ग़यासुद्दीन बलबन
thumb|gayasuddin balaban ka maqabara, maharauli gayasuddin balaban (1266-1286 ee.) ilbari jati ka vyakti tha, jisane ek naye rajavansh ‘balabani vansh’ ki sthapana ki thi. gayasuddin balaban gulam vansh ka navaan sultan tha. balaban moolatah sultan iltutamish ka turki gulam tha. balaban ko khvaja 'jamaluddin basari' nam ka ek vyakti kharid kar 1232-33 ee. mean dilli laya tha. iltutamish ne gvaliyar ko jitane ke uparant balaban ko kharid liya. apani yogyata ke karan hi balaban iltutamish ke samay mean, visheshakar raziya sultan ke samay mean 'amir-e-shikar', muizuddin baharamashah ke samay mean 'amir-e-akhoor', alauddin masood ke samay mean 'amir-e-hajib' evan sultan nasirooddin mahamood ke samay mean 'amir-e-hajib' v nain ke roop mean rajy ki sampoorn shakti ka kendr ban gaya. balaban ki putri sultan mueejuddin baharamashah (1246-66 ee.) ko byahi thi. jisane use apana mantri tatha sahayak niyukt kiya tha. nasiruddin ki mrityu ke uparant 1266 ee. mean amir saradaroan ke sahayog se vah 'gayasuddin balaban' ke nam se dilli ke rajasianhasan par baitha. is prakar vah ilbari jati ka dvitiy shasak bana. balaban jatiy shreshthata mean vishvas rakhata tha. isilie usane apana sanbandh firadausi ke 'shahanama' mean ullikhit turani shasak ke vansh 'afarasiyab' se jo da. apane pautroan ka namakaran madhy eshiya ke khyati prapt shasak 'kaikhusaro', kaikubad ityadi ke nam par kiya. usane prashasan mean sirf kulin vyaktiyoan ko niyukt kiya. usaka kahana tha ki “jab mai kisi tuchchh parivar ke vyakti ko dekhata hooan to, mere sharir ki pratyek na di uttejit ho jati hai.”
vidroh ka daman
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balaban ne iltutamish dvara sthapit 40 turki saradaroan ke dal ko samapt kar diya, turk amiroan ko shaktishali hone se roka, apane shasan kal mean hue ek matr bangal ka turk vidroh, jahaan ke shasak tugaril khaan veg ne apane ko svatantr ghoshit kar diya tha, ki soochana pakar balaban ne avadh ke soobedar amin khaan ko bheja, parantu vah asaphal hokar lauta. atah krodhit hokar balaban ne usaki hatya karava di aur usaka sir ayodhya ke phatak par lataka diya aur svany is vidroh ka vakhoobi daman kiya. bangal ki tatkalin rajadhani lakhanauti ko us samay ‘vidroh ka nagar’ kaha jata tha. tugaril veg ko pak dane evan usaki hatya karane ka shrey malik mukaddir ko mila, chooanki isake pahale tugaril ko pak dane mean kafi kathinaee ka samana karana p da tha, isalie mukaddir ki saphalata se prasann hokar balaban ne use ‘tugarilakush’ (tugaril ki hatya karane vala) ki upadhi pradan ki. apane putr bukhara khaan ko bangal ka soobedar niyukt kiya. isake atirikt balaban ne mevatiyoan evan katehar mean hue vidroh ka bhi daman kiya tatha doab evan panjab kshetr mean shanti sthapit ki. is prakar apani shakti ko samekit karane ke bad balaban ne bhavy upadhi 'jille-ilahi' dharan ko kiya.
balaban ki niti v siddhaant
pashchimottar sima prant par mangol akraman ke bhay ko samapt karane ke lie balaban ne ek sunishchat yojana ka kriyanvayan kiya. usane sima par kiloan ki ekatar banavayi aur pratyek qile mean ek b di sankhya mean sena rakhi. kuchh varsho ke pashchath uttar-pashchimi sima ko do bhagoan mean baant diya gaya. lahaur, multan aur dipalapur ka kshetr shahazada muhammad ko aur suman, samana tatha kachchh ka kshetr bugara khaan ko diya gaya. pratyek shahazade ke lie prayah 18 hazar ghu dasavaroan ki ek shaktishali sena rakhi gayi. usane sainy vibhag ‘divan-e-arj’ ko punargathit karavaya, imadulamulk ko divan-e-arj ke pad par pratishthit kiya tatha simant kshetr mean sthit qiloan ka punanirman karavaya. balaban ke siddhaant v usaki niti saltanatakalin rajatv siddhaant ka pramukh bindoo hai. usane divan-e-arj ko vazir ke niyantran se mukt kar diya, jisase use dhan ki kami n ho. balaban ki achchhi sena vyavastha ka shrey imadulamulk ko hi tha. sath hi usane ayogy evan vriddh sainikoan ko vetan ka bhugatan nakad vetan mean kiya. usane turk prabhav ko kam karane ke lie farasi parampara par adharit ‘sijada’ (ghutane par baithakar samrat ke samane sir jhukana) evan ‘pabos’ (paanv ko choomana) ke prachalan ko anivary kar diya. balaban ne guptachar vibhag ki sthapana rajy ke antargat hone vale sh dayantroan evan vidroh ke vishay mean poorv janakari ke lie kiya. guptacharoan ki niyukt balaban svayan karata tha aur unhean paryapt dhan upalabdh karata tha. koee bhi guptachar khule darabar mean usase nahian milata tha. yadi koee guptachar apane kartavy ki poorti nahian karata tha, to use kathor dand diya jata tha. usane farasi riti-rivaj par adharit navaroj utsav ko prarambh karavaya. apane virodhiyoan ke prati balaban ne kathor ‘lauh evan rakt’ niti ka palan kiya. is niti ke antargat vidrohi vyakti ki hatya kar usaki stri evan bachchoan ko das bana liya jata tha.
balaban ke viruddh sh dayantr
balaban ko prapt hone vali saphalataoan se turk saradaroan ka ek b da dal usase eershya karane laga tha tatha ve use pad se hatane ka upay sochane lage. unhoanne mil kar 1250 ee. mean balaban ke viruddh ek sh dayantr racha aur balaban ko padachyut karava diya. balaban ke sthan par ek bharatiy musalaman 'imaduddin rihan' ki niyukti huee. yadyapi turk saradar sare adhikaroan aur sari shakti ko apane hi hathoan mean rakhana chahate the tathapi ve rihan ki niyukti ke lie isalie razi ho ge kyoanki ve is bat par ekamat nahian ho sake ki unamean se balaban ke sthan par kisaki niyukti ho. balaban ne apana pad chho dana svikar to kar liya, par vah chupake-chupake apane samarthakoan ko ikattha bhi karata raha.
shakti pariksha
padachyut hone ke do varshoan ke andar hi balaban apane kuchh virodhiyoan ko jitane mean saphal ho gaya. ab vah shakti pariksha ke lie taiyar tha. aisa lagata hai ki balaban ne panjab ke ek b de kshetr par qabza karane vale mangol logoan se bhi sampark sthapit kiya. sultan mahamood ko balaban ki shakti ke age ghutane tekane p de aur usane rihan ko barkhast kar diya. kuchh samay bad rihan parajit hua aur use mar diya gaya. balaban ne uchit-anuchit tariqoan se apane any virodhiyoan ko bhi samapt kar diya. ab usane rajasi pratik 'chhatr' ko bhi grahan kar liya, par itana hone par bhi sambhavatah turk saradaroan ki bhavanaoan ko dhyan mean rakh vah sianhasan par nahian baitha. sultan mahamood ki 1265 ee. mean mrityu ho gee. kuchh itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki balaban ne sultan ko zahar dekar mar diya aur sianhasan ke apane raste ko saf karane ke lie usake putroan ki bhi hatya kar di. balaban dvara apanae ge upay bahut bar anuchit aur avaanchhaniy hote the, par isamean koee sandeh nahian ki usake sianhasan par baithane ke sath hi ek shaktishali kendriy sarakar ke yug ka arambh hua.
afarasiyan ka vanshaj
balaban ka vishvas tha ki aantarik aur bahari khataroan ka samana karane ka ekamatr upay samrat ke samman aur usaki shakti ko badhana hai aur is karan vah barabar is bat ka prayatn karata raha. us kal mean manyata thi ki, adhikar aur shakti keval rajasi aur prachin vanshoan ka visheshadhikar hai. usi ke anuroop balaban ne bhi sianhasan ke apane dave ko mazaboot karane ke lie ghoshana ki, ki vah kahaniyoan mean prasiddh turk yoddha 'afarasiyan' ka vanshaj hai. rajasi vanshaj se apane sambandhoan ke davoan ko mazaboot karane ke lie balaban ne svayan ko turk saradaroan ke agrani ke roop mean pradarshit kiya. usane shasan ke uchch padoan ke lie keval uchch vansh ke sadasyoan ko svikar karana arambh kiya. isaka arth yah tha ki, bharatiy musalaman in padoan se vanchit rah jate the. balaban kabhi-kabhi to is bat ki had kar deta tha. udaharanarth usane ek aise b de vyapari se milana asvikar kar diya, jo ooanche khanadan ka nahian tha. itihasakar 'eerani' ne, jo svayan khanadani turkoan ka samarthak tha, apani rachana mean balaban se yah kahalavaya hai-"'jab bhi maian kisi nich vansh ke adami ko dekhata hooan, to krodh se meri aankhean jalane lagati haian aur mere hath meri talavar tak (use marane ke lie) pahuanch jate haian." balaban ne vastav mean aise shabd kahe the ya nahian, lekin inase sambhavatah gair-turkoan ke prati usake drishtikon ke bare mean pata chalata hai.
shaktishali kendriy sena ka sangathan
khanadani turk saradaroan ka svayan ko agrani batate hue bhi balaban apani shakti mean kisi ko, yahaan tak ki apane parivar ke sadasyoan ko bhi, hissedar banane ke lie taiyar nahian tha. usaki tanashahi is had tak thi ki aur to aur vah apane kisi samarth ki bhi alochana sahan nahian kar sakata tha. usaka ek pradhan kary 'chahalagani' ki shakti ko samapt kar samrat ki shakti ko mazaboot karana tha. is lakshy ko prapt karane ke lie vah apane sambandhi 'sher khaan' ko zahar dekar marane mean bhi nahian hichaka. lekin sath-sath janata ke samarthan aur vishvas ko prapt karane ke lie vah nyay ke mamale mean tho da bhi pakshapat nahian karata tha. apane adhikar ki avahelana karane par vah b de se b de vyakti ko bhi nahian chho data tha. is prakar gulamoan ke prati durvyavahar karane par badayooan tatha avadh ke shasakoan ke pitaoan ko k di saza di gee. rajy ki sabhi prakar ki soochana prapt karane ke lie balaban ne har vibhag mean apane jasoos tainat kar die. aantarik vidrohoan tatha panjab mean jame hue mangoloan se muqabala karane ke lie ek shaktishali kendriy sena ka sangathan kiya. in mangoloan se dilli saltanat ko gambhir khatara bana hua tha. isake lie usane sainik vibhag 'divan-ee-arz' ko punargathit kiya aur aise sainikoan ko peanshan dekar seva mukt kiya, jo ab seva ke layaq nahian rah ge the, kyoanki inamean se adhikatar sainik turk the aur iltutamish ke hindustan ae the. unhoanne balaban ke is qadam ke virodh mean apani avaz uthaee, par balaban ne unaki ek n suni.
rajapootoan ki svatantrata
dilli ke asapas ke kshetroan tatha doab mean altamash ki mrityu ke bad qanoon aur vyavastha ki halat big d gayi thi. ganga-yamuna doab tatha avadh mean s dakoan ki sthiti kharab thi aur charoan or dakuoan ke bhay ke karan ve itani asurakshit thian ki, poorvi kshetroan se sampark rakhana kathin ho gaya. kuchh rajapoot zamidaroan ne is kshetr mean qile bana lie the aur apani svatantrata ghoshit kar di thi. mevatiyoan mean dilli ke asapas ke kshetroan mean lootapat karane ka sahas a gaya tha. balaban ne in tatvoan ka b di kathorata ke sath daman kiya. dakuoan ka pichha kar unhean barbarata se maut ke ghat utar diya gaya. badayooan ke asapas ke kshetroan mean rajapootoan ke qiloan ko to d diya gaya tatha jangaloan ko saf kar vahaan afagan sainikoan ki bastiyaan bana di geean, taki ve s dakoan ki suraksha kar sakean aur rajapoot zamidaroan ke shasan ke viruddh vidrohoan ko turant kuchal sakean.
islam ke neta ka roop
in kathor tariqoan se balaban ne sthiti par niyantran kar liya. logoan ko apani shakti se prabhavit karane ke lie usane apane darabar ki shan-shauqat ko badhaya. vah jab bhi bahar nikalata tha, usake charoan taraf aangarakshak nangi talavarean lie chalate the. usane darabar mean hansi-mazak samapt kar diya aur yah siddh karane ke lie ki usake saradar usaki barabari nahian kar sakate, unake sath sharab pina band kar diya. usane 'sijda' aur 'paibos' (samrat ke samane jhuk kar usake pairoan ko choomana) ke rivajoan ko avashyak bana diya. ye aur usake dvara apanae ge kee any rivaj moolatah eerani the aur unhean gair-islami samajha jata tha. lekin isake bavajood unaka virodh karane ki kisi mean bhi himmat nahian thi. kyoanki aise samay mean jab madhy aur pashchim eshiya mean mangoloan ke akraman se adhikatar islami samrajy khatm ho chuke the, balaban aur dilli saltanat ko hi islam ke neta ke roop mean dekha jane laga tha.
mrityu
1286 ee. mean balaban ka b da putr muhammad achanak ek b di mangol sena se ghir jane ke karan yuddh karate hue mara gaya. vikhyat kavi amir khusara, jisaka nam tootie-hind (bharat ka tota) tha tatha amir hasan dehalavi ne apana sahityik jivan shahajada muhammad ke samay mean shuroo kiya tha. apane priy putr muhammad ki mrityu ke sadame ko n bardasht kar pane ke karan 80 varsh ki avastha mean 1286 ee. mean balaban ki mrityu ho gee. mutyu poorv balaban ne apane doosare putr bugara khaan ko apana uttaradhikari niyukt karane ke ashay se bangal se vapas bulaya, kintu vilasi bugara khaan ne bangal ke aram-pasand evan svatantr jivan ko adhik pasand kiya aur chupake se bangal vapas chala gay. taduparant balaban ne apane pautr (muhammad ke putr) kaikhusaro ko apana uttaradhikari chuna.
balaban ke kathan
- “raja ka hriday eeshvar ki kripa ka vishesh kosh hai aur samast manushy jati mean usake saman koee nahian hai.”
- “ek anugrahi raja sada eeshvar ke sanrakshan ke chhatr se rahit rahata hai.”
- “raja ko is prakar jivan vyatit karana chahie ki, musalaman usake pratyek kary shabd ya kriyakalap ko manyata de aur prashansa kare.”
- “jab mai kisi tuchchh parivar ke vyakti ko dekhata hooan to, mere sharir ki pratyek na di uttejit ho jati hai.”
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