विमुद्रीकरण

vimudrikaran (aangrezi:Demonenitization) ek arthik gatividhi hai jisake aantargat sarakar purani mudra ko samapt kar deti hai aur nee mudra ko chaloo karati hai. jab kala dhan badh jata hai aur arthavyavastha ke lie khatara ban jata hai to ise door karane ke lie is vidhi ka prayog kiya jata hai. jinake pas kala dhan hota hai, vah usake badale mean nee mudra lene ka sahas nahian juta pate haian aur kala dhan svayan hi nasht ho jata hai.

bharatiy mudra

bharat ki apani rashtriy mudra hai. isaka bazar niyamak aur jarikarta bharatiy rizarv baiank hai. naye pratik chihn ke ane se pahale rupaye ko hindi mean darshane ke lie ‘ru’ aur aangrezi mean Rs. ka prayog kiya jata tha. adhunik bharatiy rupaye ko 100 paise mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai. sikkoan ka mooly 5, 10, 20, 25 aur 50 paise aur 1, 2, 5 aur 10 rupaye bhi hai. baiankanot 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 aur 1000 ke mooly par haian. bharatiy kareansi ko bharatiy rupaya (INR) tatha sikkoan ko “paise” kaha jata hai. ek rupaya 100 paise ka hota hai . bharatiy rupaye ka pratik hai- yah dijaeen devanagari akshar “r” (ra) aur laitin b da akshar “R” ke sadrish hai jisamean oopar dohari a di rekha hai. bharatiy rupaya chihn (₹) bharatiy rupaye (bharat ki adhikarik mudra) ke liye prayog kiya jane vala mudra chihn hai. yah dijain bharat sarakar dvara 15 julaee 2010 ko sarvajanik kiya gaya tha moolatah yah naya chihn devanagari akshar ‘r’ par adharit hai kintu yah roman ke kaipital akshar R ka bina urdhvakar dande ka bhi abhas deta hai. atah is chihn ko in dono aksharoan ka mishran mana ja sakata hai. mool roop se tamil bhashi isake abhikalpak uday ke anusar jab vo isaka dijain soch rahe the to unhean laga ki sirph devanagari lipi se sanbandhit koee chinh hi bharatiy bhavanaoan ko vyakt kar sakata hai. oopar ki taraph samantar rekhayean (unake bich mean khali jagah samet) bharatiy jhande tirange ka abhas deti haian.

bharatiy mudra ka nirman

praranbh mean chhote rajy the jahaan vastu vinimay arthat ek vastu ke badale doosari vastu ka adan-pradan sanbhav tha. parantu kalaantar mean jab b de-b de rajyoan ka nirman hua to yah pranali samapt hoti gee aur is kami ko poora karane ke lie mudra ko janm diya gaya. itihasakar ke. vi. ar. ayangar ka manana hai ki prachin bharat mean mudraean rajasatta ke pratik ke roop mean grahan ki jati thian. parantu praranbh mean kis vyakti athava sanstha ne inhean janm diya, yah jnat nahian hai. anuman yah kiya jata hai ki vyapari varg ne adan-pradan ki suvidha hetu sarvapratham sikke taiyar karavae. sanbhavat: praranbh mean rajy isake prati udasin the. parantu paravarti yugoan mean is par rajy ka poorn niyantran sthapit ho gaya tha. kautily ke arthashastr se jnat hota hai ki mudra nirman par poornat: rajy ka adhikar tha. kuchh vidvanoan ka manana hai ki bharat mean mudraoan ka prachalan videshi prabhav ka parinam hai. vahian kuchh ise isi dharati ki upaj manate haian. vilsan aur priansep jaise vidvanoan ka manana hai ki bharat bhoomi par sikkoan ka avirbhav yoonani akraman ke pashchat hua. vahian jan elan unaki is avadharana ko galat batate hue kahate haian ki ‘prarambhik bharatiy sikke jaise ‘karshapan’ athava ‘ahat’ aur yoonani sikkoan ke madhy koee sampark nahian tha.

mudra se ju di kuchh pramukh batean

sikke-

vartaman mean bharat mean, 50 paise, 1 rupaye, 2 rupaye, 5 rupaye aur 10 rupaye ke moolyavargoan mean sikke jari kiye ja rahe haian. 50 paise tak ke sikke “chhote sikke” aur 1 rupaye tatha usake oopar ke sikkoan ko “rupaye sikke” kahate hai. 1 paise, 2 paise, 3 paise, 5 paise, 10 paise, 20 paise aur 25 paise moolyavarg ke sikke 30 joon 2011 se sanchalan se vapis liye gaye haian, atah ve vaidh mudra nahian rahe.

kareansi-

vartaman mean, bharat mean 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 aur 1000 rupaye ke moolyavarg ke baiankanot jari kiye ja rahe haian. kyoanki ye bharatiy rizarv baiank (rizarv baiank) dvara jari kiye jate haian, isalie inhean “baiankanot” kaha jata hai. 1, 2 aur 5 moolyavargoan ke notoan ka mudran band kiya gaya hai kyoanki inaka sikkakaran ho chuka hai. tathapi, pahale jari kiye gaye aise not abhi bhi sanchalan mean paye ja sakate haian aur ye not vaidh mudra bane raheange.

uchch moolyavarg ke baiankanotoan ka vimudrikaran

mukhyatah aghoshit dhan par niyantran rakhane ke prayojan se, janavari 1946 mean us samay sanchalan mean maujood 1000 aur 10000 ke baiankanotoan ka vimudrikaran kiya gaya tha. varsh 1954 mean 1000, 5000 aur 10000 ke uchch moolyavarg ke baiankanotoan ko phir se jari kiya gaya aur bharat ke chauthe pradhanamantri moraraji desaee ke pradhanamantri kal mean janavari 1978 mean in baiankanotoan (1000, 5000 aur 10000) ko ek bar phir vimudrikrit kiya gaya.

ek rupaya bharat sarakar ki deyataoan mean-

kareansi aaurdineans 1940 ke aantargat jari ek rupaye ke not bhi vidhi many mudra haian aur unhean bharatiy rizarv baiank adhiniyam,1934 ke sabhi prayojanoan hetu rupaye sikke ke roop mean mana gaya haian. kyoanki sarakar dvara jari rupaye sikke bharat sarakar ki deyataoan mean ate haian, isalie sarakar dvara jari ek rupaya bhi bharat sarakar ki deyata hai.

mudra prabandh mean bharatiy rizarv baiank ki bhoomika

bharatiy rizarv baiank adhiniyam, 1934 ke adhar par mudra prabandh mean bharatiy rizarv baiank ki bhoomika nirdharit huee hai. bharatiy rizarv baiank bharat mean mudra sanbandhi kary sanbhalata hai. bharat sarakar, rizarv baiank ki salah par jari kiye jane vale vibhinn moolyavarg ke baiankanotoan ke sanbandh mean nirnay leta hai. bharatiy rizarv baiank suraksha visheshataoan sahit baiankanotoan ki rooparekha (dijainiang) taiyar karane mean bhi bharat sarakar ke sath samanvay karata hai. bharatiy rizarv baiank baiankanotoan ki moolyavarg-var sanbhavit avashyakata ko dhyan mean rakhate hue, unaki matra ka akalan karata hai aur tadanusar, vibhinn mudran presoan ko apana maangapatr prastut karata hai. bharatiy rizarv baiank ka uddeshy am janata ko achchhi gunavatta ke not pradan karana hai. isake lie, sanchalan se vapis prapt hone vale baiankanotoan ki jaanch ki jati haian aur pun:jari karane yogy baiankanot phir se sanchalan mean dal diye jate haian tatha gande aur kate-phate baiankanotoan ko nasht kar diya jata hai jisase sanchalan mean baiankanotoan ki gunavatta bani rahe.

mudra vimudrikaran

mudra vimudrikaran ke tahat sarakar purani mudra ko samapt kar deti hai aur nee mudra chalati hai. yani purani mudra ki vaidhata nahian rahati. vah avaidh ho jati hai. amataur par arthavyavastha mean kale dhan par kaboo pane ke lie yah kadam yani vimudrikaran uthaya jata hai. jab kala dhan arthavyavastha ke liye khatara ban jata hai to ise door karane ke liye vimudrikaran apanaya jata hai. jinake pas kala dhan hota hai, vah usake badale nee mudra lene ka sahas nahian juta pate aur kala dhan svayan hi nasht ho jata hai.

nakali not tatha kala dhan banam vimudrikaran-

desh mean nakali not ka sambandh 1991 se prarambh arthik sudhar se mana ja raha hai. udaravad ke bad char kamyoonist parti evan kaangres samarthit sanyukt morche ki sarakar ko san 1996-97 mean 3,35,900 karo d rupaye ki nayi mudra chhapavane ki avashyakata p di. sanyukt morcha sarakar ne kale dhan ki samapti ke lie svaichchhik ay ujagar yojana (vidiaeees) shuru ki. vidiaeees mean lagabhag 33,000 karo d rupaye ka kala dhan samane aya. arabiaee ke takasal ki kshamata 2,16,575 karo d rupaye ki thi, jisase videshoan se 1,20,000 karo d rupaye ke not chhapavane maang huee. bharatiy mudra chhapane vali videshi kampaniyoan ko spasht nirdesh tha ki ve bharatiy not ki plet, syahi, vataramark kagaj bharat sarakar ko sauanpeangi. vaise, ianglaind ki kampani delaroo desh-videshoan ki sarakaroan ke not chhapati hai.

500 aur 1000 rupaye ke notoan ka vimudrikaran

bharat ke 500 aur 1000 rupaye ke notoan ke vimudrikaran, jise midiya mean chhote roop mean notabandi kaha gaya, ki ghoshana 8 navambar 2016 ko rat ath baje bharatiy pradhanamantri nareandr modi dvara achanak rashtr ko kiye ge sanbodhan ke dvara ki gayi. is ghoshana mean 8 navambar ki adhi rat se desh mean 500 aur 1000 rupaye ke notoan ko khatm karane ka ailan kiya gaya. isaka uddeshy keval kale dhan par niyantran hi nahian balki jali notoan se chhutakara pana bhi hai. yah yojana chhah mahine pahale banani shuroo huee thi. sarakar ke is phaisale ki janakari kuchh mutthi bhar logoan ko thi. ye log the- mukhy sachiv nripeandr mishra, poorv aur vartaman arabiaee gavarnar, vitt sachiv ashok lavasa, arthik mamaloan ke sachiv shaktikaant das aur vitt mantri arun jetali. yojana ko lagoo karane ki prakriya do mahine pahale shuroo huee thi.