वास्को द गामा
thumb|vasko d gama vasko d gama (aangrezi:Vasco Da Gama) ek purtagali navik the. vasko d gama ke dvara ki gee bharat yatraoan ne pashchimi yoorop se kep aauf gud hop hokar poorv ke lie samudri marg khol die the. inhoanne vishv itihas ke ek ne yug ki shuruat ki thi. yah yooropiy khoj yug ke sabase saphal khojakartaoan mean se ek, aur yoorop se bharat sidhi yatra karane vale jahazoan ka kamaandar the. vasko d gama ne purtagal ko ek vishv shakti banane mean bhi madad ki thi.
jivan
vasko ka janm 1460 mean dakshin-pashchim purtagal ke aleantejo prant ke samudri tat par sthit saines ke qile ke kamaandar v kulin gharane ke estavodigama ke tisare putr ke roop mean hua. unake arambhik jivan ke bare mean bahut kam janakari hai. sanbhavat: unhoanne evora ke nagar mean adhyayan kiya hoga, jahaan unhoanne ganit aur nau-parivahan vijnan sikha tha. 1492 mean purtagal ke kiang j aaun dvitiy ne unhean lisban ke dakshin mean sthit setubal ke bandaragah aur purtagal ke dakshinatam prant algarve bheja tha. unaka uddeshy shantikal mean purtagal par hue phraansisi hamale ke javab ke roop mean phraansisi jahazoan par qabza karana tha. vasko ne is kary ko tezi se aur sahi dhang se poora kiya gaya tha. navik rajakumar henari ki niti ka anusaran karate hue kiang j aaun ne ek purtagali be de ko bharat bhejane ki yojana banaee, taki eshiya ke lie samudri marg khul sake. unaki yojana musalamanoan ko pachha dane ki thi, jinaka us samay bharat aur any poorvi deshoan ke sath vyapar par ekadhikar tha. estavodigama ko is abhiyan ke netritv ke lie chuna gaya, lekin unaki mrityu ke bad vasko d gama ne unaka sthan liya. unaki niyukti ke bare mean vivaranoan mean matabhed haian ki unhean kiang j aaun dvara chuna gaya aur is niyukti ko 1495 mean sattasin hue kiang mainual se svikriti mili ya vah kiang menual the, jinhoanne unhean pahale chuna, yah abhi tak aspasht hai. ek vivaran ke anusar, is niyukti ka sabase pahala avasar unake b de bhaee p aauuloan ko diya gaya tha, jinhoanne kharab svasthy ke karan iankar kar diya.
pratham samudr yatra
8 julaee 1497 ko vasko d gama char jahazoan ke ek be de ke sath lisban se nikale the. unake pas do madhyam akar ke tin mastooloan vale jahaz the. pratyek ka vazan lagabhag 120 tan aur nam s aauo gaibriel tatha s aauo raifel tha. inake sath 50 tan ka bairio namak kairavel (chhota, halka aur tez jahaz) aur ek 200 tan ka saman rakhane vala jahaz tha. kep varde dvip tak unake sath bartolomyoo dias ke netritv mean ek aur jahaz bhi gaya tha. bartolomyoo ek purtagali navik the, jinhoanne kuchh varsh pahale kep aauf gud hop ko khoja tha aur vah gold kost (vartaman ghana) par s aauo zorge da mina ke pashchim afriki qile ki yatra kar rahe the. vasko d gama ke be de ke sath tin dubhashie bhi the do arabi bolane vale aur ek kee bantoo boliyoan ka janakar tha. be de apani khoj aur jite ge zaminoan ko chihnit karane ke lie apane sath pedrao[1] bhi le ge the. thumb|left|vasko d gama 15 julaee ko keneri dvip se guzarate hue yah be da 26 julaee ko kep varde dvip ke s aauo tiyago par pahuancha aur 3 agast tak vahian ruka raha. isake bad guyana ki kha di ki tez jaladharaoan se bachane ke lie vasko d gama ne kep aauf gud hop ke dakshini atalaantik se hote hue ek ghumavadar rasta apanaya aur 7 navambar ko saanta hailena kha di (adhunik dakshin afrika mean) pahuanche the. abhiyan dal 16 navambar ko vahaan se nikala, lekin pratikool havaoan ne kep aauf gud hop se mu dane ki yatra ko navambar tak vilambit kar diya. tin din bad vasko d gama ne mossel ki kha di mean langar dala, vahaan ek dvip par pedrao ga da aur saman rakhane vale jahaz ko alag hone ka adesh diya tha. 8 disambar ko pun: nikalakar be da krisamas ke din natal ke tat par pahuancha. 11 janavari 1498 ko natal aur mozaanbik ke bich sthit ek chhoti si nadi ke muhane ke pas langar dala, jise unhoanne 'riyo do kobar'[2] nam diya. 25 janavari ko vartaman mozaanbik mean kvelimen nadi par pahuanche, jise unhoanne 'riyo dos bons sinais' [3] kaha aur ek any pedrao ga da. is samay tak navik dal ke kee sadasy skarvi se pi dit ho ge, isalie abhiyan dal ne ek mahine ka vishram kiya aur jahazoan ki marammat ki gee.
2 march ko be da mozaanbik dvip par pahuancha. vahaan ke nivasiyoan ne purtagaliyoan ko apane jaisa musalaman samajha. vasko d gama ko unake sath arab ke saudagaroan ke sath hone vale vyapar ka pata chala aur sone, javaharat, chaandi v masaloan se bhare char arabi jahaz bandaragah mean kh de hue the. unhean yah bhi pata chala ki eesaee shasak 'prestar j aaun' aandarooni ilake mean rahate haian aur kee tatiy shaharoan par unaka qabza hai. mozaanbik ke sultan ne unhean do pot chalak muhaiya karae, jinamean se ek us samay chho dakar chala gaya jab use pata chala ki purtagali vastav mean eesaee haian. abhiyan dal 7 aprail ko moanbasa [4] pahuancha aur 14 aprail ko maliandi[5] mean langar dala. vahaan par bharat ke dakshin-pashchim tat par sthit kalikat[6] ka marg janane vale ek chalak ko sath le liya gaya. hind mahasagar mean 23 din ki yatra ke bad bharat ke pashchimi ghat ki paha diyaan nazar aeean aur 20 mee ko dal kalikat pahuancha. vahaan par vasko d gama ne ek pedrao ko apane bharat pahuanchane ke praman ke roop mean sthapit kiya. vahaan us samay ke dakshini bharat ke sarvadhik mahattvapoorn vyapar kendr kalikat ke hindoo shasak 'jamorian' ne unaka svagat kiya. halaanki vah unase kisi bhi prakar ki sandhi karane mean asaphal rahe, aisa kuchh had tak musalaman vyapariyoan ki shatruta aur kuchh had tak unake dvara die ge bekar tohafe aur sath lae saste vyaparik mal ke karan hua. yah vyaparik mal pashchimi afrika ke sath vyapar ke lie to upayukt tha, lekin bharat mean usaki maang nahian thi.
vasko d gama ke abhiyan dal aur jamorian ke bich tanav badh jane ke karan vasko d gama ko agast ke akhir mean nikalana p da. vah apane sath paanch-chhah hinduoan ko le ge. taki kiang mainual unake riti-rivajoan ke bare mean jan sakean. vah maliandi ke lie nikalane se poorv aanjidiv dvip[7]mean ruke, jahaan vah 8 janavari 1499 pahuanche. pratikool havaoan ke karan arab sagar ko par karane mean lagabhag tin mahine lag ge aur navik dal ke kee sadasyoan ki skarvi ke karan mrityu ho gee. maliandi pahuanchane par dal ki sankhya bahut kam rah jane ke karan d aau. gama ne s aauo raifel ko jala dene ka adesh diya. unhoanne vahaan par bhi ek pedrao ga da. unhoanne aantim pedrao mozaanbik mean sthapit kiya, jahaan vah 1 faravari ko pahuanche. 20 march ko s aauo gaibriel aur berio ne ek sath kep ka chakkar lagaya, lekin ek mahine ke bad ek toofan mean donoan alag ho ge. berio 10 julaee ko purtagal ke taig aaus nadi mean pahuancha.
s aauo gaibriel mean d aau. gama ne ezors ke tarsira dvip ke lie apani yatra ko jari rakha. jahaan se kaha jata hai ki unhoanne lisban ke lie dhvajapot ko ravana kiya. vah svayan 9 sitanbar ko lisban pahuanche aur 9 dinoan ke bad apana vijay-pravesh kiya. is bich ka antaral unhoanne apane bhaee p aauulo ki mrityu ke shok mean bitaya, jisaki mrityu tarsira mean ho gee thi. mainual pratham ne vasko ko d aaum [8] ki upadhi aur 1,000 kruzedo ki varshik peanshan aur jagir pradan ki.
dvitiy samudr yatra
[[chitr:Vasco-Da-Gama-Leaving-Portugal.jpg|thumb|350px|purtagal chho date hue vasko d gama]] vasko d gama ki upalabdhiyoan ko age badhane ke lie mainual pratham ne purtagali navik pedro alavarez kabaral ko 13 jahazoan ke ek be de ke sath kalikat ke lie ravana kiya. bad mean musalamanoan dvara bh dakae jane par hinduoan ne hathiyar utha lie aur kabaral dvara chho de ge purtagaliyoan ko jan se mar dala. kalikat ke khilaf is krity ka badala lene ke lie aur hind mahasagar mean varchasv sthapit karane ke lie lisban se ek naya be da taiyar karake ravana kiya gaya. pahale is be de ka netritv kabaral ko diya gaya, lekin bad mean kaman vasko d gama ko sauanp di gee. unhean janavari 1502 mean edamiral ka ohada diya gaya. unhoanne 10 jahazoan ka netritv kiya, jinamean pratyek ki sahayata ke lie paanch jahazoan ke do nau be de the aur pratyek nau be de ki kaman unake kisi n kisi sambandhi ke pas thi. faravari 1502 ko nikala yah be da kep vardes pahuancha aur 14 joon ko poorvi afrika ke sofala bandaragah par pahuancha. mozaanbik ke ek sankshipt daure ke bad purtagali be da kilava [9] ke lie nikala. kilava ke shasak amir ibrahim kabaral ke prati asahishnu the. jab vasko d gama ne amir ko dhamaki di ki agar unhoanne purtagaliyoan ke samane samarpan nahian kiya, to vah kilava ko jalakar rakh kar degean tab amir ne menual prati vafadari ka shapath lekar atmasamarpan kar diya.
dakshini arab tat ka chakkar lagate hue vasko d gama gova [10] pahuanche. isake bad vah dakshin-pashchim bharat mean kalikat ke uttar mean sthit bandaragah kannanor ki or badhe, jahaan par vah arabi jahazoan ke iantazar mean ruke rahe. kee dinoan ke bad auratoan aur bachchoan sahit 200 se 400 yatriyoan ke sath mal se lada ek arabi jahaz pahuancha. mal ko zabt karane ke bad vasko d gama ne qabze kie hue jahaz par sabhi yatriyoan ko bandi banakar jahaz ko ag laga di aur us par savar sabhi bandi jalakar mar ge. yah unake peshevar jivan ka sarvadhik nrishans krity tha. jamorian ke shatru kannanor ke shasak ke sath ek sandhi ke bad vasko d gama ka be da kalikat ke lie ravana hua. jamorian ne mitrata ki peshakash ki, lekin unhoanne is peshakash ko thukara diya aur bandaragah se musalamanoan ko nirvasit karane ki chetavani di. yah dikhane ke lie ki vah apani dhamaki par khare utarate haian vasko d gama ne bandaragah par bamabari ki. unhoanne jahaz par apana saman bechane ae 38 hindoo machhuaroan ko pak dakar maut ke ghat utar diya. unake sharir ko samudr mean pheank diya. taki ve kinare tak pahuanch jaean. isake bad purtagali dakshin ki or kochin ke bandaragah par pahuanche, jisake shasak (yah bhi jamorian ke shatru) ke sath unhoanne ek sandhi ki. vasko d gama ko jamorian ke ek amantran ke bad, jo unhean phansane ki ek chal sabit huee, purtagaliyoan ka kalikat ke samip arabi jahazoan se sankshipt yuddh hua, jahaan se unhean poori tarah se bhagane par majaboor kar diya gaya. vapasi yatra ke pahale charan mean 20 faravari 1503 ko be da kannanor se mozaanbik ke lie ravana hua.
tritiy samudrayatra
vapasi par kiang mainual dvara vasko d gama ke svagat ke bare mean zyada janakari nahian hai, aisa pratit hota hai ki vasko d gama ko laga ki unake dvara uthae ge kashtoan ka uchit muavaza nahian mila. saines nagar ke svamitv ko lekar edamiral aur aaurdar aauf s aauo tiyago [11] ke bich vivad kh da ho gaya. aisa edamiral ko nagar sauanpe jane ke vade ke karan hua, lekin aaurdar ne ise unake havale karane se iankar kar diya tha. vasko d gama ne 1500 ke asapas apane pahale abhiyan se vapasi ke bad ek kulin gharane ki mahila, 'ketarina de etaide' se vivah kiya tha, jinase chhah bete hue. aisa mana jata hai ki vah evora nagar mean sevanivritt hue. bad mean unhean kee atirikt suvidhaean aur rajasv pradan kie ge. 1505 tak vah raja ko bharatiy mamaloan mean salah dete aur 1519 mean unhean vidiguera ka kauant banaya gaya. kiang mainual ki mrityu ke bad hi unhean phir se samudri yatra par bheja gaya. kiang j aaun tritiy ne 1524 mean unhean bharat ka purtagali vaisar aauy niyukt kiya. sitanbar mean gova pahuanchane ke bad vasko d gama ne shighr hi poorvavarti prashasakoan ke antargat sthapit kee prashasanik kuprathaoan ko sudhara. bahut mehanat ya any karanoan se vah jald hi bimar p d ge aur disambar mean kochin[12] mean unaki mrityu ho gee. 1538 mean unake sharir ko vapas purtagal le jaya gaya.
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