ब्राह्मण

• brahm = ved ka pathak athava brahm = paramatma ka jnata.
• rrigved ki apeksha any sanhitaoan mean yah sadharan prayog ka shabd ho gaya, jisaka arth purohit hai.
• rrigved ke purushasookt (10.90) mean varnoan ke char vibhajan ke sandarbh mean isaka jati ke arth mean prayog hua hai.
• vaidik granthoan mean yah varn kshatriyoan se ooancha mana gaya hai.
• rajasooy yajn mean brahman kshatriy ko kar deta tha, kintu isase shatapath brahman mean varnit brahman ki shreshthata nyoon nahian hoti.
• is bat ko bar-bar kaha gaya hai ki kshatriy tatha brahman ko ekata se hi sarvagiann unnati ho sakati hai.
• yah svikar kiya gaya hai ki katipay rajany evan dhanasampann log brahman ko yadi kadachit dabane mean samarth hue haian, to unaka sarvanash bhi shighr hi ghatit hua hai. brahman prithvi ke devata (bhoosur) kahe gaye hai, jaise ki svarg ke devata hote haian.
• aitarey brahman mean brahman ko dan lene vala (adayi) tatha som pine vala (apayi) kaha gaya hai. usake do any virood 'avasayi' tatha 'yathakam-prayapy' ka arth aspasht hai. pahale ka arth sab sthanoan mean rahane vala tatha doosare ka anand se ghoomane vala ho sakata hai .
• shatapath brahman mean brahman ke kartavyoan ki charcha karate hue usake adhikar is prakar kahe gaye haian:

1. archa
2. dan
3. ajeyata tatha
4. avadhyata.

• usake kartavy haian:

1. brahmany (vansh ki pavitrata)
2. pratiroopacharya (kartavyapalan) tatha
3. lokapakti (lok ko prabuddh karana).

• brahman svayan ko hi sanskrit karake vishram nahian leta tha, apitu doosaroan ko bhi apane gunoan ka dan achary athava purohit ke roop mean karata tha.
• acharyapad se brahman ka apane putr ko adhyay tatha yajnik kriyaoan mean nipun karana ek vishesh kary tha .
• upanishad granthoan mean arooni evan shvetaketu tatha varun evan bhrigu ka udaharan hai .
• achary ke anekoan shishy hote the tatha unhean vah dharmik tatha samajik prerana se padhane ko badhy hota tha. use pratyek jnan apane chhatroan par prakat karana p data tha. isi karan kabhi kabhi chhatr achary ko apane mean parivartit kar dete the, arthat achary ke saman pad prapt kar lete the. adhyayanakal tatha shikshan pranali ka sootroan mean vivaran prapt hota hai.
• purohit ke roop mean brahman mahayajnoan ko karata tha. sadharan grihriyajn bina usaki sahayata ke bhi ho sakate the, kintu mahatvapoorn kriyaean (shraut) usake bina nahian sampann hoti thian. kriyaoan ke vidhivat kiye jane par jo dharmik labh hota tha usamean dakshina ke atirikt purohit yajaman ka sajhedar hota tha. purohit ka sthan sadharan dharmik ki apeksha samajik bhi hota tha. vah raja ke any vyaktigat karyoan mean bhi usaka pratinidhi hota tha. rajaniti mean usaka b da hath rahane laga tha.
• smritigranthoan mean brahmanoan ke mukhy chh: kartavy (shatkarm) bataye gaye haian-

1. pathan
2. pathan,
3. yajan
4. yajan
5. dan
6. pratigrah

• inamean pathan, yajan aur dan samany tatha pathan, yajan tatha pratigrah vishesh kartavy haian.
• apaddharm ke roop mean any vyavasay se bhi brahman nirvah kar sakata tha, kintu smritiyoan ne bahut se pratibandh lagakar lobh aur hiansavale kary usake lie varjit kar rakhe haian.

brahmanoan ka vargikaran

is samay desh bhed ke anusar brahmanoan ke do b de vibhag hai:

1. panchagaud aur
2. panchadravin.

• pashchim mean afaganistan ka gor desh, panjab, jisamean kurukshetr sammilit hai, goanda-basti janapad, prayag ke dakshin v asapas ka pradesh, pashchimi bangal, ye paanchoan pradesh kisi n kisi samay par gau d kahe jate rahe haian. inhian paanchoan pradeshoan ke nam par sambhavat: samoohik nam 'panch gau d' p da. adi gau doan ka udgam kurukshetr hai. is pradesh ke brahman visheshat: gau d kahalaye.
• kashmir aur panjab ke brahman sarasvat, kannauj ke as-pas ke brahman kanyakubj, mithila ke brahman maithil tatha utkal ke brahman utkal kahalaye.
• narmada ke dakshinasth andhr, dravi d, karnatak, maharashtr aur gurjar, inhean 'panch dravid' kaha gaya hai. vahaan ke brahman inhian paanch namoan se prasiddh haian.
• uparyukt dasoan ke anek antarvibhag haian. ye sabhi ya to sthanoan ke nam se prasiddh hue, ya vansh ke kisi poorv purush ke nam se prakhyat, athava kisi vishesh padavi, vidya ya gun ke karan namadhari hue.
• b danagara, vishanagara, bhatanagar, nagar, mathur, moolagaanvakar ityadi sthanavachak nam haian,
• vansh ke poorv purush ke nam, jaise- sanyal (shandily), narad, vishashth, kaushik, bharadvaj, kashyap, gobhil ye nam vansh ya gotr ke soochak haian.
• padavi ke nam, jaise chakravartti vandyopadhyay, mukhyopadhyay, bhatt, phadanavis, kulakarni, rajabhatt, joshi (jyotishi), deshapande ityadi.
• vidya ke nam, jaise chaturvedi, trivedi, shastri, pandey, pauranik, vyas, dvivedi ityadi.
• karm ya gun ke nam, jaise dikshit, sanadhay, sukul, adhikari, vastavy, yajak, yajnik, naigam, achary, bhattachary ityadi.