इंडियन ओपिनियन

iandiyan opiniyan (aangrezi: Indian Opinion) ek samachar patr tha jo dakshin afrika mean mahatma gaandhi dvara shuroo kiya gaya tha. rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ne nasliy bhedabhav ke khilaph l dane aur bharatiyoan ke lie nagarik adhikaroan ki maang hetu dakshin afrika mean yah samachar patr shuroo kiya.

gaandhiji

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mahatma gaandhi 1893 mean ek yuva vakil ke roop mean dakshin afrika pahuanche. halaanki vah ek sal ke kam par aye the, lekin unhean 21 sal tak vahaan rahana p da. dakshin afrika mean hi vah ek sharmile vakil se ek nirantar nagarik adhikar karyakarta ke roop mean vikasit hue. us desh mean nasliy bhedabhav ko pratyaksh roop se dekhane aur anubhav karane ke bad (ek bar unhean shvet n hone ke karan tren ke pratham shreni dibbe se bahar nikal diya gaya tha), unhoanne vahian rahane aur bharatiyoan ke adhikaroan ke lie l dane ka phaisala kiya. unnisavian sadi ke dauran giramitiya majadooroan ke roop mean aangrez unhean apane aphriki upanivesh mean le jate rahe the, tab se dakshin afrika b di sankhya mean bharatiyoan ka ghar tha.

shuruat

san 1903 mean gaandhiji johansabarg mean bas ge aur 'british iandiyan esosieshan' ki sthapana mean madad ki. gaandhiji ne any bharatiyoan ke sath nagarik adhikaroan ki maang ki aur bhedabhavapoorn kanoonoan aur niyamoan ke khilaph l daee l di, khasakar traansaval mean. vah in samayoan ke dauran satyagrah aur nishkriy pratirodh ka vichar vikasit kar rahe the. yah nirnay liya gaya ki logoan ki chiantaoan ko avaz dene aur nasliy roop se asahishnu shvet shasan ke tahat bharatiyoan ki sthitiyoan ke bare mean jagarookata lane ke lie ek samachar patr avashyak tha. apani pustak 'satyagrah in sauth afrika' mean gaandhi likhate haian- "mera manana ​​​​hai ki ek sangharsh jo mukhy roop se aantarik shakti par nirbhar karata hai, use akhabar ke bina poori tarah se nahian chalaya ja sakata hai... ". unhoanne 'netal iandiyan kaangres' aur dakshin afrika ke kuchh any pramukh bharatiyoan ke sahayog se ek priantiang pres ki vyavastha ki aur kuchh logoan ko karmachari ke roop mean niyukt kiya.

gaandhiji ne adhikaansh lekhan kiya aur pahale sanpadak manasukhalal hiralal nazar the. pahala aank 4 joon 1903 ko jari kiya gaya tha. akhabar ka shuruati svar madhyam tha. isane bharatiyoan ko 'raja samrat ki vaphadar praja' ke roop mean doharaya aur british vyavastha mean vishvas doharaya. lekin isane un damanakari paristhitiyoan ko bhi ujagar kiya jinake tahat dakshin afrika mean bharatiy rahate the aur kam karate the.

saptahik patr

yah ek saptahik samachar patr tha aur aangrezi, hiandi, tamil aur gujarati mean prakashit hota tha. akhabar ne sabhi prakar ke bharatiyoan ko ekajut karane ki koshish ki aur ek sanpadakiy mean ghoshana ki- "ham tamil ya kalakatta ke adami nahian haian, aur musalaman ya hiandoo, brahman ya baniya nahian haian, balki keval aur keval british bharatiy haian."

prabandhan aur prakashan

san 1914 mean gaandhiji ke hamesha ke lie dakshin afrika chho dane ke bad akhabar ka prabandhan aur prakashan unake bete manilal dvara kiya gaya tha. manilal 36 varshoan tak isake sanpadak rahe. 1956 mean unaki mrityu ke bad akhabar any logoan dvara chalaya jane laga. isaka nam bhi badalakar 'd opiniyan' kar diya gaya. lekin vittiy samasyaoan ke karan 4 agast 1961 ko 'iandiyan opiniyan' ka astitv vyavaharik roop se samapt ho gaya. 39 sal bad, aktoobar 2000 mean ise punarjivit kiya gaya. ab ek trast ise chalata hai aur aangreji aur zulu mean prakashit karata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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