मैला आंचल -फणीश्वरनाथ रेणु

'maila aanchal’ ‘renu’ ka pratham upanyas hai, ek aanchalik upanyas. isaka kathanak hai poorniya ka. poorniya bihar rajy ka ek zila hai, isake ek or nepal hai aur doosari or hai pakistan aur pashchim bangal. renu ke anusar isake ek hisse ke ek hi gaanv ko pichh de gaanvoan ka pratik manakar is upanyas ka katha kshetr banaya gaya hai. 'nalin vilochan sharma' ke anusar,

'yah aisa saubhagyashali upanyas hai jo lekhak ki pratham kriti hone par bhi use aisi pratishtha prapt kara de ki vah chahe to phir kuchh aur n bhi likhe. aisi kriti se vah apane lie aisa pratiman sthir kar deta hai jisaki punaravritti kathin hoti hai. ‘maila aanchal’ gat varshoan ka hi shreshth upanyas nahian hai, vah hindi ke das shreshth upanyasoan mean sahaj hi parigananiy hai. svayan maianne hindi ke das shreshth upanyasoan ki jo talika prakashit karaee hai, usamean use sammilit karane mean mujhe kathinaee n hogi. maian kisi dvidha ke bina ek upanyas ko hatakar isake lie jagah bana sakata hooan.' - nalin vilochan sharma

samasamayik paristhitiyaan

maila aanchal mean renu ji 'jati samaj' aur 'varg chetana' ke bich virodhabhas ki katha kahate haian. aj is ilake ko 'maila aanchal' ki drishti se dekhane par jati samikaran aur sansadhanoan par varchasv ki jatiy vyavastha upanyas ke katha samay ke lagabhag anuroop hi dikhata hai. jalalagadh ke pas 'maila aanchal ' ke math ka vartaman sanskaran dikha, jisake nam par aj bhi saik doan ek d jamin hai, vahian baladev ke vartaman bhi upasthit the, jati se bhi yadav, natho yadav, jinake jiddi abhiyan se bihar sarakar jalalagadh ke kile ka jirnoddhar karane ja rahi hai. sadharan maile kapade mean, thaila latakae adhunik baladev yani natho ne kile ki zamin ko kabza mukt kiya, vah bhi apani hi jati  ke kisi dabang parivar ke kabje se. renu ji ke ghar mean ab  unake  samay ke abhav nahian hai, renu ji ki khud ki pushtaini kheti 22 sau bighe ki thi, jo ab siliang ke bad kuchh saik doan mean simat gee hai. is vishal bhookhand ke malikana ke bavajood renu ji ke arthik sangharsh chhipe nahian haian - karan 'parati parikatha' - koshi ki banjar bhoomi- patasan ki kheti, vah bhi anishchit. halaanki khet ke kuchh bhag mean renu ji ke  rahate, yani 70 ke dashak mean dhan ki kheti sanbhav hone lagi thi. jamin par malikana 'bhoomapho d kshatriyoan'ka hai, mathoan ka hai, kayasth vishvanath prasad to koee nahian mila kuchh ghante ki yatra mean, lekin jalalagadh mean hi sahityakar poonam sianh ke bhoomihar parivar (savarn) ke pas bhi kaphi jamini malikana hai. jatiyaan upanyas ke katha kal ki hakikat thian aur aj ki bhi.

pratinidhi upanyas

yah sahityakar phanishvaranath renu ka pratinidhi upanyas hai. is upanyas ka prakashan 1954 mean hua. maila aanchal upanyas ki kathavastu bihar rajy ke poorniya jile ke meriganj ki gramin jiandagi se sanbaddh hai. maila aanchal svatantr hote aur svatantrata ke turant bad ke bharat ki rajanitik, arthik, aur samajik paristhitiyoan aur paridrishyoan ka gramin aur yatharth se bhara sanskaran hai. renu ke anusar - 'isamean phool bhi haian shool bhi hai, gulab bhi hai, kich d bhi hai, chandan bhi sundarata bhi hai, kuroopata bhi- maian kisi se daman bachakar nikal nahian paya. katha ki sari achchhaiyoan aur buraiyoan ke sath sahity ki dahalij par a kh da hua hooan; pata nahian achchha kiya ya bura. jo bhi ho, apani nishtha mean kami mahasoos nahian karata.' isamean garibi, rog, bhukhamari, jahalat, dharm ki a d mean ho rahe vyabhichar, shoshan, bahyadanbaroan, aandhavishvasoan adi ka chitran hai.

kathanak

‘maila aanchal’ hindi sahity ka shreshth aur sashakt aanchalik upanyas hai. nepal ki sima se sate uttar-poorvi bihar ke ek pichh de gramin aanchal ko prishthabhoomi banakar renu ne is upanyas mean vahaan ke jivan ka, jisase vah svayan hi ghanisht rup se ju de hue the, atyant jivant aur mukhar chitran kiya hai. ‘maila aanchal’ ka kathanak ek yuva d aauktar par adharit hai jo apani shiksha poori karane ke bad pichh de gaanv ko apane kary-kshetr ke rup mean chunata hai, tatha isi kram mean gramin jivan ke pichh depan, duahkh-dainy, abhav, ajnan, andhavishvas ke sath-sath tarah-tarah ke samajik shoshan-chakroan mean phansi huee janata ki pi daoan aur sangharshoan se bhi usaka sakshatkar hota hai. katha ka ant is ashamay sanket ke sath hota hai ki yugoan se soee huee gram-chetana teji se jag rahi hai.

shilp

shilp ki drishti se is upanyas mean philm ki tarah ghatanaean ek ke bad ek ghatakar vilin ho jati hai aur doosari praranbh ho jati hai. isamean ghatanapradhanata hai kiantu koee kendriy charitr ya katha nahian hai. is upanyas mean natakiyata aur qissagoee shaili ka prayog kiya gaya hai. ise hindi mean aanchalik upanyasoan ke pravartan ka shrey bhi prapt hai. kathashilpi phanishvaranath renu ki is yugantakari aupanyasik kriti mean kathashilp ke sath-sath bhashashilp aur shailishilp ka vilakshan samanjasy hai jo jitana sahaj-svabhavik hai, utana hi prabhavakari aur mohak bhi.

premachand ke bad renu

'maila aanchal’ aur ‘parati parikatha’ jaise aanchalik upanyasoan ki rachana ka shrey phanishvaranath ‘renu’ ko jata hai. premachand ke bad renu ne gaanv ko naye saundaryabodh aur ragatmakata ke sath chitrit kiya hai. ‘renu’ ji ka ‘maila aanchal’ vastu aur shilp donoan staroan par sabase alag hai. isamean ek ne shilp mean gramin-jivan ko dikhalaya gaya hai. isaki sabase b di visheshata hai ki isaka nayak koee vyakti nahian hai, poora ka poora aanchal hi isaka nayak hai. doosari pramukh bat yah hai ki mithilaanchal ki prishthabhoomi par rache is upanyas mean us aanchal ki bhasha vishesh ka adhik se adhik prayog kiya gaya hai. khoobi yah hai ki yah prayog itana sarthak hai ki vah vahaan ke logoan ki ichchha-akaanksha, riti-rivaz, parv-tyauhar, soch-vichar, ko poori pramanikata ke sath pathak ke samane upasthit karata hai. renu ji ne hi sabase pahale ‘aanchalik’ shabd ka prayog kiya tha. isaki bhoomika, 9 agast 1954, ko likhate hue phanishvaranath ‘renu’ kahate haian,- yah hai maila aanchal, ek aanchalik upanyas.

aanchalikata

yahi is upanyas ka yatharth hai. yahi ise any aanchalik upanyasoan se alag karata hai jo gaanv ki prishthabhoomi ko adhar banakar likhe ge haian. gaanv ki achchhaee-buraee ko dikhata premachand, shivapoojan sahay, shivaprasad rudr, bhairav prasad gupt aur nagarjun ke kee upanyas haian jinamean gaanv ki sanvedana rachi basi hai, lekin ye upanyas aanchal vishesh ki poori tasvir prastut nahian karate. balki ye upanyasakar gaanvoan mean ho rahe badalav ko chitrit karate nazar ate haian. parantu ‘renu’ ka ‘meriganj’ gaanv ek jivant chitr ki tarah hamare samane hai jisamean vahaan ke logoan ka hansi-mazaq, prem-ghrina, sauhardr-vaimanasy, eershya-dvesh, sanvedana-karuna, sanbandh-shoshan, apane samast utar-chadhav ke sath ukera gaya hai. isamean jahaan ek or naitikata ke prati tiraskar ka bhav hai to vahian doosari or naitikata ke lie chhatapatahat bhi hai. paraspar virodhi manyataoan ke bich kahian n kahian jivan ke prati gahari astha bhi hai – “maila´aanchal mean”!

poore upanyas mean ek sangit hai, gaanv ka sangit, lok git-sa, jisaki lay jivan ke prati astha ka sanchar karati hai. ek taraf yah upanyas aanchalikata ko jivant banata hai to doosari taraf us samay ka bodh bhi drishtigochar hota hai. ‘meriganj’ mean maleriya kendr ke khulane se vahaan ke jivan mean halachal paida hoti hai. par ise khulavane mean paiantis varshoan ki mashakkat hai isake pichhe, aur yah ghatana vahaan ke logoan ka vijnan aur adhunikata ko apanane ke ki haqiqat bayan karati hai. bhoot-pret, tona-totaka, jha d-phook, mean vishh‍vas karanevali aandhavishvasi paranpara ganesh ki nani ki hatya mean dikhati hai. sath hi jati-vyavastha ka kattar roop bhi dikhaya gaya hai. sab d aau.prashant ki jati janane ke ichchhuk haian. har jatiyoan ka apana alag tola hai. dalitoan ke tole mean savarn virale hi pravesh karate haian, shayad tabhi jab apana svarth ho. chhooachhoot ka mahaul hai, bhandare mean har jati ke log alag-alag pankti mean baithakar bhojan karate haian. aur kisi ko isapar apatti nahian hai.

svatantrata ke bad ka bharat

‘renu’ ne svatantrata ke bad paida huee rajanitik avasaravadita, svarth aur kshudrata ko bhi b di kushalata se ujagar kiya hai. gaandhivad ki chadar odhe hue bhrasht rajanetaoan ka kukarm b di sajagata se dikhaya gaya hai. rajaniti, samaj, dharm, jati, sabhi tarah ki visangatiyoan par ‘renu’ ne apane kalam se prahar kiya hai. is upanyas ki katha-vastu kafi rochak hai. charitraankan jivant. bhasha isaka sashakt paksh hai. ‘renu’ ji saras v sajiv bhasha mean paranpara se prachalit lokakathaean, lokagit, lokasangit adi ko shabdoan mean baandhakar tatkalin samajik-rajanitik parivesh ko hamare samane saphalatapoorvak prastut karate haian. apane aanchal ko kendr mean rakhakar kathanak ko “maila aanchal” dvara prastut karane ke karan phanishvaranath ‘renu’ hindi mean aanchalik upanyas ki paranpara ke pravartak ke roop mean pratishthit hue.

hiandi upanyas aur rajaniti

shri phanishvaranath renu ke upanyas ‘maila aanchal’ (1954) mean svatantrata poorv aur bad ki rajaniti ka chitran milata hai. maila aanchal ke gaanv ka pratyek ghar rajanitijnoan ka adda sa ban gaya hai tatha jatigat adhar par bante is gaanv mean sabhi kisi n kisi rajanitik dal ke prati pratibaddh hai. poore upanyas mean jhoothi ajadi ka svar sunaee p data hai.

prakashan mean huee pareshaniyaan

'maila aanchal' varshoan pahale se hi likh rahe the. ratri 10 baje ke bad hi likhana shuroo karate the. poochhane par batate, ek aanchal ko dhyan mean rakhakar hi isaki rachana kar raha hooan. sari ghatanaoan ka maian pratyaksh gavah hooan. pustak patana ke hi ek prakashan 'samata prakashan' se prakashit huee thi-akhabari kagaj par-us samay usaka mooly paanch rupe tha. pustak ki matr do sau pratiyaan hi chhapi thian. pustak ki bikri ke lie prakashak ki koee ruchi nahian thi-pustakean yooan hi p di thian. kahian se koee pratikriya bhi nahian a rahi thi. renuji jab bhi prakashak se rupayoan ke lie kahate prakashak sidha aur sapat uttar deta-kitabean jyoan ki tyoan dhari haian. bikean tab to dooan. renu mayoos laut ate. maila aanchal ko lekar renu behad pareshan the. unhian dinoan 'rajakamal prakashan' ke shri omaprakash patana ae the. unhoanne shayad pustak ki samiksha jo nalin vilochan sharma ne likhi thi-use padha tha. renu ko premachand ke bad upanyas ke kshetr mean naya hastakshar bataya tha radhakrishnaji latikaji se mile aur renu ko mulakat ke lie bhej dene ko kaha. renu ke ane par maianne yah soochana unhean di-b de khush hue aur kaha latika ab kuchh chamatkar hone vala hai. ve omaprakashaji se milane chale ge. lautakar unhoanne bataya ab maila aanchal rajakamal prakashan se chhapega, sari batean ho gee haian. doosare hi din samata prakashan mean jo pratiyaan bachi thian, use bhi omaprakashaji apane sath le ge. rajakamal se pustak prakashit huee. is upalakshy mean omaprakashaji ne dilli mean ek bhavy parti ka ayojan bhi kiya tha. renu bhi usamean ge the.

sahity mean sthan

yadyapi phanishvaranath renu samajavadi vicharadhara vale the lekin unaka maila aanchal, premachand ke godan ke bad ka sabase mahatvapoorn upanyas mana jata hai.apane prakashan ke 56 sal bad bhi yah upanyas hindi mean aanchalik upanyas ke apratim udaharan ke roop mean virajaman hai. yah keval ek upanyas bhar nahian hai, yah hindi ka v bharatiy upanyas sahity ka ek atyant hi shreshth upanyas hai aur isaka darza klasik rachana ka hai. isaki yah shakti keval isaki aanchalikata ke karan hi nahian hai, varanh‌ ek aitihasik daur ke sankraman ko aanchalikata ke parivesh mean chitrit karane ke karan bhi hai. boli-bani, gitoan, ritirivazoan adi ke sookshm byoroan se hai. jahaan ek or aanchal vishesh ki lokasanskriti ki saanskritik vyakhya ki hai vahian doosari or badalate hue yatharth ke pariprekshy mean lok-vyavahar ke vividh roopoan ka varnan bhi kiya hai. in varnanoan ke madhyam se ‘renu’ ne “maila aanchal” mean is aanchal ka itana gahara aur vyapak chitr khiancha hai ki sachamuch yah upanyas hindi mean aanchalik aupanyasik paranpara ki sarvashreshth kriti ban gaya hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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