संत साहित्य

sant sahity 'sant' shabd sanskrit 'sath‌' ke prathama ka bahuvachanaant roop hai, jisaka arth hota hai 'sajjan' aur 'dharmik vyakti'. hiandi mean sadhu purushoan ke lie yah shabd vyavahar mean aya. kabir, sooradas, gosvami tulasidas adi purane kaviyoan ne is shabd ka vyavahar sadhu aur paropakari, purush ke arth mean bahulaansh: kiya hai aur usake lakshan bhi die haian. yah avashyak nahian ki sant use hi kaha jae jo nirgun brahm ka upasak ho. isake aantargat lokamangalavidhayi sabhi satpurush a jate haian, kiantu adhunik katipay sahityakaroan ne nirgunie bhaktoan ko hi 'sant' ki abhidha de di aur ab yah shabd usi varg mean chal p da hai. at: 'santasahity' ka arth hua, vah sahity jo nirgunie bhaktoan dvara racha jae.

lokopakari sant

lokopakari sant ke lie yah avashyak nahian ki yah shastrajn tatha bhashavidh ho. usaka lokahitakar kary hi usake santatv ka manadand hota hai. hiandi sahityakaroan mean jo 'nirgunie sant' hue unamean adhikaansh anapadh kianva alpashikshit hi the. shastriy jnan ka adhar n hone ke karan aise log apane anubhav ki hi batean kahane ko badhy the. at: inake simit anubhav mean bahut si aisi batean ho sakati haian, jo shastroan ke pratikool thaharean. alpashikshit hone ke karan in santoan ne vishay ko hi mahatv diya hai,bhasha ko nahian. inaki bhasha pray: anagadh aur pancharangi ho gee hai. kavy mean bhavoan ki pradhanata ko yadi mahatv diya jae to sachchi aur khari anubhootiyoan ki sahaj evan sadharanokrit abhivyakti ke karan in santoan mean kiyoan ki bahuveri rachanaean uttam koti ke kavy mean sthan pane ki adhikarini mani ja sakati hai. paranparaposhit pratyek dan ka aankh mooandakar ve samarthan nahian karate. inake chiantan ka akar sarvamanavavad hai. ye manav manav mean kisi prakar ka aantar nahian manate. inaka kahana hai ki koee bhi vyakti apane kulavishesh ke karan kisi prakar vaishishty lie hue utpann nahian hota. inaki drishti mean vaishishty do batoan ko lekar manana chahie : abhimanatyagapoorvak paropakar ya lokaseva tatha eeshvarabhakti. is prakar svatantr chiantan ke kshetr mean in santoan ne ek prakar ki vaicharik kraanti ko janm diya.

itihas

nirgunie santoan ki vani manavakalyan ki drishti se jis prakar ke dharmik vicharoan evan anubhootiyoan ka prakashan karati haian vaise vicharoan evan anubhatiyoan ko purani hiandi mean bahut pahale se sthan milane laga tha. vikram ki navian shatabdi mean bauddh siddhoan ne jo rachanaean prastut kian unamean vajrayan tatha sahajayan sanbandhi saanpradayik vicharoan evan sadhanaoan ke upanyasan ke sath-sath any sanpraday ke vicharoan ka pratyakhyan barabar milata hai. usake anantar nathapanthi yogiyoan tatha jain muniyoan ki jo baniyaan milati haian, unamean bhi yahi bhavana kam karati dikhaee p dati hai. bauddhoan mean paramatma ya eeshvar ko sthan prapt n tha, nathapanthiyoan ne apane vachanoan mean eeshvaratv ki pratishtha ki. in sabhi rachanaoan mean niti ko pramukh sthan prapt hai. ye jagah-jagah lok ko upadesh dete hue dikhaee p date haian. purani hiandi ke bad jab hiandi ka vikas hua tab usapar bhi poorvavarti sahity ka prabhav anivaryat: p da. isilie hiandi ke adikal mean dohoan mean jo rachanaean milati haian unamean se adhikaansh upadeshaparak evan nitiparak haian. un dohoan mean katipay aise bhi hai jinamean kavy ki atma jhalakati si dikhaee p d jati hai. kiantu itane se hi use kavy nahian kaha ja sakata.

pandrahavi shati vikrami ke uttarardh se santaparanpara ka udbhav manana chahie. in santoan ki baniyoan mean vicharasvatanthhray ka svar pramukh raha vaishnav dharm ke pradhan achary ramanuj, nianvark tatha madhv vikram ki barahavian evan terahavian shati mean hue. inake madhyam se bhakti ki ek vegavati dhara ka udbhav hua. in acharyoan ne prasthanatrayi par jo bhashy prastut kie, bhakti ke vikas mean unaka pramukh yog hai. gorakhanath se chamatkarapradhan yogamarg ke prachar se bhakti ke marg mean kuchh badha avashy upasthit huee thi, jisaki or gosvami tulasidas ne sanket bhi kiya hai -

gorakh jagayo jog bhagati bhagayo log.

tathapi vah uttarottar vikasit hoti gee. usi ke parinamasvaroop utkal mean sant jayadev, maharashtr mean varakari sanpraday ke prasiddh sant namadev tatha jnanedav, pashchim mean sant sadhana tatha beni aur kashmir mean sant laladev ka udbhav hua. in santoan ke bad prasiddh sant ramanand ka pradurbhav hua, jinaki shikshaoan ka janasamaj par vyapak prabhav p da. yah itihasasiddh saty hai ki jab kisi vikasit vicharadhara ka pravah avaruddh karake ek doosari vicharadhara ka samarthan evan prachar kiya jata hai tab usake siddhaantoan ke yuktiyukt khandan ke sath usaki katipay lokapriy evan lokopayogi visheshataoan ko atmiy bhi bana liya jata hai. jagadguru shankar, raghavanand, ramanuj, ramanand adi sabaki drishti yahi rahi hai. shrisanpraday par nathapanth ka prabhav p d chuka tha, vah udaratavadi ho gaya tha. vyapak lokadarshan ke phalasvaroop svami ramanand ki drishti aur bhi udar ho gee thi. isilie unake pratyaksh ya apratyaksh shishyoan mean julahe, raidas, naee, dom adi sabhi ka samavesh dekha jata hai. is kal mean jo satyabhiniveshi bhakt ya sadhu hue unhoanne sath‌ ke grahanapoorvak asath‌ par nirgam prahar bhi kie.

nana panth

prachin kal ke dharm ki jo pratik pradhan paddhati chali a rahi thi, samany janata ko, usaka bodh n hone ke karan, kabir jaise santoan ke vyangyapradhan pratyakshaparak vagban akarshak pratit hue. in santoan mean bahutoan ne apane satkartavy ki itishri apane nam se ek naya 'panth' nikalane mean samajhi. unaki samoohik manavatavadi drishti sankirnata ke ghere mean ja p di. is prakar solahavian shatabdi se unnisavian shatabdi tak nana panth ek ke bad ek astitv mean ate ge. sikkhoan ke adi yug nanakadev ne (san. 1526-95) nanakapanth, dadoo dayal ne (1610 1660) dadoopanth, kabiradas ne kabirapanth, bavari ne bavaripanth, haridas (17vian shati uttarardh) ne niranjani sanpraday aur malookadas ne malookapanth ko janm diya. age chalakar babalalaji sanpraday, dhani sanpraday, sath sanpraday, dharanishvari sanpraday, dariyadasi sanpraday, dariyapanth, shivanarayani sanpraday, garibapanth, ramasanehi sanpraday adi nana prakar ke panthoan evan sanpradayoan ke nirman ka shrey un santoan ko hai jinhoanne satyadarshan evan lokopakar ka hvrat le rakha tha aur bad mean sankirnata ko gale lagaya. jo sant nirgun brahm ki upasana ka upadesh dete hue ram, krishna adi ko sadharan manushy ke roop mean dekhane ke agrahi the ve svayan hi apane apako ram, krishna ki bhaanti pujane lage. sanpradayaposhakoan ne apane adi guru ko eeshvar ya paramatma siddh karane ke lie nana prakar ki kalpit akhyayikaean gadh dalian. yahi karan hai ki un sabhi nirgunie santoan ke vritt apane panth ya sanpraday ki pitari mean hi band hokar rah ge. idhar sahity mean jab se shodhakary ne bal paya hai tab se sahityagranthoan ke katipay prishthoan mean unaki charcha ho jati hai, janasamany se unaka koee sanpark nahian rah gaya hai. in sanpradayoan mean do ek sanpraday aise bhi dekh p de, jinhoanne apane jivan mean bhakti ko gaun kiantu karm ko pradhanata di. sattanami sanpradayavaloan ne mugal samrath aurangajeb ke viruddh vidroh ka jhanda oopar laharaya tha (s. 1729 vi.). nanakapanth ke navean guru shri goviand sianh ne apane sanpraday ko sena ke roop mean parinam kar diya tha. isi santaparanpara mean age chalakar radhasvami sanpraday (19vian shati) astitv mean aya. yah santaparanpara raja ramamohan ray (brahmasamaj, 1835-90), svami dayanand (san. 1881-1941 vi.-aryasamaj), svami ramatirth (san. 1930-63), tak chali aee hai. mahatma gaandhi ko is paranpara ki aantim k di kaha ja sakata hai.

sahity

in sanpradayoan aur panthoan ke bahusankhyak adi guru ashikshit hi the. at: ve maukhik roop mean apane vicharoan aur bhavoan ko prakat kiya karate the. shishyamandal unhean yad kar liya karata tha. age chalakar unhian upadeshatmak kathanoan ko shishyoan dvara lipibaddh kar liya gaya aur vahi unaka dharmagranth ho gaya. in kathanoan evan vachanoan ke sangrah mean kahian kahian uttam aur samany kavy ki banagi bhi mil jati hai. at: in padyakar santoan mean katipay aise sant bhi haian jo mukhyat: sant hote hue bhi gaunat: kavi bhi isamean kiyoan ne apani shastriy shiksha ke abhav ko bahushrutata dvara door karane ka prayas avashy kiya hai, yah bhi darshan ke kshetr mean, sahity ke kshetr mean nahian. inamean bahutoan ka sahity ke svaroop se parichay tak nahian tha kiantu unaki anubhati ki tivrata kisi bhi bhavuk ke chitt ko prakrisht kar sati hai. aise santoan mean kabir ka sthan pramukh hai. hiandoo tatha muslim donoan ki dharmik paranparaoan evan roodhigat katipay manyataoan par, bina dooradarshitapoorvak vichar ki, unhoanne jo vyangyatmak prahar kie aur apane ko sabhi rrishiyoan muniyoan se acharavanh‌ evan sachcharitr ghoshit kiya, usake prabhav se samaj ka nimnavarg aprabhavit n rah saka evan adhunik videshi sabhyata mean dikshit evan bharatiy sabhyata tatha sanskriti se paranh‌mukh katipay janoan ko usamean sachchi manavata ka sandesh sunane ko mila. raviandranath thakur ne brahmasamaji vicharoan se mel khane ke karan kabir ki baniyoan ka aangreji anuvad prastut kiya aur usase ajivan prabhavit bhi rahe. kabir ki rachana mukhyat: sakhiyoan aur pardoan mean huee haian. inamean unaki svanubhootiyaan tivr roop mean samane aee haian.

sant paranpara

santaparanpara mean hiandi ke pahale santasahityabhrashta jayadev haian. ye gitagoviandakar jayadev se bhinn haian. sadhana, trilochan, namadev, sen bhaee, raidas, pipa, dhanna, nanakadev, amaradas, dharmadas, dadoo dayal, bashana ji, bavari sahiba, garibadas, suandaradas, dariyadas, dariya saheb, sahajo baee adi is paranpara ke pramukh sant haian.

visheshata

santavani ki visheshata yahi hai ki sarvatr manavatavad ka samarthan karati hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh