महमूद ग़ज़नवी

mahamood gazanavi
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poora nam	mahamood gazanavi
janm	2 navambar, 971 (lagabhag)
janm bhoomi	gazani, afaganistan
mrityu tithi	30 aprail, 1030 (umr 59 varsh)
mrityu sthan	gazani, afaganistan
pita/mata	subuktagin
rajy sima	poorvi eeran, pakistan aur afaganistan
shasan kal	997-1030
sha. avadhi	33 varsh
dharmik manyata	sunni islam

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mahamood gazanavi yamini vansh ka turk saradar gazani ke shasak subuktagin ka putr tha. usaka janm san. 1028 vi. (ee. 971) mean hua, 27 varsh ki ayu mean san. 1055 (ee. 998) mean vah shasanadhyaksh bana tha. mahamood bachapan se bharatavarsh ki apar samriddhi aur dhan-daulat ke vishay mean sunata raha tha. usake pita ne ek bar hindoo shahi raja jayapal ke rajy ko loot kar prachur sampatti prapt ki thi, mahamood bharat ki daulat ko lootakar malamal hone ke svapn dekha karata tha. usane 17 bar bharat par akraman kiya aur yahaan ki apar sampatti ko vah loot kar gazani le gaya tha. akramanoan ka yah silasila 1001 ee. se aranbh hua. usake akraman aur lootamar ke kale karanamoan se tatkalin aitihasik granthoan ke panne bhare hue hai.

gazanavi

nauvian shatabdi ke ant tak traans-aksiyana, khurasan tatha eeran ke kuchh bhagoan par samani shasakoan ka rajy tha jo moolatah eerani the. inhean apani uttari aur poorvi simaoan par barabar turk qabiloan se sangharsh karana p data tha. isi sangharsh ke dauran ek naye prakar ke sainik 'gazi' ka uday hua. 'turk' adhikatar prakriti ki shaktiyoan ki pooja karate the. atah musalamanoan ki drishti mean kafir the. isalie unake khilaf yuddh rajy ki raksha ke sath-sath dharm ki drishti se bhi vaanchhaniy tha. is prakar gazi, yoddha tatha dharm-pracharak, donoan tha. vah sena ke ek atirikt aang ke saman tha aur kam vetan ki poorti lootapat se karata tha. gazi log vir hone ke sath-sath dharm ke lie b de se b da khatara mol lene ke lie taiyar rahate the aur inhian ki badaulat ne muslim rajyoan ko turkoan ke akramanoan ka samana karane mean saphalata mil saki. samay ke sath-sath kee turk musalaman ban ge par phir bhi gair-musalaman turk qabiloan ke sath musalaman rajyoan ka sangharsh jari raha. turki ke qabilaee jo musalaman ban ge the bad mean ve hi musalaman dharm ke kattar sanrakshak aur pracharak ban ge. lekin islam ki raksha aur prachar ke sath-sath unaki lootapat ki lipsa bani rahi. samani rajy ke prashasakoan mean ek turk gulam 'alaptagin' tha, jo dhire-dhire ek apana rajy qayam karane mean saphal ho gaya. isaki rajadhani 'gazani' thi. bad mean samani samrajy ka patan ho gaya aur 'gazanavi' logoan ne madhy eshiya ke qabiloan se islami kshetr ki raksha karane ka bhar sambhala.

mahamood gazanavi

isi prakriya ke dauran gazani ke sianhasan par mahamood (998-1030) baitha. madhyayugin itihasakaroan ne madhy eshiya ke qabilaee akramanakariyoan se virata se sangharsh karane ke karan mahamood ko islam ka yoddha mana hai. isake alava is samay eerani sanskriti ka jo punarjagaran hua, usake sath mahamood ka gahara sampark tha. garvile eeraniyoan ne kabhi bhi araboan ki bhasha aur sanskriti nahian apanayi. samani samrajy mean farasi bhasha aur sahity ko bhi protsahan diya gaya. 'firadausi' ki 'shahanama' ke sath eerani sahity apane shikhar par pahuanch gaya. firadausi mahamood ke darabar mean raj kavi tha. usane yah dikhane ki cheshta ki ki eeran aur tooran ka sangharsh bahut prachin yug mean bhi tha aur usane eerani yoddhaoan ko apane sahity mean gauravashali banaya. is kal mean eerani deshaprem ka itana ubhar hua ki mahamood ne bhi svayan ko prachin eerani kianvadantiyoan mean charchit raja 'afarasiyab' ka vanshaj hone ka dava kiya. farasi bhasha sare gazanavi samrajy ki bhasha ban gee. is prakar turk n keval musalaman varanh farasi bhi ban ge. isi sanskriti ko do shatabdiyoan ke bad ve bharat lae.

eerani sanskriti ka punarjagaran

mana jata hai ki mahamood ne n keval turk qabiloan ke viruddh islami rajy ki raksha ki varanh eerani sanskriti ke punarjagaran mean bhi mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee. lekin bharat mean vah keval ek lutere ke roop mean yad kiya jata hai. kaha jata hai ki mahamood ne bharat par satrah bar akraman kiya. arambh mean usane peshavar aur panjab ke hindoo shahi shasakoan ke khilaf yuddh kiya. usane multan ke muslim shasakoan ke viruddh bhi yuddh kiya kyoanki ve islam ke us sampraday ko manane vale the jinaka mahamood kattar virodhi tha. hindushahi rajy panjab se lekar adhunik afaganistan tak phaila hua tha aur unake shasak gazani mean ek svatantr shaktishali rajy se utpann hone vale khataroan ko bakhoobi samajhate the. hindushahi shasak jayapal ne samani shasan ke aantargat bhootaparv gavarnar ke putr ke sath milakar gazani par chadhaee bhi ki thi, lekin use har ka samana karana p da. usane agale varsh phir chadhaee ki aur phir parajit hua. in l daiyoan mean yuvaraj ke roop mean mahamood ne sakriy bhag liya tha.

hindooshahiyoan ke viruddh abhiyan

mahamood ne sianhasan par baithate hi hindooshahiyoan ke viruddh abhiyan chhe d diya. unake bich hone vale sangharsh mean multan ke musalaman shasakoan ne 'jayapal' ka sath diya. mahamood ne pahala akraman hindoo shahi raja 'jayapal' ke viruddh 29 navanbar sanh 1001 mean kiya. un donoan mean bhishan yuddh hua, parantu mahamood ki joshili aur b di sena ne jayapal ko hara diya . is apaman se vyathit hokar vah jite ji chita par baith gaya aur usane apane jivan ka aant kar diya . jayapal ke putr anandapal aur usake vanshaj 'trilochanapal' tatha 'bhimapal' ne kee bar mahamood se yuddh kiya. hindooshahi rajadhani 'vaihiand' (peshavar ke nikat) mean mahamood aur anandapal ke bich 1008-1009 ee. mean bhishan yuddh hua. aisa lagata hai ki is yuddh mean uttar-pashchimi bharat ke kannauj aur ajamer ke rajaoan ke alava kee rajapoot shasakoan ne bhag liya. multan ke musalaman shasak ne bhi anandapal ka sath diya. yadyapi hinduoan ki sena kafi b di thi aur usamean bahaduri ke lie panjab ke 'khokar qabile' ke log the, tathapi mahamood ke ghu dasavar dhanushadhariyoan ke age unaki ek n chali. hindooshahiyoan ko ab zagiradaroan ke roop mean apane bhootaparv samrajy ke ek bhag ka shasan mila. yah 1020 tak qayam raha, lekin sahi arthoan mean panjab par ab gazanaviyoan ka poorn adhikar ho gaya. isake bad multan ki bari aee.par har bar unhean parajay mili. san. 1071 mean hindoo shahi rajaoan ka rajy samapt ho gaya . hindoo shahi rajaoan ka rajy samapt ho jane par mahamood ko khula marg mil gaya. bad ke akramanoan mean usane multan, lahaur, nagarakot aur thaneshvar tak ke vishal bhoo-bhag mean khoob mar-kat ki tatha bharatiyoan ko zabardasti musalaman banaya . usaka navaan (kuchh lekhakoan ke matanusar barahavaan) akraman san. 1074 mean kannauj ke viruddh hua tha . usi samay usane mathura par bhi akraman kiya aur use buri tarah loota .

mahamood ki loot aur mahavan ka yuddh

gyarahavian shati ke arambh mean uttar-pashchim ki or se musalamanoan ke dhave bharat ki or hone lage. gazani ke moortibhanjak sultan mahamood ne satrah bar bharat par chadhaee ki. usaka uddeshy lootapat karake gazani lautana hota tha. apane navean akraman ka nishana usane mathura ko banaya. usaka vah akraman 1017 ee. mean hua. mathura ko lootane se pahale mahamood gazanabi ko yahaan ek bhishan yuddh karana p da. yah yuddh mathura ke samip mahavanke shasak kulachand ke sath hua.

• mahamood ke miramuanshi al-utvi ne apani pustak 'tarikhe yamini' mean is akraman ka varnan kiya hai. usane likha hai –

'kulachand ka durg mahavan mean tha . usako apani shakti par poora bharosa tha kyoanki tab tak koee bhi shatru usase parajit hue bina nahian raha tha. vah vistrit rajy, apar vaibhav, asankhy viroan ki sena, vishal hathi aur sudridh durgoan ka svami tha, jinaki or kisi ko aankh utha kar dekhane ka bhi sahas nahian hota tha. jab use jnat hua ki mahamood us par akraman karane ke lie a raha hai, tab vah apane sainik aur hathiyoan ke sath unaka muqabala karane ko taiyar ho gaya. atyant viratapoorvak yuddh karane par bhi jab mahamood ke akraman ko viphal nahian kar paya, tab usake sainik qile se nikal kar bhagane lage, jisase ve yamuna nadi ko par kar apani jan bacha sakean. is prakar lagabhag 50,000 (pachas hazar) sainik us yuddh mean mare gaye ya nadi mean doob gaye, tab kulachandr ne hatash hokar pahale apani rani aur phir svayan ko bhi talavar se samapt kar diya. us abhiyan mean mahamood ko loot ke any saman ke atirikt 185 suandar hathi bhi prapt hue the.'

• pharishta ne bhi us yuddh ka utvi se milata julata varnan kiya hai-

'merath akar sulatan ne mahavan ke durg par akraman kiya tha. mahavan ke shasak kulachandr se usaka samana hua. us yuddh mean adhikaansh hindoo sainik yamuna nadi mean dhakel diye gaye the. raja ne nirash hokar apane stri-bachchoan ka svayan vadh kiya aur phir khud ko bhi mar dala. durg par musalamanoan ka adhikar ho gaya. mahavan ki loot mean use prachur dhan-sampatti tatha 80 hathi mile the.'

• in lekhakoan ne mahamood gazanabi ke sath bhishan yuddh karane vale yoddha kulachandr ke vyaktitv par kuchh bhi prakash nahian dala hai. isake bad sultan mahamood ki fauj mathura pahuanchi. yahaan ka varnan karate hue utvi likhata hai-

  'is shahar mean sultan ne nihayat umda dhang ki bani huee ek imarat dekhi, jise sthaniy logoan ne manushyoan ki rachana n batakar devataoan ki kriti bataya. nagar ka parakota patthar ka bana hua tha, usamean nadi ki or ooanche tatha mazaboot adhar-stanbhoan par bane hue do daravaze sthit the . shahar ke donoan or hazaroan makan bane hue the jiname lage hue devamandir the. ye sab patthar ke bane the aur lohe ki chh doan dvara mazaboot kar diye gaye the. unake samane doosari imaratean bani thi, jo sudridh lak di ke khambhoan par adharit thi. shahar ke bich mean sabhi mandiroan se ooancha evan sundar ek mandir tha,jisaka poora varnan n to chitr-rachana dvara aur n lekhani dvara kiya ja sakata hai. sultan mahamood ne svayan us mandir ke bare mean likha ki 'yadi koee vyakti is prakar ki imarat banavana chahe to use das karo d dinar (svarn-mudra) se kam n kharch karane p degean aur usake nirman mean 200 varsh lageangean, chahe usamean bahut hi yogy tatha anubhavi karigaroan ko hi kyoan n laga diya jaye.' sultan ne ajna di ki sabhi mandiroan ko jala kar unhean dharashayi kar diya jay. bis dinoan tak barabar shahar ki loot hoti rahi. is loot mean mahamood ke hath khalis sone ki paanch b di moortiyaan lagian jinaki aankhean bahumooly manikyoan se j di huee thian. inaka mooly pachas hazar dinar tha. keval ek sone ki moorti ka hi vazan chaudah man tha. in moortiyoan tatha chaandi ki bahusankhyak pratimaoan ko sau ooanto ki pith par lad kar gazani le jaya gaya .'

somanath ke mandir ka dhvans

usaka sabase b da akraman 1026 ee. mean kathiyava d ke somanath mandir par tha. desh ki pashchimi sima par prachin kushasthali aur vartaman saurashtr (gujarat) ke kathiyava d mean sagar tat par somanath mahadev ka prachin mandir hai. skand puran mean ullekh hai – "vaidik sarasvati vahaan sagar mean milati hai, jahaan someshvar ka mandir hai, us pavitr sthal ke darshan karane se atyant puny prapt hota hai. ye someshvar hi somanath hai, jinaka mandir kathiyavad ke vartaman joonagadh rajy mean hai." chaluky vansh ka bhim pratham us samay kathiyava d ka shasak tha. mahamood ke akraman ki soochana milate hi vah bhag kh da hua.

mahamood ne somanath mandir ka shivaliang to d dala. mandir ko dhvast kiya. hazaroan pujari maut ke ghat utar die aur vah mandir ka sona aur bhari khazana lootakar le gaya. akele somanath se use ab tak ki sabhi lootoan se adhik dhan mila tha. usaka aantim akraman 1027 ee. mean hua. usane panjab ko apane rajy mean mila liya tha. aur lahaur ka nam badalakar mahamoodapur kar diya tha. mahamood ke in akramanoan se bharat ke rajavansh durbal ho ge aur bad ke varshoan mean muslim akramanoan ke lie yahaan ka dvar khul gaya.

mahamood ke samay ke lekhak aur unake granth

mahamood gazanavi ke akramanoan ko jin lekhakoan ne apani aankhoan se dekhakar lipibaddh kiya, unamean 'mahamood alutvi, burihaan, alabarooni aur islam vairaki' pramukh haian . unake likhe hue vivaran bhi upalabdh hote haian.

1. mahamood alutvi– yah mahamood gazanavi ka mir muanshi tha, halaanki akramanoan mean vah sath mean nahian tha. usane subuktagin tatha mahamood ke shasan-kal ka san. 1077 tak ka itihas arabi bhasha mean apani kitab "ul-yamini" mean likha hai. is kitab mean mahamood ke san. 1077 tak ke akramanoan ka vistrit varnan milata hai. usaka vivaran pakshapat poorn hai. usane bharatiyoan ki durbalata aur videshi musalaman akramanakariyoan ki virata ka atishayoktipoorn vivaran kiya hai.
2. alaberooni– muslim lekhakoan mean alaberooni ka vivaran prayah pakshapat rahit hai. vah bharatiy darshan, jyotish, itihas, adi ka utkrisht vidvanh aur dhir gambhir prakriti ka lekhak tha. usaka janm ek chhote se rajy khyadim mean 4 sitanbar sanh 973 mean hua tha. vah mahamood gazanavi ke akramanoan mean usake sath raha tha, kiantu usako loot-mar se koee matalab nahian tha. vah bharatiyoan se nikat sanbandh sthapit kar unaki bhasha, sanskriti, dharmopasana evan vidya-kalaoan ki janakari prapt karane mean laga rahata tha. usaki sikhane ki kshamata gazab ki thi. tho di hi koshish mean bahut sikhane ki usamean adbhut pratibha thi. bharatiy sanskriti aur dharm-darshan ka pramanik jnan prapt karane ke lie usane sanskrit evan prakrit bhashaean sikhi thian, aur unake grantho ka adhyayan kiya tha. usane anek bharatiy granthoan ka arabi bhasha mean anuvad bhi kiya.
3. imam vairaki– usaka poora nam imam, abul fazal vairaki tha. vah mahamood gazanavi ke darabar mean hakim tha. usane jo granth likha, usaka nam "tarikh-e-arab-e-subuktagin" arthat subuktagin vansh ka itihas. isamean subuktagin aur usake putr-pautr mahamood gazanavi evan usake shasan-kal ki ghatanaoan par prakash dala gaya hai. isamean prasangik roop se mahamood ke bharatiy akramanoan ka bhi kuchh vivaran likha gaya hai, jo ullekhaniy eemanadari ka praman hai. yah granth tin bhagoan mean hai kiantu is samay usaka keval tisara bhag hi upalabdh hai. aranbh ke do bhag nasht ho gaye. upalabdh bhag farasi bhasha mean hai.

tatkalin rajanitik sthiti

isake bad bharat mean mahamood ke akramanoan ka uddeshy yahaan ke mandiroan aur uttar bharat ke shaharoan ko lootana tatha apane viruddh yahaan ke rajaoan ko ek hone se rokana tha. is prakar usane panjab paha diyoan mean nagarakot tatha dilli ke nikat thanesar par chadhaee ki. usaka sabase b da akraman 1018 mean kannauj tatha 1025 mean gujarat mean somanath par hua. kannauj ke apane abhiyan ke dauran usane kannauj ke sath-sath mathura ka bhi vidhvans kiya aur apar sampatti ke sath buandelakhand se kalianjar hota hua svadesh laut gaya. apane in abhiyanoan mean vah isalie saphal hua kyoanki us samay uttari bharat mean ek bhi shaktishali rajy nahian tha. mahamood ne in kshetroan par qabza karane ka koee prayas nahian kiya. un dinoan somanath ka mandir apani apar sampatti ke lie prasiddh tha. use lootane ke lie mahamood multan se rajasthan hote hue somanath bina kisi vishesh badha ke ya virodh ke pahuanch gaya. bharat mean panjab ke bahar yah usaka antim abhiyan tha.

mahamood ko keval ek lutera kahakar usaki bhoomika ki anadekhi karana uchit nahian hoga. panjab aur multan par usaki vijay se uttari bharat ki rajanitik sthiti bilkul badal gee. ab turk bharat ke uttar pashchimi sima ki suraksha karane vale paha doan ko par kar kabhi bhi ganga pradesh mean akraman kar sakate the. phir bhi ve dedh sau varshoan tak is kshetr ko apane adhikar mean nahian le sake. isaka karan hamean is kal mean madhy eshiya tatha uttar bharat mean tezi se hone vale parivartanoan mean milata hai.

mrityu

apane aantim kal mean mahamood gazanavi asadhy rogoan se pi dit hokar asahy kasht pata raha tha. apane dushkarmoan ko yad kar use ghor manasik klesh tha. vah sharirik evan manasik kashtoan se grasit tha. usaki mrityu san. 1087 (san 1030, aprail 30) mean gazani mean huee thi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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