhap ke ianjan ki tapiy dakshata karshanadand (draw bar) par hue kary ke barabar hoti hai. rel ke vibhinn bhap ianjanoan mean tapiy dakshata char pratishat se ath pratishat hoti hai. sadharanataya chhah pratishat se adhik nahian hoti.

rel ka vidyut ianjan

kisi keandriy utpadak sthan se pareshan dvara laee gee bijali se yah ianjan chalata hai. bijali disht dhara (D. C.), ya pratyavarti dhara (A. C.) ki ho sakati hai. voltata 600 se 25,000 tak ki ho sakati hai. amarika, yoorop evan any deshoan mean vibhinn voltataoan ki bijali prayukt hoti hai. rel ke vidyut ianjanoan ka prachar sanyukt rajy amarika, ki apeksha yooropiy deshoan mean adhik shighrata se hua hai. amarika mean yatri itane adhik nahian hote ki vidyutikaran par adhik kharch kiya ja sake. rel ke vidyuth‌ ianjan ke anek nishchit labh haian. isase rel ke bhap-ianjan ki apeksha atyadhik uchch shakti b di saralata se prapt ho sakati hai. any ianjanoan ki apeksha isamean avaj kam hoti hai aur inaki dekhabhal mean bhi kam kharch p data hai. aise ianjanoan mean saphaee adhik rahati hai evan dhuean tatha durgandh ka sarvatha abhav rahata hai. paha di kshetroan mean punaryoji (regenerative) brek paddhati vidyut shakti ko phir se tantr mean pahuancha deti hai aur utaraee mean relaga di par adhik niyantran rahata hai. ek samay dizal ianjan aur rel ke vidyuth‌ ianjanoan ke kharch ek se hi the. par eedhann ke mooly badh jane, ya vidyuth‌ utpadan ke mooly badh jane se sanbhavat: apekshit mooly mean kuchh parivartan sanbhav ho sakata hai. adhik rahati hai evan dhuean tatha durgandh ka sarvatha abhav rahata hai. paha di kshetroan mean punaryoji (regenerative) brek paddhati vidyut shakti ko phir se tantr mean pahuancha deti hai aur utaraee mean relaga di par adhik niyantran rahata hai. ek samay dizal ianjan aur rel ke vidyuth‌ ianjanoan ke kharch ek se hi the. par eedhann ke mooly badh jane, ya vidyuth‌ utpadan ke mooly badh jane se sanbhavat: apekshit mooly mean kuchh parivartan sanbhav ho sakata hai.

vidyuth‌ ianjan ki dizain

thumb|250px|vahanoan ki chau daee (bharatiy gej) samast ju danaroan sahit daravaje kholane par bhi malavahanoan ki 14 aur savari vahanoan ki 13 se adhik chau daee nahian honi chahie vidyuth‌ rel ianjan mean ek trak hota hai. yah trak ke dhaanche aur dhuri se ju da, ya lataka rahata hai. isi trak mean karshan motar rahati hai. is motar mean pratyek dhuri ju di rahati hai. kisi samay mean do, ya do se adhik dhuriyaan giyar aur parshvadand se bandhi honi haian aur ek hi karshan motar se chalaee jati haian. sthan ki kami ke karan dhuri par baithaee karshan motar ki kshamata simit hoti hai. ooanchi shakti vali motar trak ki kamani se lagaee jati hai aur yah pahie ke sath ghoom sakati hai. motar se dhuri tak chalan mean avashyak lachilapan vividh pareshan k diyoan ki ju daee se a jata hai. dishtadhara pranali mean motaroan ka upayog hota hai. inaki gatiyoan ka niyantran paripath sanyojoan se hota hai, jo kshetr samarthy aur motar mean pahuanchi voltata ko badalate rahate haian. pratyavarti dhara se chalane vale ianjan, jo bhari kary ke lie kam mean lae jate haian, ek pravasthiy (single phase) vidyuth‌ ka bahupravasthiy (poly phases) vidyuth‌ mean badalane ke lie pravastha parivartak ka upayog hota hai. karshan motarean lapete armeanchar ke sath tripravasthiy preran ki hoti haian. thumb|250px|vahanoan ki chau daee (bharatiy gej) samast ju danaroan sahit daravaje kholane par chau daee 12 se adhik nahian honi chahie pratyavarti dhara ke ek doosare prakar ke rel ianjan mean pratyavarti dhara ko disht dhara mean parinat karane ke lie parivartak prayukt hota hai. karshan motar aur niyantrak vaise hi hote haian jaise disht dhara vale rel ianjan mean hote haian. isamean karshan motar aur niyantrak aise hote haian jo donoan prakar ki dharaoan par kary kar sakate haian. mukhy lainoan par chalane vale kuchh rel ianjanoan mean photograph yuktiyaan lagi rahati haian.

brek

vidyuth‌ ianjanoan mean vayu-brek kary karate haian. utaraee mean punaryoji brek sath mean lagae jate haian. upayukt vichayukti dvara karshan motaroan se kam liya jata hai. vah relaga di ke sanveg (momentum) ko vidyuth‌ oorja mean badalata hai, jo phir parishan lain mean pahuanch jati hai. adhunik vishal vidyuth‌ ianjan ke udaharan do ekak janaral ilektrik ianjan haian, jo varajiniyan relave mean paha d par dhulaee ke kam ate haian.

rel ka dizal vidyuth‌ ianjan

20vian shati ke aranbh mean vidyuth‌ ianjan mean kuchh trutiyaan dekhi geean, at: dizal vidyuth‌ rel ke ianjan se sanbandhit khojean shuru hueean. anek prayogoan aur parikshanoan ke phalasvaroop aise ianjan bane jinamean dizal ianjan aur vidyuth‌ janitr lage rahate haian. ye bhap ianjan se adhik bhar dho sakate haian. aise rel ianjanoan b di shighrata se bhap ke ianjan ka sthan le liya. aise rel ianjanoan ki tapiy dakshata rel ke bhap ianjan se chauguni hoti hai aur eedhann ka kharch bhi kam p data hai. bhap ke rel ianjan ko bar bar dekhabhal ki avashyakata p dati hai, jab ki dizal rel ianjan bina dekhabhal ke adhik samay tak kam de sakata hai. is ianjan mean dhuana nahian hota, at: adhik saphaee rahati hai. yatriyoan ke kap de gande nahian hote evan aankhoan mean koyale ke tuk de p dane ki sanbhavana nahian rati. jab chahe tab unhean chalaya, ya band kiya ja sakata hai, jab ki bhap-ianjan ko chalane ke lie paryapt samay avashyak hota hai. bhap-ianjan ki apeksha isamean kharch bhi kam p data hai. isamean brek bhi adhik saralata se lagate haian.

banane ke uddeshy

dizal vidyuth‌ ianjan tin uddeshy se banate haian-

1. shantiang ke lie
2. savari ga di ke lie
3. malaga di ke lie.

savari aur malaga di ke ianjanoan mean koee spasht vibhed nahian hai, sivay isake ki thandhe deshoan ki savari ga di ke ianjan mean ga di ke ianjan mean ga di ko garam karane ke lie ek svachalit bhap janitr laga rahata hai. ianjan mean ek kar hoti hai, jisamean dizal ianjan aur shakti sanyantr ka vidyuth‌ janitr bhag baithaya jata hai. ek chalata giyar rahata hai, jisapar do, ya tin dhurivale do trak hote haian. pratyek chalak dhuri mean apane vidyuth‌ karshan motar hoti hai. tin dhurivale trakoan ke bich mean ek nishkarmi dhuri hoti hai. inaka upayog visheshavasthaoan mean hi kiya jata hai.

rel ka gais-tarabain-vidyuth‌-ianjan

thumb|300px|rel ka bharavahak vidyuth‌ ianjan (25 kilo vat, 50 saikil, dablyoo. e. ji. klas) jab pratyagami bhapianjan ka hras hone laga, tab ianjanoan ki shakti ke lie gais-tarabain ke upayog ki sanbhavana par khojean shuroo huee. gais-tarabain ka vikas 1903 ee. se shuroo hua aur reloan ke lie bhap ka tarabain labhaprad paya gaya. yadi eeandhan tel ka mooly kam ho to eedhann ke kharch mean koee vishesh aantar nahian p data.

bharat mean rel ianjan ke nirman ka vikas

bharat mean pratham rel ki lain 16 aprail, 1853 ko kholi gee. dhire dhire sare desh mean rel ki patariyoan ka jal sa bichh gaya. rel ke ianjan videshoan se, visheshakar ianglaiand se hi, mangae jate rahe. ajamer aur jamalapur mean kuchh zaroori avashyakataoan ko poora karane ke lie mitar gez ke lie lagabhag 700 ianjan desh mean hi banae ge. sanh‌ 1921 mean jamashedapur mean rel ianjan banane ke lie sarakari protsahan se peninasular mean rel ianjan banane ke lie sarakari protsahan se peninasular lokomotiv kanpani kholi gee, par sanh‌ 1924 mean hi is kanpani ka kam band karana p da, kyoanki use avashyak arthik sanrakshan n mila. sanh‌ 1939 mean ek kameti yah jaanch karane ke lie baithaee gee ki kaancherapara ki marammat karane vale varkashapoan mean ianjan banae jaean ya nahian par doosare vishvayuddh ke jari ho jane ke karan kuchh kam n ho saka. sanh‌ 1945 mean bharat sarakar ne peninasular lokomotiv kanpani ko tata lokomotiv aiand ianjiniyariang kanpani (TELCO), jamashedapur, ke havale kar diya aur use rel ianjan tatha b aauyalar banane ka kam sauanpa.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh