हितोपदेश

hitopadesh bharatiy jan-manas tatha parivesh se prabhavit upadeshatmak kathaean haian. isaki rachana ka shrey narayan pandit ji ko jata hai, jinhoanne panchatantr tatha any niti ke granthoan ki madad se hitopadesh namak is granth ka srijan kiya. nitikathaoan mean panchatantr ka pahala sthan hai. vibhinn upalabdh anuvadoan ke adhar par isaki rachana tisari shatabdi ke as- pas nirdharit ki jati hai. hitopadesh ki rachana ka adhar panchatantr hi hai. svayan pan. narayan ji ne svikar kiya hai --

panchatantrantathadanyasmadh granthadakrishy likhyate.

hitopadesh ki kathaean atyant saral v sugrahy haian. vibhinn pashu- pakshiyoan par adharit kahaniyaan isaki khas- visheshata haian. rachayita ne in pashu- pakshiyoan ke madhyam se kathashilp ki rachana ki hai. jisaki samapti kisi shikshaprad bat se hi huee hai. pashuoan ko niti ki batean karate hue dikhaya gaya hai. sabhi kathaean ek-doosare se ju di huee pratit hoti hai.

rachanakar

hitopadesh ke rachayita narayan pandit ko narayan ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. pustak ke aantim padyoan ke adhar par isake rachayita ka nam 'narayan' jnat hota hai.

narayanen pracharatu rachitah sangrahosyan kathanamh.

isake ashrayadata ka nam dhavalachandraji hai. dhavalachandraji bangal ke mandalik raja the tatha narayan pandit raja dhavalachandraji ke rajakavi the. mangalacharan tatha samapti shlok se narayan ki shiv mean vishesh astha prakat hoti hai.

rachana kal

kathaoan se prapt sakshyoan ke vishleshan ke adhar par d aau. phlit ka manana hai ki isaki rachana 11vian shatabdi ke as- pas honi chahiye. hitopadesh ka nepali hastalekh 1373 ee. ka prapt hai. vachaspati gairolaji ne isaka rachanakal 14 vian shati ke asapas mana hai. hitopadesh ki kathaoan mean arbudachal (aboo) pataliputr, ujjayini, malava, hastinapur, kanyakubj (kannauj), varanasi, magadhadesh, kaliangadesh adi sthanoan ka ullekh hai, jisamean rachayita tatha rachana ki udgamabhoomi inhian sthanoan se prabhavit hai. hitopadesh ki kathaoan ko in char bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya jata hai --

1. mitralabh
2. suhridbhed
3. vigrah
4. sandhi

inase ju di huee kuchh prasiddh kahaniyaan di ja rahi haian.

mitralabh

1. suvarnakankanadhari boodha bagh aur musaphir ki kahani
2. kabutar, kak, kachhua, mrig aur choohe ki kahani
3. mrig, kak aur gid d ki kahani
4. bhairav namak shikari, mrig, shookar, saanp aur gid d ki kahani
5. dhoort gid d aur hathi ki kahani

suhridbhed

1. ek baniya, bail, sianh aur gid doan ki kahani
2. dhobi, dhoban, gadha aur kutte ki kahani
3. sianh, chooha aur bilav ki kahani
4. bandar, ghanta aur karala namak kutani ki kahani
5. sianh aur boodh shashak ki kahani
6. kaue ka jo da aur kale saanp ki kahani

vigrah

1. pakshi aur bandaroan ki kahani
2. baghanbar odha hua dhobi ka gadha aur khetavale ki kahani
3. hathiyoan ka jhuand aur boodhe shashak ki kahani
4. hans, kaua aur ek musaphir ki kahani
5. nil se range hue ek gid d ki kahani
6. rajakumar aur usake putr ke balidan ki kahani
7. ek kshatriy, naee aur bhikhari ki kahani

sandhi

1. sannyasi aur ek choohe ki kahani
2. boodhe bagule, keank de aur machhaliyoan ki kahani
3. sund, upasund namak do daityoan ki kahani
4. ek brahman, bakara aur tin dhuta ki kahani
5. madhav brahman, usaka balak, nevala aur saanp ki kahani

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• hitopadesh