ऐतिहासिक कृतियाँ (सल्तनत काल)

saltanat kal mean kee vidvanoan dvara alag-alag prakar ki bahut-si kritiyoan ki rachana ki gee. in kritiyoan ke madhyam se hamean saltanat kal ke shasakoan v unaki prashasanik vyavastha ke vishay mean kafi mahattvapoorn janakariyaan prapt hoti haian. ye kritiyaan nimnalikhit haian-

• chachanama - ali ahamad dvara arabi bhasha mean likhit is granth mean araboan dvara siandh vijay ka varnan kiya gaya hai.
  
• tarikhe siandh ya tarikhe masoomi - bhakkhar ke mir muhammad masoom dvara rachit is kriti mean araboan ki vijay se lekar akabar ke shasan kal tak ka itihas milata he.
  
• kitabul yamini - aboo nasr bin muhammad al jabarool utabi dvara rachit is pustak mean subuktagin evan mahamood gazanavi ke shasan kal ka varnan hai.
  
• tarikh-e-masoodi - abul seed dvara rachit is granth mean eeran ke itihas evan mahamood gazanavi ke jivan ke vishay mean janakari milati hai.
  
• tarikh-e-masoodi - abul fazal muhammad bin husain al bahari dvara rachit is pustak mean mahamood gazanavi tatha masood ke itihas ke vishay mean jnan prapt hota hai.
  
• tarikh-ul-hind (kitabul hind) - mahamood gazanavi ke sath bharat ae alabarooni ki is mahattvapoorn kriti mean 11vian sadi ke bharat ki rajanaitik evan samajik dasha ka ullekh milata hai. usaki yah pustak arabi bhasha mean likhi gee hai.
  
• kamilut tavarikh - shekh abdul hasan (ibnul aansar) dvara rachit yah granth 1230 ee. mean likha gaya. is granth mean madhy eshiya ke gor shansabani rajavansh ke itihas ke vishay mean janakari milati hai.
  
• tajul masir - hasan nijami dvara rachit is pustak mean muhammad gori ke bharat akraman ke samay ki ghatanaoan ka varnan milata hai.
  
• tabakate nasiri - minahaj-us-siraj (minihajuddin aboo-umar-bin sirajuddin al jujiyani) dvara rachit is pustak mean muhammad gori ke bharat vijay tatha turki saltanat ka arambhik itihas lagabhag 1260 ee. tak ki janakari milati hai. minahaj ne apani is kriti ko gulam vansh ke shasak nasirooddin mahamood ko samarpit kiya tha. us samay minahaj dilli ka mukhy qazi tha.
  
• tarikhe firojashahi - jiyauddin barani dvara rachit is kriti mean saltanat kalin rajanitik vicharadhara ki sahi tasvir prastut ki gee hai. isake atirikt jiyauddin barani ki kuchh any kritiyaan 'sunae muhamadi', 'salate kabir', 'inayat-e-ilahi', 'masir sadat', 'hasaratanama', tarikh bamaliyan' adi haian.
  

amir khusaro ki kuchh mahattvapoorn kritiyaan

'khajain-ul-phutooh', 'kiran-us-saden', 'miphata-us-phutooh', 'ashika-ul-anavar', 'shiri v pharahad', 'laila v majanoo', 'aine sikandari', h'shtabahisht', 'devalarani v khijr khaan', 'rasai ijaj afajal', 'ul-pharayad', 'tarikhe dilli' adi haian. inake atirikt sarvadhik mahattvapoorn kritiyoan ka ullekh nimnalikhit hai-

• khajain-ul-phutooh - ise tarikh alaee ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. amir khusaro dvara rachit is kriti se alauddin khilaji ke shasan kal ke poorv ke 15 varshoan ki ghatanaoan ka varnan milata hai.
  
• kiran-us-saden - amir khusaro dvara 1289 ee . mean rachit is pustak mean bugara khaan aur usake bete kaikubad ke milan ka varnan hai.
  
• miphata-us-phutooh - 1291 eean. mean rachit amir khusaro ki is kriti mean jalaluddin khilaji ke sainy abhiyanoan, malik chhajjoo ka vidroh evan usaka daman, ranathambhaur par sultan ki chadhaee aur jhain ki vijayoan ka varnan hai.
  
• ashika - khusaro ki is kriti mean gujarat ke raj karan ki putri devalarani aur khijr khaan ke bich prem ka ullekh hai. isake atirikt yah pustak alauddin khilaji ki gujarat tatha malava par vijay, tatha mangoloan dvara svayan ko qaid kiai jane ki janakari bhi deti hai.
  
• nooh-sipehar - amir khusaro ki is kriti mean kutubuddin mubarak khilaji ke samay ki samajik sthiti ke vishay mean janakari milati hai.
  
• tugalaqanama - amir khusaro ki is aantim evan aitihasik kriti mean khusaroan shah ke viruddh gayasuddin tugalaq ki vijay ka ullekh hai.
  
• phutooh-us-salatin - khvaja aboobakr isami dvara rachit is pustak mean gazanavi vansh ke samay se lekar muhammad bin tugalaq ke samay tak ka kavyatmak itihas milata hai. yah pustak bahamani vansh ke pratham shasak alauddin bahamanashah ko samarpit hai.
  
• kitab-ul-rehala - yah morakkovasi yatri, ibn batoota, jo 1333 ee. mean (muhammad tugalaq) ke samay mean bharat ay tha, ka yatra vritant hai. is pustak mean 1333 se 1342 tak ke bharat ki rajanitik gatividhiyoan evan samajik halatoan ka varnan hai. ise muhammad tugalaq ne dilli ka qazi niyukt kiya tha. kalantar mean ise doot banakar chin bheja gaya.
  
• tarikh-e-firojashahi - shams-e-siraj afif dvara likhe gaye is granth mean firoj shah tugalaq ke shasan kal mean evan tugalaq vansh ke patan ke bare mean janakari milati hai. isaki any kritiyaan ‘man ki bean alaee’, ‘mana ki be sultan muhammad’ evan ‘jikre kharabiye dehali’ hai.
  
• sirate firojashahi - kisi ajnat lekhak dvara likhi is kriti se firoj shah tugalaq ke shasan kal ke bare mean janakari milati hai.
  
• phutoohate firojashahi - is kitab mean firoj shah tugalaq ke adhyadeshoan ka sangrah evan usaki atmaraksha hai.
  
• tarikh-e-mubarakashahi - yahiya bin ahamad sarahindi dvara likhe gaye is granth se tugalaq kal ke bad saiyyad vansh ki janakari milati he. is kal ke itihas ko janane ka yah ekamatr srot hai.
  
• gularukhi - lodi vansh sultan sikandar shah lodi ne gularukhi shirshak se farasi mean kavitaean likhian.
  

sanskrit pustakoan ka farasi anuvad

saltanat kal mean sanskrit ki kuchh pustakoan ka farasi bhasha mean anuvad kiya gaya, jo nimnalikhat hai-

• dalayale firojashahi - aijaddin khalid kiramani dvara sanskrit se farasi mean anoodit yah pustak nakshatr-shastr se sambandhit hai.
  
• yad nusashaphiyaye sikandari ya tibbe sikandari - sikandar shah lodi ke vazir miyaan bhuaan dvara sanskrit se farasi mean anudit yah pustak chikitsashastr se sambandhit hai.
  
• taj-ul-masir - is granth ki rachana hasan nijami ne ki hai. isamean 1192 ee. se lekar 1228 ee. tak ke kal ki ghatanaoan ka varnan milata he. hasan nijami ne apani is pustak mean kutubuddin aibak ke jivan v shasan aur iltutamish ke rajy ke prarambhik varshoan ka varnan kiya hai.
• kamil-ut-tavarikh - isaki rachana 1230 ee. mean shekh abdul hasan (upanam ibnul asir) ne ki. isamean muhammad gori ki vijayoan ka vritant milata hai.
• tarikh-e-siandh ya tarikh-e-masoomi - yah granth 'chachanama' par adharit hai. isaki rachana 1600 ee. mean mir muhammad masoom dvara ki gee thi. isamean araboan ki vijay se lekar mugal samrat akabar mahan tak ke rajy mean siandh ka itihas varnit hai.
  
• kitab-ul-yamini - is granth ka rachiyata utabi hai. subuktagin aur mahamood gazanavi ka 1020 ee. tak ka itihas is pustak ka vishay hai.
  
• tarikh-e-masoodi - abul fazal muhammad bin husain-al-behaki dvara likhit is granth mean mahamood gazanavi ke itihas, darabar ke jivan ki jhalak aur karmachariyoan ke shadayantroan ka vivaran milata hai.
  
• hindi mean masanavi likhane ki parampara ki shuruat tugalaq kal mean huee thi.

panne ki pragati avastha

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poornata

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