मध्यकालीन भारत
lagabhag 632 ee. mean 'hazarat muhammad' ki mrityu ke uparant 6 varshoan ke andar hi unake uttaradhikariyoan ne siriya, misr, uttari afrika, spen evan eeran ko jit liya. is samay khalifa samrajy fraans ke layar namak sthan se lekar aksas evan kabul nadi tak phail gaya tha. apane is vijay abhiyan se prerit arabiyoan ki lalachayi aankhe bharatiy sima par p di. unhoanne jal evan thal donoan margoan ka upayog karate hue bharat par anek dhave bole, par 712 ee. tak unhean koee mahatvapoorn saphalata prapt nahian huee.
bharat par araboan ka akraman
apani saphalataoan ke josh se bhare hue araboan ne ab siandh par akraman karana shuru kiya. siandh par araboan ke akraman ke pichhe chhipe karanoan ke vishay mean vidvanoan ka manana hai ki, eerak ka shasak 'al hajjaj' bharat ki sampannata ke karan use jit kar sampann banana chahata tha. doosare karan ke roop mean mana jata hai ki, araboan ke kuchh jahaz, jinhean siandh ke deval bandaragah par kuchh samudri looteroan ne loot liya tha, ke badale mean khalifa ne siandh ke raja dahir se jurmane ki maang ki. kintu dahir ne asamarthata jatate hue kaha ki, usaka un dakuoan par koee niyantran nahian hai. is javab se khalifa ne kruddh hokar siandh par akraman karane ka nishchay kiya. lagabhag 712 mean hajjaj ke bhatije evan damad muhammad bin kasim ne 17 varsh ki avastha mean siandh ke abhiyan ka saphal netritv kiya. usane deval, neroon, sivistan jaise kuchh mahatvapoorn durgoan ko apane adhikar mean kar liya, jahaan se usake hath dher sara loot ka mal laga. is jit ke bad kasim ne siandh, bahamanabad, alod adi sthanoan ko jitate hue madhy pradesh ki or prasthan kiya.
muhammad bin kasim ke akraman (711-715 ee.)
kasim ke dvara kiye ge akramanoan mean usaki nimn vijay ullekhaniy haian-
deval vijay
ek b di sena lekar muhammad bin kasim ne 711 ee. mean deval par akraman kar diya. dahir ne apani adooradarshita ka parichay dete hue deval ki raksha nahian ki aur pashchimi kinaroan ko chho dakar poorvi kinaroan se bachav ki l daee prarambh kar di. dahir ke bhatije ne rajapootoan se milakar qile ki raksha karane ka prayas kiya, kintu asaphal raha.
neoon vijay
neoon pakistan mean vartaman haidarabad ke dakshin mean sthit charak ke samip tha. deval ke bad muhammad kasim neoon ki or badha. dahir ne neoon ki raksha ka dayitv ek purohit ko sauanp kar apane bete jayasianh ko brahmanabad bula liya. neoon mean bauddhoan ki sankhya adhik thi. unhoanne muhammad bin kasim ka svagat kiya. is prakar bina yuddh kie hi mir kasim ka neoon durg par adhikar ho gaya.
sehavan vijay
neoon ke bad muhammad bina kasim sehavan (sivistan) ki or badha. is samay vahaan ka shasak majhara tha. isane bina yuddh kie hi nagar chho d diya aur bina kisi kathinaee ke sehavan par muhammad bin kasim ka adhikar ho gaya.
sisam ke jatoan par vijay
sehavan ke bad muhammad bin kasim ne sisam ke jatoan par apana agala akraman kiya. bajhara yahi par mar dala gaya. jatoan ne muhammad bin kasim ki adhinata svikar kar li.
raor vijay
sisam vijay ke bad kasim raor ki or badha. dahir aur muhammad bin kasim ki senaoan ke bich ghamasan yuddh hua. isi yuddh mean dahir mara gaya. dahir ke bete jayasianh ne raor durg ki raksha ka dayitv apani vidhava maan par chho dakar brahmanavad chala gaya. durg ki raksha karane mean apane-ap ko asaphal pakar dahir ki vidhava patni ne atmadah kar liya. isake bad kasim ka raor par niyantran sthapit ho gaya.
brahmanavad par adhikar
brahmanavad ki suraksha ka dayitv dahir ke putr jayasianh ke oopar tha. usane kasim ke akraman ka bahaduri ke sath samana kiya, kintu nagar ke logoan ke vishvasaghat ke karan vah parajit ho gaya. brahmanavad par kasim ka adhikar ho gaya. kasim ne yahaan ka kosh tatha dahir ki doosari vidhava rani ladi ke sath usaki do putriyoan sooryadevi tatha paramal devi ko apani qabze mean kar liya.
alor vijay
brahmanavad par adhikar ke bad kasim alor pahuancha. prarambh mean alor ke nivasiyoan ne kasim ka samana kiya, kintu ant mean vivash hokar atmasamarpan kar diya.
multan vijay
alor par vijay prapt karane ke bad kasim multan pahuancha. yahaan par antarik kalah ke karan vishvasaghatiyoan ne kasim ki sahayata ki. unhoanne nagar ke jalasrot ki janakari araboan ko de di, jahaan se durg nivasiyoan ko jal ki apoorti ki jati thi. isase durg ke sainikoan ne atmasamarpan kar diya. kasim ka nagar par adhikar ho gaya. is nagar se mirakasim ko itana dhan mila ki usane ise 'svarnanagar' nam diya.
muhammad bin kasim ki vapasi
714 ee. mean hajjaj ki aur 715 ee mean khalifa ki mrityu ke uparant muhammad bin kasim ko vapas bula liya gaya. sambhavatah siandh vijay abhiyan mean muhammad bin kasim ki vahaan ke bauddh bhikshuoan ne sahayata ki thi. arab ki rajanaitik sthiti samany n hone ke karan dahir ne apane putr jayasianh ko bahamanabad par punah kabja karane ke lie bheja, parantu siandh ke rajyapal junaid ne jayasianh ko hara kar bandi bana liya. brahmanabad ke patan ke bad muhammad bin kasim ne dahir ki doosari vidhava rani ladi aur dahir ki do kanyaoan sooryadevi aur paramaladevi ko bandi banaya. kalantar ne kee bar junaid ne bharat ke antarik bhagoan ko jitane hetu senaaian bheji, parantu nagabhatt pratham (pratihar), pulakeshin evan yashovarman (chaluky) ne ise vapas khade d liya. is prakar arabiyoan ka shasan bharat mean siandh praant tak simat kar rah gaya. kalantar mean unhean siandh ka bhi tyag karana p da.
araboan ke bharat par akraman ka parinam
arab akraman ka bharatiy sabhyata evan sanskriti par lagabhag 1000 ee. tak prabhav raha. prarambh mean arabiyoan ne kathorata se islam dharm ko thopane ka prayas kiya, par tatkalin shasakoan ke virodh ke karan unhe apani niti badalani p di. siandh par araboan ke shasan se paraspar donoan sanskritiyoan ke madhy pratikriya huee. arabiyoan ki muslim sanskriti par bharatiy sanskriti ka kafi prabhav p da. arab vasiyoan ne chikitsa, darshan, nakshatr vijnan, ganit (dashamalav pranali) evan shasan prabandh ki shiksha bharatiyoan se hi grahan ki. charak sanhita evan panchatantr granthoan ka arabi bhasha mean anuvad kiya gaya. bagadad ke khalifaoan ne bharatiy viddhanoan ko sanrakshan pradan kiya. khalifa mansoor ke samay mean arab viddhanoan ne apane sath brahmagupt dvara rachit 'brahmasiddhant' evan 'khandanakhady' ko lekar bagadad gaye aur al-fajari ne bharatiy vidvanoan ke sahayog se in granthoan ka arabi bhasha mean anuvad kiya. bharatiy sampark se arab sabase adhik khagol shastr ke kshetr mean prabhavit hua. bharatiy khagol shastr ke adhar par araboan ne is vishay par anek pustakoan ki rachana ki, jisamean sabase pramukh al-fajari ki kitab-ul-jij hai
araboan ne bharat mean any vijit pradeshoan ki tarah dharm par adharit rajy sthapit karane ka prayas nahian kiya. hinduoan ko mahatv ke padoan par baithaya gaya. islam dharm ne hindoo dharm ke prati sahishnuta ka pradarshan kiya. araboan ki siandh vijay ka arthik kshetr bhi prabhav p da. arab se ane vale vyapariyoan ne pashchim samudr evan dakshin poorvi eshiya mean apane prabhav ka vistar kiya. atah yah svabhavik tha ki, bharatiy vyapari us samay ki rajanitik shaktiyoan par dabav dalate ki, ve arab vyapariyoan ke prati sahanubhooti poorn rukh apanayean.
turki akraman
araboan ke bad turko ne bharat par akraman kiya. turk, chin ki uttari-pashchimi simaoan par nivas karane vali ek asabhy evan barbar jati thi. unaka uddeshy ek vishal muslim samrajy sthapit karana tha. alaptagin namak ek turk saradar ne gazani mean svatantr turk rajy ki sthapana ki. 977 ee. mean alaptagin ke damad subuktagin ne gazani par adhikar kar liya. bharat par akraman karane vala pratham muslim muhammad bin kasim (arabi) tha, jabaki bharat par akraman karane vala pratham turki musalaman subuktagin tha. subuktagin se apane rajy ko hone vale bhavi khatare ka poorvanuman lagate hue dooradarshi hindushahi vansh ke shasak jayapal ne do bar us par akraman kiya, kintu durbhagyavash prakriti ki bhayabhay lilaoan ke karan use parajay ka muanh dekhana p da. apaman evan kshobh se santapt jayapal ne atmahatya kar li. 986 ee. mean subuktagin ne hindushahi rajavansh ke raja jayapal ke khilaf ek sangharsh mean bhag liya, jisamean jayapal ki parajay huee. subuktagin ke marane se poorv usake rajy ki simayean afaganistan, khurasan, balkh evan pashchimottar bharat tak phaili thi.
subuktagin ki mutyu ke bad usaka putr evan uttaradhikari mahamood gazanavi gazani ki gaddi par baitha. ‘tarikh e gujida’ ke anusar mahamood ne sistan ke raja khalaph bin ahamad ko parajit kar sultan ki upadhi dharan ki. itihasavidoan ke anusar sultan ki upadhi dharan karane vala mahamood pahala turk shasak tha. mahamood ne bagadad ke khalifa se ‘yaminudaula’ tatha ‘amir-ul-millah’ upadhi prapt karate samay pratijna ki thi, ki vah prati varsh bharat par ek akraman karega. islam dharm ke prachar aur dhan prapti ke uddeshy se usane bharat par 17 bar akraman kiye. iliyat ke anusar ye sare akraman 1001 se 1026 ee. tak kiye gaye. apane bharatiy akramanoan ke samay mahamood ne ‘jehad’ ka nara diya, sath hi apana ‘but shikan’ rakha. halaanki itihasakar mahamood gazanavi ko muslim itihas mean pratham sultan manate haian, kintu sikkoan par usaki upadhi keval ‘amir mahamood’ milati hai.
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